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Articles 30061 - 30090 of 34568

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

New Enantioselective Lewis Acid Catalysts, Mustafa Guzel Dec 1996

New Enantioselective Lewis Acid Catalysts, Mustafa Guzel

All Theses

Recently, many organic chemists have been ultimately interested in research in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure organics which are useful to synthesis of biologically active agents and prodrug substances. In the past decades, the new concepts in catalyst design unexpectedly explored the direction of natural product synthesis. In many cases, using enantioselective catalysts are the most suitable and efficient method into enantiopure systems.

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A Study Of The Behavior Of Chlorine And Organic Compounds During Combustion In An Afbc System, Jenny Heidbrink Dec 1996

A Study Of The Behavior Of Chlorine And Organic Compounds During Combustion In An Afbc System, Jenny Heidbrink

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The purpose of this study is to understand the behavior of chlorine and the emission of organic compounds during combustion in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) system. Inefficient, uncontrolled use of coal gives rise to organic emissions which can be detrimental to health. The chlorine in coal may cause corrosion problems during utilization, if its concentration is high enough. The method for collection of the emissions of organic compounds involved the use of a Tenax resin as an absorbent for the organic compounds as they were emitted from the combustor. A combined gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique …

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Poisson Boltzmann Integral Equation In A Charged Capillary And Its Numerical Solutions, Yongxian Qian Nov 1996

Poisson Boltzmann Integral Equation In A Charged Capillary And Its Numerical Solutions, Yongxian Qian

Journal of Electrochemistry

The nonlinear Poisson Boltzmann integral equation (PBIE) governing electrostatic potential distribution in a charged capillary filled with symmetric electrolytes is derived from the same physical principles as used in deriving nonlinear Poisson Boltzmann differential equation, usually called PBE. PBIE is then numerically solved by iteration. In iterate computation discrele values of electrical potential is soly needed, and the first or higher orders of the differential of the potential is not used any more. This does essentially remove the difficulty caused by the very steep variation of the potential near the wall of the capillary. The results of the seven examples …

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Quantitative Evaluation Of Electrochemical Properties Of Mh Alloy By Powder Microelectrode, Ronghui Hu, Hanxi Yang, Jingcheng Liu, Shengxian Li, Chuanxin Cha Nov 1996

Quantitative Evaluation Of Electrochemical Properties Of Mh Alloy By Powder Microelectrode, Ronghui Hu, Hanxi Yang, Jingcheng Liu, Shengxian Li, Chuanxin Cha

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this paper, a quantitative method by use of powder microelectrode combined with cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic step is described for studying the electrochemical performance characteristic of hydrogen storage alloy(MH). Since the powder microelectrode uses only MH powder and has its depth and diameter of several tens of micrometer, the ohmic and concentration ploarization are greatly reduced and the influences of the technical factors in electrode preparation on the material performance are simply eliminated. Thus, with accurate determination of the load quantity of MH alloy in power microelectrode by absorption spectrometric technique, it is feasible to evaluate quickly and quantitatively …

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Porous Gas Diffusion Oxygen Cathode For Electrodialysis Process, Hongmei Liu, Baolian Yi Nov 1996

Porous Gas Diffusion Oxygen Cathode For Electrodialysis Process, Hongmei Liu, Baolian Yi

Journal of Electrochemistry

In the process of producing silica sols by electrodialysis, with porous gas diffusion oxygen cathode instead of steel cathode, the cell voltage can be reduced 0.86～1.13 V,the power consumption of alkali silica sols (pH=9.5) is about cut down 16%, while the current efficiency has no changing. With porous gas diffusion oxygen cathode instead of steel cathode, the electrolysis electrodialysis process can be returned to electrodialysis process.

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Surface Modifications Of Carbon Materials Used As Anode Of Lithium Ion Battery Ⅰ.Influences Of Oxidation And Reduction Pretreatment On Anode Performance, Shuhua Ma, Hanju Guo, Ji Li, Hongze Liang, Xiabin Jing, Fosong Wang Nov 1996

Surface Modifications Of Carbon Materials Used As Anode Of Lithium Ion Battery Ⅰ.Influences Of Oxidation And Reduction Pretreatment On Anode Performance, Shuhua Ma, Hanju Guo, Ji Li, Hongze Liang, Xiabin Jing, Fosong Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The influences of the trace oxygen containing functional groups on surface of carbon material on cell performance of carbon anode for lithium ion batteries were studied by means of the pretreament in various oxidant/reductant systems.The results showed that the rich oxygen containing functional groups impaired the cell performance of carbon material anode,and the reduction of these groups in quantity and oxidation degree can increase charge/discharge capacity and improve first charge/discharge efficiency.The reason was also discussed in the light of effects of surface organic groups on decomposition reactivity of electrolyte and formation process of surface passivating film.

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Progresses In The Studies On Electrochemical And Surface Properties Of Hydrogen Storage Alloy Materials, Yong Yang, Jum Li, Zugeng Lin Nov 1996

Progresses In The Studies On Electrochemical And Surface Properties Of Hydrogen Storage Alloy Materials, Yong Yang, Jum Li, Zugeng Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

Recent progresses in the studies on electrochemical and surface properties of hydrogen storage alloy materials are reviewed. This paper includes three sections: 1)Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of metal hydride electrodes, 2)Effects of micro structure and alloy elements of the materials on the electrochemical properties of the electrodes and 3)Correlation between surface properties of the alloy materials and performance of the negative electrode in the nickel metal hydride batteries.

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Studies Of Electrochemical Behaviors Of Cytochrome C On Pretreated Gold Electrodereceived 16 May, 1996, Jin Luo, Lingling Wu, Shaohua Huang, Zhonghua Lin Nov 1996

Studies Of Electrochemical Behaviors Of Cytochrome C On Pretreated Gold Electrodereceived 16 May, 1996, Jin Luo, Lingling Wu, Shaohua Huang, Zhonghua Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The quasi reversible responses of both adsorbed and bulk cytochrome c at the pretreated gold electrode are observed. The adsorption behaviors and reaction kinetics have been studied using in situ FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis reflection spectroscopy, voltammetry, AC impedance and potential step methods. The results show that the cytochrome c can irreversibly adsorb on the gold surface in a complete monolayer and the adsorbed layer can mediate the redox reaction of the cytochrome c in the solution in the absence of promoter.

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Electrochemical Studies Of Cyanocobalamin On Silver Electrode, Zhai Jin, Yang Pin Nov 1996

Electrochemical Studies Of Cyanocobalamin On Silver Electrode, Zhai Jin, Yang Pin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electrochemical characteristics of cyanocobalamin were separately studied on smooth and roughed silver electrode. It was found that the reduction of cyanocobalamin is two one electron steps on roughed silver but one two electron step on smooth electrode. The reason is due to the ability of absorption of the surface of electrode.

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The Preparation Of Heteropoly Compound Polypyrrole Film Modified Electrode And Its Electrochemical Properties, Weiqing Wang, Xiumei Zhang, Long Cheng Nov 1996

The Preparation Of Heteropoly Compound Polypyrrole Film Modified Electrode And Its Electrochemical Properties, Weiqing Wang, Xiumei Zhang, Long Cheng

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electronically conducting polypyrrole doped with heteropolyanions K 10 H 3[Nd(SiMo 7W 4) 2]·xH 2O(denoted as [Nd(SiMo 7W 4) 2] 13- )was synthesized by electrochemical polymerization. This modified electrode maintains the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of heteropolyanion, with having good stability and electrocatalytic activity on the reduction of nitric oxide in acidic aqueous solution.

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A Conductance Study Of Complexes Of Rare Earth With Cryptand (2.2) In Nonaqueous Solvents, Shichang Liu, Aiju Xu, Qiang Zhang Nov 1996

A Conductance Study Of Complexes Of Rare Earth With Cryptand (2.2) In Nonaqueous Solvents, Shichang Liu, Aiju Xu, Qiang Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The coordination reaction of several rare earth nitrates with cryptand (2.2) in (CH 3) 2CO, CH 3CN, CH 3OH and DMF at 25 ℃ has been studied by means of using conductometric titration. The stability constants and the molar conductivities for the 1∶1 coordination compounds were calculated. Since the complexation is accompanied by solvation of the Ln(Ⅲ) ion in nonaqueous solvents, for lanthanide series, there is more or less variation in stability constants of complexes of rare earth with cryptand (2.2) when atomic numbers increas. The orders of the Λ ML(NO 3) 3 values about the same rare earth crown …

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The Current Distribution On The Anode Surface Of The Seale Oval Tubular Lead Acid Battery, Renao Gu, Jianlin Yao, Zhengfa Deng, Ru Sun Nov 1996

The Current Distribution On The Anode Surface Of The Seale Oval Tubular Lead Acid Battery, Renao Gu, Jianlin Yao, Zhengfa Deng, Ru Sun

Journal of Electrochemistry

The current distribution on anode surface of sealed lead acid batter under different discharge current and degree was studied by chemical analytical method for the first time. We can conclude that the current distribution is not even. The current density on the edge of the electrode surface and the electrode terminal are bigger than other areas, that is, there are edge effect and terminal effect, and these effect are more obvious when the discharge current is 100 A and degree is 100%.

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Electrochemical Study And Application Of Cyclodextrin And Its Inclusion Complexes, Shuqin Liu, Zhimin Liu, Jinghao Pan Nov 1996

Electrochemical Study And Application Of Cyclodextrin And Its Inclusion Complexes, Shuqin Liu, Zhimin Liu, Jinghao Pan

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electrochemical investigation and application of cyclodextrin and its inclusion complexes in recent years were reviewed. Studies on electrochemical behaviour of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in our laboratory were introduced.

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High Active Platinum Plated Titanium Electrode, Xiufeng Xiao, Zeshan Zhu Nov 1996

High Active Platinum Plated Titanium Electrode, Xiufeng Xiao, Zeshan Zhu

Journal of Electrochemistry

To prepare the adherent and high active platinum plated titanium electrode, ultrasonic agitation technology and the best conditions of electrodeposition were adopted. Ultrasonic agitation technology can be improved the cohesion between coatings and substrate. The activity of electrode has related to the double layer Capacity of electrode, which was due to the electrode rugosity.

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Comparison Of The Charge/Discharge Charasteristics Between Ni Cd And Ni Mh Battery And Its Improvement Of Manufacture Technique, Yumimg Wang Nov 1996

Comparison Of The Charge/Discharge Charasteristics Between Ni Cd And Ni Mh Battery And Its Improvement Of Manufacture Technique, Yumimg Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Based on the difference of charge discharge charasteristies between Ni Cd and Ni MH battery, some appropriate manufacture technoque to improve the battery performances or to extend its service life are adopted

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Determination Of Organic Basis Of Hydrochloride By The Oscillopolarographic Titration, Yongfu Zhan, Zhaoren Meng, Guirong Zhao Nov 1996

Determination Of Organic Basis Of Hydrochloride By The Oscillopolarographic Titration, Yongfu Zhan, Zhaoren Meng, Guirong Zhao

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this paper, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, ephedrine hydrochloride, procaine hydrochloride, vitamin B 1 and vitamin B 6 have been determined by the Oscillopolarographic titration. This method has not been reported in any papers up to now. The characteristics of the method are being quick and exact, easy to observe the final result and saving material tested.

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Study Of Electrochemistry Of Octa Butyl 2, 3 Naphthalocyanine Manganese(Ⅲ) In Nonaqeous Solvents, Suling Yang, Ersheng Liu, Naisheng Chen, Jinling Huang Nov 1996

Study Of Electrochemistry Of Octa Butyl 2, 3 Naphthalocyanine Manganese(Ⅲ) In Nonaqeous Solvents, Suling Yang, Ersheng Liu, Naisheng Chen, Jinling Huang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electrochemical behavior of 5,9,14,18,23,27,32,36 Octa Butyl 2,3 Naphalocyanine Manganese (Ⅲ) [(BuO) 8NPcMn(Ⅲ)Cl] in four nonaqueous solvents was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry, and the corresponding half wave potentials (E 1/2 ) of redox reactions were obtained. Four (or five) pairs of redox peaks were assigned. The solvent effect on the electrochemical characteristics of this coordination compound was also discussed preliminarily, and the electrochemical behavior of the complex was compared with that of nonsubstitued naphthalocyanine.

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Investigating The Evolution Of Multifragmenting Systems With Fragment Emission Order, E. W. Cornell, T. M. Hamilton, D. Fox, Y. Lou, R. T. De Souza, M. J. Huang, W. C. Hsi, C. Schwarz, C. Williams, D. R. Bowman, J. Dinius, C. K. Gelbke, D. O. Handzy, M. A. Lisa, W. G. Lynch, Graham F. Peaslee, L. Phair, M. B. Tsang, G. Vanburen, R. J. Charity, L. G. Sobotka, W. A. Friedman Nov 1996

Investigating The Evolution Of Multifragmenting Systems With Fragment Emission Order, E. W. Cornell, T. M. Hamilton, D. Fox, Y. Lou, R. T. De Souza, M. J. Huang, W. C. Hsi, C. Schwarz, C. Williams, D. R. Bowman, J. Dinius, C. K. Gelbke, D. O. Handzy, M. A. Lisa, W. G. Lynch, Graham F. Peaslee, L. Phair, M. B. Tsang, G. Vanburen, R. J. Charity, L. G. Sobotka, W. A. Friedman

Faculty Publications

Multifragment decays of central collisions in 84Kr+197Au at E/A=70MeV are studied. By utilizing a technique sensitive to the emission order of fragments, it is deduced that carbon fragments are emitted prior to beryllium fragments when these fragments have the same velocity. This observation is consistent with the cooling of a thermally decaying source.

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Reactions Of Singlet Oxygen And Singlet Oxygen Mimics With Dicyclopropylethylenes: Comparison Of Reactivity And Mechanisms, Gina Elizabeth Alume Nov 1996

Reactions Of Singlet Oxygen And Singlet Oxygen Mimics With Dicyclopropylethylenes: Comparison Of Reactivity And Mechanisms, Gina Elizabeth Alume

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

An extensive study of the reaction pathways of 1,1- dicyclopropyl ethylene, cis- and trans- 1,2-dicyclopropylethylenes has been undertaken with different electrophiles 4-methyl-1,2,4- triazoline-3,5-dione (MTAD), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), and singlet oxygen (102). Comparison of reactivity and reaction mechanisms among the electrophiles is investigated. Singlet oxygen exhibits significantly lower reactivity compared to the other electrophiles. MTAD and TCNE react with dicyclopropylethylenes to produce predominantly "2+2" adducts and a small amount of the "ene" adducts. The "2+2" is the major product presumably because of the high activation energy leading to the highly strained "ene" products. Solvent trapping studies provide strong evidence of …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Sf5 Containing Fluoroalkyl Iodides And Derivatives, Julia Anne Renn Nov 1996

Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Sf5 Containing Fluoroalkyl Iodides And Derivatives, Julia Anne Renn

Dissertations and Theses

Preparation of four SF5-containing fluoroalkyl iodides and derivatives thereof was accomplished beginning with a simplified synthesis of ICF2CF2I. Characterization of the products followed using a variety of spectroscopic and physical methods. The simplified method for preparing ICF2CF2I from iodine and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) involved a reaction temperature of approximately 54°C and pressures of less than two atmospheres for the TFE. The synthesized ICF2CF2I was reacted with S2F1o and tetrafluoroethylene to give SF5CF2CF2I. The subsequent synthesis of the SFs containing fluoroalkyl iodides and derivatives were carried out using SFsCF2CF2I as the starting material in a Carius tube reaction vessel. The synthesized SFs …

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Protein-Protein And Protein-Dna Interactions At The Bacteriophage T4 Dna Replication Fork. Characterization Of A Fluorescently Labeled Dna Polymerase Sliding Clamp, Daniel J. Sexton, Theodore E. Carver, Anthony J. Berdis, Stephen J. Benkovic Nov 1996

Protein-Protein And Protein-Dna Interactions At The Bacteriophage T4 Dna Replication Fork. Characterization Of A Fluorescently Labeled Dna Polymerase Sliding Clamp, Daniel J. Sexton, Theodore E. Carver, Anthony J. Berdis, Stephen J. Benkovic

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The T4 DNA polymerase holoenzyme is composed of the polymerase enzyme complexed to the sliding clamp (the 45 protein), which is loaded onto DNA by an ATP-dependent clamp loader (the 44/62 complex). This paper describes a new method to directly investigate the mechanism of holoenzyme assembly using a fluorescently labeled cysteine mutant of the 45 protein. This protein possessed unaltered function yet produced substantial changes in probe fluorescence intensity upon interacting with other components of the holoenzyme. These fluorescence changes provide insight into the role of ATP hydrolysis in holoenzyme assembly. Using either ATP or the non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine …

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Tb162: Red Maple And White Pine Litter Quality: Initial Changes With Decomposition, Mairin T. Delaney, Ivan J. Fernandez, Jeffrey A. Simmons, Russel D. Briggs Nov 1996

Tb162: Red Maple And White Pine Litter Quality: Initial Changes With Decomposition, Mairin T. Delaney, Ivan J. Fernandez, Jeffrey A. Simmons, Russel D. Briggs

Technical Bulletins

The specific objectives of this study were (a) to define the organic and inorganic composition of foliar litter from red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and (b) to determine the shifts in the organic and inorganic composition of these two litter types during the initial stages of decomposition. These two species were chosen because of their prominence in the northeastern U.S. and the contrast they afforded in litter quality characteristics which have a strong influence on litter decomposition.

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46. Milan Lazar, Otto Vogl, Lyda Rychla Nov 1996

46. Milan Lazar, Otto Vogl, Lyda Rychla

Otto Vogl

No abstract provided.

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Polymer Science In Croatia, Otto Vogl, Franjo Flajsman, Zvonomir Janovic, Helena Jasna Mencer Nov 1996

Polymer Science In Croatia, Otto Vogl, Franjo Flajsman, Zvonomir Janovic, Helena Jasna Mencer

Otto Vogl

No abstract provided.

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International Symposium On Ionic Polymerization, Istanbul, Turkey, Otto Vogl, Yusuf Yagci Nov 1996

International Symposium On Ionic Polymerization, Istanbul, Turkey, Otto Vogl, Yusuf Yagci

Otto Vogl

No abstract provided.

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Searching For The Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition In Au + Au Collisions At 35 Mev/Nucleon, M. Belkacem, P. F. Mastinu, V. Latora, A. Bonasera, M. D'Agostino, M. Bruno, J. D. Dinius, M. L. Fiandri, F. Gramegna, D. O. Handzy, W. C. Hsi, M. Huang, G. V. Margagliotti, P. M. Milazzo, C. P. Montoya, Graham F. Peaslee, R. Rui, C. Schwarz, G. Vannini, C. Williams Nov 1996

Searching For The Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition In Au + Au Collisions At 35 Mev/Nucleon, M. Belkacem, P. F. Mastinu, V. Latora, A. Bonasera, M. D'Agostino, M. Bruno, J. D. Dinius, M. L. Fiandri, F. Gramegna, D. O. Handzy, W. C. Hsi, M. Huang, G. V. Margagliotti, P. M. Milazzo, C. P. Montoya, Graham F. Peaslee, R. Rui, C. Schwarz, G. Vannini, C. Williams

Faculty Publications

Within the framework of classical molecular dynamics, we study the collision Au+Au at an incident energy of 35 MeV/nucleon. It is found that the system shows a critical behavior at peripheral impact parameters, revealed through the analysis of conditional moments of charge distributions, Campi scatter plot, and the occurrence of large fluctuations in the region of the Campi plot where this critical behavior is expected. When applying the experimental filters of the MULTICS-MINIBALL apparatus, it is found that criticality signals can be hidden due to the inefficiency of the experimental apparatus. The signals are recovered by identifying semiperipheral and peripheral …

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The Carboxyl Terminus Of The Bacteriophage T4 Dna Polymerase Is Required For Holoenzyme Complex Formation, Anthony J. Berdis, Patrice Soumillion, Stephen J. Benkovic Nov 1996

The Carboxyl Terminus Of The Bacteriophage T4 Dna Polymerase Is Required For Holoenzyme Complex Formation, Anthony J. Berdis, Patrice Soumillion, Stephen J. Benkovic

Chemistry Faculty Publications

To further elucidate the mechanism and dynamics of bacteriophage T4 holoenzyme formation, a mutant polymerase in which the last six carboxyl-terminal amino acids are deleted, was constructed, overexpressed, and purified to homogeneity. The mutant polymerase, designated ΔC6 exo−, is identical to wild-type exo− polymerase with respect to kcat, kpol, and dissociation constants for nucleotide and DNA substrate. However, unlike wild-type exo− polymerase, the ΔC6 exo− polymerase is unable to interact with the 45 protein to form the stable holoenzyme. A synthetic polypeptide corresponding to the carboxyl terminus of the wild-type exo− polymerase was tested as an in vitro inhibitor of …

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Electrochemistry Of C82: Relationship To Metallofullerene Electrochemistry, Paul Burbank, James Gibson, Harry Dorn, Mark Anderson Oct 1996

Electrochemistry Of C82: Relationship To Metallofullerene Electrochemistry, Paul Burbank, James Gibson, Harry Dorn, Mark Anderson

Mark R. Anderson

Square-wave voltammetry of C82 in pyridine solutions containing 0.10 M tetra-n-butyl ammonium perchlorate indicates that C82 is reduced in four one-electron steps prior to the onset of electrolyte decomposition. The first reduction occurs at potentials positive of the reported first reduction potentials of other empty cage fullerenes, and at approximately the same reported potential for the first reduction of the endohedral metallofullerenes La@C82 and Y@C82. No oxidations were observed for the C82 under these conditions.

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The Effect Of Deposition Of H2s On The Catalyst Activity Of 1.5 % Pt On [Gamma]-Al2o3, Ping Zhu Oct 1996

The Effect Of Deposition Of H2s On The Catalyst Activity Of 1.5 % Pt On [Gamma]-Al2o3, Ping Zhu

Theses

The impact of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pretreatment on the oxidation activity of powdered 1.5% Pt/γ-AL2O3 catalyst was investigated in this study. Fresh 1.5% Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was aged with different concentrations of H2S in air at 400 °C for 24 hours. Then, the aged and fresh catalysts were tested to determine the oxidation activity with diagnostic gases which contained either 1% propane or 1% carbon monoxide in dry air. The test results indicated that the catalysts were deactivated for carbon monoxide oxidation and promoted for propane oxidation as a function of …

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Mass Dependence Of Directed Collective Flow, M. J. Huang, R. C. Lemmon, F. Daffin, W. G. Lynch, C. Schwarz, M. B. Tsang, C. Williams, P. Danielewicz, K. Haglin, W. Bauer, N. Carlin, R. J. Charity, R. T. De Souza, C. K. Gelbke, W. C. Hsi, G. J. Kunde, M. C. Lemaire, M. A. Lisa, U. Lynen, Graham F. Peaslee, J. Pochodzalla, H. Sann, L. G. Sobotka, S. R. Souza, W. Trautmann Oct 1996

Mass Dependence Of Directed Collective Flow, M. J. Huang, R. C. Lemmon, F. Daffin, W. G. Lynch, C. Schwarz, M. B. Tsang, C. Williams, P. Danielewicz, K. Haglin, W. Bauer, N. Carlin, R. J. Charity, R. T. De Souza, C. K. Gelbke, W. C. Hsi, G. J. Kunde, M. C. Lemaire, M. A. Lisa, U. Lynen, Graham F. Peaslee, J. Pochodzalla, H. Sann, L. G. Sobotka, S. R. Souza, W. Trautmann

Faculty Publications

Sidewards directed fragment flow has been extracted for 84Kr+197Au collisions at E/A=200MeV, using techniques that are free of reaction plane dispersion. The fragment flow per nucleon increases with mass, following a thermal or coalescencelike behavior, and attains roughly constant limiting values at 4≤A≤12. Comparisons of the impact parameter dependences of the measured coalescence-invariant proton flow to Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck calculations clearly favor a momentum dependent nuclear mean field.

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