Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Linguistic Matrices, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

The authors build linguistic matrices only for those linguistic variables which yield a linguistic continuum or an ordered linguistic set. Most of the properties enjoyed by real and complex matrices are satisfied by these linguistic matrices. However, we see when we try to define operations on linguistic matrices that they behave in different ways. The possible operations defined on linguistic matrices are only the maximum and minimum. Further, we have different identities for min and max operations on these matrices for linguistic variable and its associated linguistic words.

Lost And Found In Mathematics, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This book is inspired by a German theoretical physicist, Sabine Hossenfelder’s publication: “Lost in Mathematics”. Her book seems to question highly mathematical and a lot of abstraction in the development of physics and cosmology studies nowadays. There is clear tendency that in recent decades, the physics science has been predominated by such an advanced mathematics, which at times sounding more like acrobatics approach to a reality. Through books by senior mathematical-physicists like Unzicker and Peter Woit, we know that the answer of TOE is not in superstring theories or other variations of such 26 dimensional bosonic string theory, of which …

From Logic To Realism To Brighter Future For Humanity, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This collection of published papers at International Journal of Neutrosophic Science actually began with just a simple request by Dr. Broumi Said, the editor of IJNS, to us, to submit an article for his new journal. Then we submitted a series of new articles discussing various applications of Neutrosophic Logic, a new kind of logic as developed by one of us (FS). We explore a wide range of subject, from Godel’s incompleteness theorem, to possible technocalypse and neutro-futurology, and also additional sections. Hopefully you will find these articles interesting for better understanding of nature.

Cyber Security Curriculum In Western Australian Primary And Secondary Schools: Interim Report: Curriculum Mapping, Nicola Johnson, Ahmed Ibrahim, Leslie Sikos, Cheryl Glowrey

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Cyber-crime poses a significant threat to Australians—think of, for example, how scams take advantage of vulnerable people and systems. There is a need to educate people from an early age to protect them from cyberthreats.

Consistent with the increasing prevalence of cyberthreats to individuals and organisations in Australia, the national Australian curriculum has been updated (version 9.0) to include specific content for cyber security for primary and secondary students up to Year 10. Endorsed by Education Ministers in April 2022, the Western Australian School Curriculum and Standards Authority (SCSA) completed a detailed audit of the endorsed Australian Curriculum version 9.0 …

ประสิทธิภาพของวิธีการจัดการข้อมูลไม่สมดุลสำหรับการจำแนกกลุ่มภายใต้เงื่อนไขที่แตกต่างกัน, กาญธนา ลออสิริกุล

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยนี้มีจุดประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาปฏิสัมพันธ์ของวิธีการปรับสมดุลข้อมูลกับเงื่อนไขด้านขนาดตัวอย่าง เทคนิคการจำแนกข้อมูล จำนวนตัวแปรระหว่างกลุ่มตัวแปรจัดประเภทต่อกลุ่มตัวแปรต่อเนื่อง อัตราออด และร้อยละของจำนวนข้อมูลกลุ่มหลักต่อข้อมูลกลุ่มรองที่มีต่อประสิทธิภาพของการจำแนกกลุ่ม การปรับสมดุลของข้อมูลแบ่งออกเป็น 3 วิธี ได้แก่ (1) ไม่ปรับสมดุล (2) วิธี random oversampling และ (3) วิธีผสมผสานระหว่างรูปแบบสุ่มเกินและสุ่มลด (hybrid) โดยใช้แพคเกจ ROSE ส่วนเงื่อนไขด้านขนาดตัวอย่างแบ่งออกเป็น ขนาดตัวอย่างเท่ากับ 100 300 และ 500 หน่วย ด้านเทคนิคการจำแนกข้อมูล แบ่งออกเป็น 4 วิธี ได้แก่ (1) เคเนียร์เรสเนเบอร์ (2) การถดถอยโลจิสติก (3) แรนดอมฟอร์เรส และ (4) ซัพพอร์ตเวกเตอร์แมชชีน ตัวแปรจากการจำลองแบ่งออกเป็นตัวแปรตามซึ่งจำลองด้วยการถดถอยโลจิสติก ส่วนตัวแปรอิสระในการจำลองข้อมูลครั้งนี้จะกำหนดให้ใช้ตัวแปรอิสระจำลองทั้งหมด 8 ตัว โดยกำหนดให้มีจำนวนตัวแปรระหว่างกลุ่มตัวแปรจัดประเภทต่อกลุ่มตัวแปรต่อเนื่อง 3 กรณี คือ 4:4 5:3 และ 6:2 ในขณะที่ระดับของอัตราออด จะสุ่มค่าจากช่วง [1,2) หรือ [2,3) และร้อยละของข้อมูลระหว่างข้อมูลกลุ่มหลักต่อข้อมูลกลุ่มรอง แบ่งออกเป็น 2 กรณี ได้แก่ 60:40 และ 70:30 พิจารณาเกณฑ์ประสิทธิภาพของข้อมูลด้วยตัวชี้วัดความถูกต้องในการจำแนก ความไว และความจำเพาะ การจำลองแต่ละสถานการณ์จะทำซ้ำสถานการณ์ละ 500 รอบ การวิเคราะห์ปฏิสัมพันธ์ระหว่างวิธีการปรับสมดุลข้อมูลกับเงื่อนไขต่าง ๆ ใช้การวิเคราะห์ความแปรปรวนพหุคูณหลายทาง (n-way MANOVA) ผลการวิจัยพบว่า วิธีการปรับสมดุลข้อมูลมีปฏิสัมพันธ์แบบสองทางกับเงื่อนไขด้านขนาดตัวอย่าง ร้อยละของข้อมูลระหว่างข้อมูลกลุ่มหลักต่อข้อมูลกลุ่มรอง อัตราออด และเทคนิคการจำแนกข้อมูล และพบปฏิสัมพันธ์แบบสามทางกับเงื่อนไขต่อไปนี้ (1) ขนาดตัวอย่างและจำนวนตัวแปรระหว่างกลุ่มตัวแปรจัดประเภทต่อกลุ่มตัวแปรต่อเนื่อง (2) ขนาดตัวอย่างและเทคนิคการจำแนกข้อมูล และ (3) ร้อยละของข้อมูลระหว่างข้อมูลกลุ่มหลักต่อข้อมูลกลุ่มรอง และเทคนิคการจำแนกข้อมูล ดังนั้นนักวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลควรเลือกใช้วิธีการปรับสมดุลข้อมูลโดยพิจารณาให้เหมาะสมกับสภาพของข้อมูลที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์

สมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหาร: การวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบเชิงสำรวจและเชิงยืนยันพหุระดับ, รัมณรา สมประสงค์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

สมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหารในปัจจุบันมีความสำคัญต่อการปฏิบัติงานในยุคของการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางดิจิทัลที่เกิดขึ้นอย่างรวดเร็ว งานวิจัยนี้เป็นงานวิจัยเชิงบรรยาย มีวัตถุประสงค์ดังนี้ 1) เพื่อสังเคราะห์ตัวชี้วัดสมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหาร 2) เพื่อสำรวจองค์ประกอบพหุระดับสมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหาร 3) เพื่อตรวจสอบความสอดคล้องเชิงประจักษ์ขององค์ประกอบพหุระดับสมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหาร ตัวอย่างวิจัย เป็นบุคลากรระดับปฏิบัติการในองค์กรทหารสังกัดกระทรวงกลาโหม 50 หน่วยงาน จำนวน 860 คน สำหรับใช้ในการวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบเชิงสำรวจพหุระดับ และจำนวน 863 คน สำหรับใช้ในการวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบเชิงยืนยันพหุระดับ เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัยเพื่อการวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบพหุระดับ คือแบบวัดสมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหาร ประกอบไปด้วย 2 ตอน คือ ข้อมูลพื้นฐานของกำลังพลผู้ตอบแบบสอบถาม และแบบวัดสมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหาร จำนวน 69 ข้อคำถาม วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลด้วยโปรแกรม IBM SPSS Statistics 22 และ MPlus6 ผลการวิจัยพบว่า (1) ตัวชี้วัดสมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหาร ประกอบไปด้วย 16 ตัวชี้วัด ได้แก่ 1) การวางแผนการใช้งานอุปกรณ์เทคโนโลยีดิจิทัลแบบบูรณาการ 2) การสืบค้นข้อมูลทางดิจิทัล 3) การประเมินความน่าเชื่อถือของข้อมูล 4) การใช้งานเทคโนโลยีเบื้องต้น 5) การแก้ปัญหาจากการใช้เทคโนโลยีดิจิทัล 6) การใช้อินทราเน็ตขององค์กร 7) การรักษาความลับในโลกไซเบอร์ 8) การจัดการไฟล์ดิจิทัลทางการทหาร 9) การเข้าถึงไฟล์ดิจิทัลในกรณีปฏิบัติงานนอกสถานที่ 10) การจัดการฐานข้อมูลทางการทหาร 11) การใช้สื่อดิจิทัลทางไกลเพื่อการสื่อสารทางการทหาร 12) การนำเสนอข้อมูลทางทหารในรูปแบบดิจิทัล 13) การสร้างสิ่งแวดล้อมทางดิจิทัลเพื่อการทำงาน 14) การตระหนักถึงความปลอดภัยบนโลกไซเบอร์ 15) การรักษามารยาทในสังคมดิจิทัล 16) เจตคติต่อการใช้เทคโนโลยีดิจิทัลในองค์กร (2) องค์ประกอบเชิงสำรวจพหุระดับสมรรถนะดิจิทัลขององค์กรทหาร มีจำนวน 3 โมเดล คือ 1) องค์ประกอบระดับระดับบุคคล 4 องค์ประกอบ ระดับองค์กร 1 องค์ประกอบ 2) องค์ประกอบระดับบุคคล 4 องค์ประกอบ ระดับองค์กร 2 องค์ประกอบ 3) องค์ประกอบระดับบุคคล …

An Analysis On Trends Of Research Topics In Civic Education Using Dynamic Topic Model, Poon Thongsai

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The aim of this thesis is to study the trend of civic and citizenship education research from 2000 to 2020 and the influence the regional background of researches has on the research discussion. Relevant data is collected from ERIC and SCOPUS database. This includes abstracts, published year, regional background of researchers, and author h-index. The keywords used are “civic education” or “citizenship education” or “civics”. There are 4917 papers extracted in total. Upon doing further preparation, 4854 articles are prepared for analysis. We apply Structural Topic model (STM) technique to the abstracts with covariates including the published year and the …

How Resilient Is It? The Resilience Quotient Zoning Ordinance, Qiong Wang, Yao Wang

Reports

Grades: 9-12 Subjects: Environmental Science, Earth Science, Oceanography

The Resilience Quotient (RQ) system uses zoning ordinance to address coastal resilience development issues in the city of Norfolk, Virginia. This lesson plan goes through key resilience concepts and its strategies that can promote flood risk reduction, stormwater management, and energy resilience. The activity provides several scenarios to help students understand, simulate, visualize, discuss, and practice how the Resilience Quotient works for coastal developments in the city.

Distal Urogenital Anatomy In The Male Wood Frog, Lithobates Sylvaticus (Anura: Ranidae), Stanley E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

I investigated the microanatomy of the distal urogenital system of the male Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) from a small sample (n = 6) collected in northern Arkansas in February 2020. Specifically, my primary objectives were as follows: 1) to focus on the histology of the paired Wolffian (urogenital) ducts caudally from the kidneys to their merging with the urodeum of the cloaca, 2) to reveal the structure of the paired seminal vesicles (sperm storage structures), and 3) to compare epithelial morphologies between the distal urogenital tract and its neighboring distal alimentary tract. This information will promote a clearer …

Seasonal Testicular Histology And Acystic Lobular Spermatogenesis In The Western Lesser Siren, Siren Intermedia Nettingi (Caudata: Sirenidae), Stanley E. Trauth

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

I investigated the seasonal testicular histology and acystic lobular spermatogenesis in the Western Lesser Siren, Siren intermedia nettingi, from periodic sampling of this salamander over a span of 21 yr (1994-2015) in northeastern Arkansas. My results include the following general findings: 1) the largest testicular lobules occurred primarily in January-February during spermiogenesis and spermatozoa maturation; 2) lobular regression and spermatogenic cell recrudescence were underway by late March; 3) proliferation of secondary spermatogonia in lobules was prominent in May; 4) transformation of secondary spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes occurred by mid-July, and these cells became larger in diameter through increased nuclear …

Steps Before Syntax: Helping Novice Programmers Solve Problems Using The Pcdit Framework, Oka Kurniawan, Cyrille Jegourel, Norman Tiong Seng Lee, Matthieu De Mari, Christopher M. Poskitt

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Novice programmers often struggle with problem solving due to the high cognitive loads they face. Furthermore, many introductory programming courses do not explicitly teach it, assuming that problem solving skills are acquired along the way. In this paper, we present 'PCDIT', a non-linear problem solving framework that provides scaffolding to guide novice programmers through the process of transforming a problem specification into an implemented and tested solution for an imperative programming language. A key distinction of PCDIT is its focus on developing concrete cases for the problem early without actually writing test code: students are instead encouraged to think about …

Students’ Perceptions Of Specific Laboratory Curricula On The Learning Experience In Chemistry Courses, Arwa Ali Alshehri

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Laboratory courses play a key role in developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills and providing experience in certain aspects of a laboratory setting including reactions, materials, and equipment. Prior studies suggest that a laboratory course assists students toward cognitive gain on lecture content. In contrast, other studies conclude that laboratory is uncorrelated with cognitive gain on lecture content. Thus, a discord exists between researchers regarding the role that laboratory experiences play in furthering the understanding of chemistry concepts taught in lectures. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of two different laboratory curricula on students’ performance in …

Usf Jamovi Tutorial Project: Open Education Resource, Aline Hitti, Saera Khan

USF OER Faculty Grant

Jamovi is an open source free software that USF staff, faculty and student can download to carry out any statistical analyses. The current report summarizes the progress made on an Open Education Resource Grant funded project, which aimed to created Jamovi tutorials. In this report, student feedback and faculty reaction are summarized after one semester of using the tutorials created.

Walking Diagonally: A Simple Proof Of Countability Of The Set Of All Finite Subsets Of Naturals, Miroslav Kures

BAU Journal - Science and Technology

The countability of the set of finite subsets of natural numbers is derived. In addition to the derivation itself, the use of diagonal method is illustratively presented; thinking about infinite sets relate to the name of Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor, the creator of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics. The proof of the claim is original, although the theorem is an analogy with the famous theorem about the countability of rational numbers. A certain insight into the subsets of natural numbers is given. Anyway, the technique could be considered already at high school level as …

What Interactive Web Features Are Most Used, Travis Tyler

Experiential Learning Projects

The use of interactive features in websites has become common place on the internet. People use these tools to help navigate and understand the content related to that website. However, due the large variety of websites it can be tricky to understand what features are best to utilize based on the topic of your site. This paper seeks to address this issue by researching how users interact and utilized different features on different websites. Research is gathered via scholarly articles and direct data gathered from volunteers. This data shows users tend to favor more interactive tools to help with navigation, …

Application Of Competitive Intelligence For Insular Territories: Automatic Analysis Of Scientific And Technology Trends To Fight The Negative Effects Of Climate Change, Henri Dou, Pierre Fournie

International Journal of Islands Research

Islands are fragile territories because of their geographical position. As a result, climate impacts can have serious consequences, of which some are irreversible. Therefore, it is necessary to allow insular territories to benefit from the latest scientific and technological advances in combating climate effects. The current article shows how to deal with automatic analysis of scientific information on the one hand, but also its applications via patents. We will analyse the latest scientific results as well as their possible applications using patent analysis. We will also focus on experts, laboratories, and leading companies, that are active on the field. The …

A Hybrid Machine Learning Framework For Predicting Students’ Performance In Virtual Learning Environment, Edmund Evangelista

All Works

Virtual Learning Environments (VLE), such as Moodle and Blackboard, store vast data to help identify students' performance and engagement. As a result, researchers have been focusing their efforts on assisting educational institutions in providing machine learning models to predict at-risk students and improve their performance. However, it requires an efficient approach to construct a model that can ultimately provide accurate predictions. Consequently, this study proposes a hybrid machine learning framework to predict students' performance using eight classification algorithms and three ensemble methods (Bagging, Boosting, Voting) to determine the best-performing predictive model. In addition, this study used filter-based and wrapper-based feature …

An Instructional Guide To Environmental Campaigns For K-12 Schools, Erin Mccarty

University Honors Theses

Evidence suggests environmental education can correlate with both short- and long-term behavioral changes, but existing research on the effectiveness of popular environmental education tactics show mixed results. Qualitative research was used in this study to assess student engagement and behavioral change within the context of environmental education campaigns. Ideally, students exposed to environmental campaigns become more informed on environmental issues and adjust their behavior to align with the campaign’s objectives. However, only a portion of environmental campaigns have these desired effects on their students. Based on a preliminary literature review, I anticipated the defining catalyst on post-campaign behavioral engagement would …

2021 - The Second Annual Fall Symposium Of Student Scholars

Symposium of Student Scholars Program Books

The full program book from the Fall 2021 Symposium of Student Scholars, held on November 18, 2021. Includes abstracts from the presentations and posters.

Computational Thinking For Teachers, Susan Imberman

Open Educational Resources

This is a syllabus for a course in computational thinking. The course described introduces preservice and inservice teachers to the fundamental concepts of computer science, including web design, coding, ethics, computational thinking, course resources, etc.

Finland, A Package Deal: Disciplinary Climate In Science Classes, Science Dispositions And Science Literacy, Larry J. Grabau, Jari Levonen, Kalle Juuti

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Finland’s educational prowess, though tempered by recent international assessments, has remained intact. This report focused on lessons that could be learned regarding secondary-level science education from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, science-focused assessment. That PISA iteration included not only science literacy but also students’ science dispositions (epistemology, enjoyment, interest, and self-efficacy) and the schools’ science climate measures (disciplinary climate and teaching support). Due to the hierarchical nature of the PISA data, multilevel models were employed in this Finnish study, involving 5582 students from 167 schools. Science dispositions (as outcome measures) were differently associated with teaching support and …

How Can Stem Retention Rates At Bgsu Be Increased Both In And Out Of The Classroom?, Josalyn A. Coffee

Honors Projects

Previous research in STEM student retention rates showed a gap in knowledge regarding why this group of student experience higher rates of burnout than other groups of students. This study investigated the barriers STEM students at BGSU experienced. A survey was sent out to STEM and non-STEM students alike that asked questions regarding student’s personal history before attending BGSU, their course experiences at BGSU, and the levels of support they have outside of BGSU. The survey data showed that there was little difference in the rates that students switch majors solely based on being in the STEM field. The data …

A Longitudinal Analysis Of Pathways To Computing Careers: Defining Broadening Participation In Computing (Bpc) Success With A Rearview Lens, Mercy Jaiyeola

Theses and Dissertations

Efforts to increase the participation of groups historically underrepresented in computing studies, and in the computing workforce, are well documented. It is a national effort with funding from a variety of sources being allocated to research in broadening participation in computing (BPC). Many of the BPC efforts are funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) but as existing literature shows, the growth in representation of traditionally underrepresented minorities and women is not commensurate to the efforts and resources that have been directed toward this aim.

Instead of attempting to tackle the barriers to increasing representation, this dissertation research tackles the …

Newgrange Skyscape In Stellarium, Frank Prendergast

Articles

Newgrange Skyscape in Stellarium is a new customised landscape planetarium model giving the user the unique ability to interrogate the dynamic sky above the Boyne Valley on any date of interest during the hours of daylight or darkness. Archaeological, astronomical and topographical points of interest are labelled in the model and visible even during the hours of darkness. These are summarily described in a short gazetteer appended at the end of the instruction document to encourage further exploration of the wonderful heritage found in the Boyne Valley and beyond.

Watch on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=aGPsVGBXkY4

Watch on Vimeo: https://vimeo.com/493351576

Teacher Education Programs Of Top Pisa Scoring Countries, Stephanie Kafer

Honors Projects

This research paper aims to investigate the teacher education programs of four different countries that have consistently scored high on the international Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test. This project intends to answer two questions: What locations consistently perform high on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test? What do the teacher training programs look like for these locations and are there commonalities between programs of different locations? The first question is answered using statistics of PISA scores from the past twenty years and from those statistics, the top four countries that this paper focuses on are Finland, …

Final Project Report Nsf Award 1744490: Nsf Includes Ddlp: Leadership And Isteam For Females In Elementary School (Life): An Integrated Approach To Increase The Number Of Women Pursuing Careers In Stem, Bruce G. Bukiet, James Lipuma, Nancy Steffen-Fluhr

STEM for Success Resources

Disclaimer

This Project Outcomes Report for the General Public is displayed verbatim as submitted by the Principal Investigator (PI) for this award. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this Report are those of the PI and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation; NSF has not approved or endorsed its content.

The LiFE project created and studied a comprehensive program bringing together iSTEAM, holistic student growth, modern technologies, and other supports to engage girls in STEM experiences through a collective impact approach.

LiFE supported STEAM clubs with role models and utilized research-based best …

Determining The Psychosocial Needs Of The Nurses Of Covid-19 Patients, Allison Stevens

ATU Theses and Dissertations 2021 - Present

Nurses are a vital element of the COVID-19 healthcare crisis and have been since the beginning of the COVID-19 response. The professional strain put on nurses included, but is not limited to: changing professional roles, rapidly changing policies and procedures, an influx of patients—particularly of high acuity, and change in workplace morale. However, nurses also had to carry the burdens of living as a member of society, family member, friend, community member, and above all, simply as a person surviving a pandemic themselves. With all of the stressors nurses have endured, it stands to reason that their psychosocial needs have …

Perceptions Of High Achieving High School Students Regarding The Professionalization Of Teaching And Their Interest In Becoming Teachers, Jonathan Crossley

ATU Theses and Dissertations 2021 - Present

This study was designed to highlight the factors that contribute to high-achieving high school students not deciding to join the teaching profession. There is growing evidence to indicate that the teaching profession is comprised mostly of educators in their first five years in the profession and educators with more than 25 years of teaching experience. Increasing numbers of educators are leaving the profession within their first five years in a classroom. On the other end of the spectrum, as teachers with more than 25 years of experience ultimately retire, the question remains about the viability of the profession for younger …

Law Library Blog (December 2021): Legal Beagle's Blog Archive, Roger Williams University School Of Law

Law Library Newsletters/Blog

No abstract provided.

Environmental Justice Issues And Sea Level Rise In Frontline Communties Along The Gulf Coast, Karla Michel Lopez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Sea level rise poses a great threat to coastal areas and our way of life. As flooding increases in frequency and intensity across the country, vulnerable populations become a target to its impacts. The U.S. dedicates much research to risk communication and climate change adaptation strategies; however, these coastal areas are home to a large percentage of underserved and underrepresented communities that can be challenging to meaningfully engage. The impacts of short-term sea level rise combined with long-term sea level rise will not only cause flooding, erosion, and intrusion of saltwater into freshwater resources but also increased financial consequences, such …