Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Environmental Health and Protection

Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 5731 - 5760 of 6879

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Secondary Toxicity Of Coyotes Killed By 1080 Single-Dose Baits, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Iwao Okuno Mar 1986

Secondary Toxicity Of Coyotes Killed By 1080 Single-Dose Baits, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Iwao Okuno

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Carcasses and viscera of coyotes poisoned by Compound 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) in single-dose tallow baits (SDBs) were fed to 3 coyotes, 3 domestic dogs, 4 striped skunks, and 15 black-billed magpies to determine if these species would be poisoned secondarily. Test subjects received no food other than tissues from poisoned coyotes for periods of 14 to 35 days. Total amounts of contaminated coyote tissues consumed by dogs, coyotes, skunks, and magpies, respectively, averaged 67, 152, 117, and 371% of body weight. Except for one skunk that refused to eat, no mortalities occurred and no evidence of poisoning was seen.

The …

Go to article

An Urban Roof Rat Control Program In Orange County, California, Gilbert L. Challet Mar 1986

An Urban Roof Rat Control Program In Orange County, California, Gilbert L. Challet

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

A program to control roof rats (Rattus rattus) has been conducted by the Orange County Vector Control District since 1975. Orange County is located in southern California just south of Los Angeles and is composed of 782 square miles of coastal foothills and alluvial plain with a population of 2 million. Urbanization takes up about one-half the total area and it is mainly a semi-desert situation with usually less than 15 inches of rain a year. However, because of the balmy temperature and imported water, vegetation grows rampant. Vegetation is used by the rats as harborage (Algerian ivy, …

Go to article

An Integrated Pest Management Approach To Roof Rat Control In Oceanfront Riprap, Ventura County, California, Daniel P. Claffey, Minoo B. Madon, Randall T. Smith Mar 1986

An Integrated Pest Management Approach To Roof Rat Control In Oceanfront Riprap, Ventura County, California, Daniel P. Claffey, Minoo B. Madon, Randall T. Smith

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

During the summer months of 1979, public agencies in Ventura County received complaints which pointed to a rodent infestation of campground areas along the north coastal strip. Investigations revealed a widespread infestation of oceanfront riprap by roof rats (Rattus rattus). Visual surveillance, trapping, baiting and population-estimating techniques and results are described and discussed. Implementation of integrated pest management practices resulted in the reduction of rat populations to a no-complaint level and provided a framework for a long-term maintenance program.

Go to article

Conference Participants Mar 1986

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The Conference totalled 372 registered attendees. The participants came from 31 states, the District of Columbia, and 13 other countries: Australia, Canada, China, Ethiopia, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Nigeria, Trinidad, United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe. Students from Sudan and Taiwan were also in attendance. The wide representation from the United States and from countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly diversified group for the exchange of ideas and information.

Go to article

Alternate Toxicants For The M-44 Sodium Cyanide Ejector, Guy Connolly, Richard J. Burns, Gary D. Simmons Mar 1986

Alternate Toxicants For The M-44 Sodium Cyanide Ejector, Guy Connolly, Richard J. Burns, Gary D. Simmons

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The M-44 sodium cyanide (NaCN) ejector is an important tool for coyote damage control. For greatest effectiveness, the ejected NaCN mixture must be a dry powder. NaCN readily absorbs and reacts with moisture to cause solidification or "caking" in M-44 capsules. Because it is difficult to seal the capsules water tight, caking has been a chronic problem ever since NaCN ejectors were introduced over 40 years ago. The toxicity and caking properties of three alternate compounds are reported in this paper.

Comparative toxicity tests were made with M-44 ejectors containing NaCN, potassium cyanide (KCN), calcium cyanide (CaCN), and methomyl. Five …

Go to article

The House Mouse In Poultry Operations: Pest Significance And A Novel Baiting Strategy For Its Control, Robert M. Corrigan, Ralph E. Williams Mar 1986

The House Mouse In Poultry Operations: Pest Significance And A Novel Baiting Strategy For Its Control, Robert M. Corrigan, Ralph E. Williams

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Enclosed and insulated commercial poultry buildings provide ideal habitat for supporting unusually large populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Mice cause damage to various structural and operational components of poultry facilities; thus, they are of economic significance as well as general nuisances. Effective mouse control programs in poultry operations are often difficult, complicated, time consuming and inefficient due to various environmental and operational factors intrinsic to commercial poultry facilities. The significance of the house mouse as an economic pest in poultry operations is discussed via the results of a rodent control survey of 161 commercial poultry operations …

Go to article

Bird Problems In California Pistachio Production, A. Charles Crabb, Terrell P. Salmon, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1986

Bird Problems In California Pistachio Production, A. Charles Crabb, Terrell P. Salmon, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

In 1984 studies were initiated to identify the bird species causing damage to pistachio nuts, quantify the losses, and explore possible methods for alleviating bird losses. The first year's field observations were made to identify and determine the level of activity of the various depredating bird species in the orchard. Field samples of nuts were collected to assess the levels of damage occurring in representative orchards. A mail survey of all commercial pistachio growers in California was conducted to determine which bird species growers believed were the cause of nut losses, the extent of damage they have experienced and what, …

Go to article

Closing Remarks For The 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference, A. Charles Crabb Mar 1986

Closing Remarks For The 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference, A. Charles Crabb

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

This concludes the 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Before going on with my closing remarks, I think we should acknowledge the excellent job done by all of our session chairpersons and speakers. On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council I want to thank you for your participation in the conference.

Go to article

Population Dynamics And Expansion Rates Of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Lyle A. Crosby, Randy Graham Mar 1986

Population Dynamics And Expansion Rates Of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Lyle A. Crosby, Randy Graham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The purpose of this review is to describe population dynamics and annual rates of increase of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and to determine annual expansion rates of uncontrolled populations. Their reproductive characteristics, including social behavior are examined as they relate to these factors.

In this analysis, the first step is to determine the average number of male and female prairie dogs of breeding age that are present at each burrow system before and after the reproductive cycle. From this determination the total number of prairie dogs is determined, based on the average density of active burrows for …

Go to article

Pocket Gopher Damage To Conifers In Western Forests: A Historical And Current Perspective On The Problem And Its Control, Glenn A. Crouch Mar 1986

Pocket Gopher Damage To Conifers In Western Forests: A Historical And Current Perspective On The Problem And Its Control, Glenn A. Crouch

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) damage or destroy regeneration on hundreds of thousands of acres of forestland in the western United States each year. Despite years of research, poisoning the offending animals—a technique developed around the turn of the century on agricultural land--is still the most prevalent practice for controlling damage on western forests.

Go to article

Evaluating A Pop-Up Scarecrow Coupled With A Propane Exploder For Reducing Blackbird Damage To Ripening Sunflower, John L. Cummings, C. Edward Knittle, Joseph L. Guarino Mar 1986

Evaluating A Pop-Up Scarecrow Coupled With A Propane Exploder For Reducing Blackbird Damage To Ripening Sunflower, John L. Cummings, C. Edward Knittle, Joseph L. Guarino

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

A combination Purivox® Double-John carousel propane exploder and CO2 pop-up scarecrow operated in synchrony was evaluated in five ripening sunflower fields in 1981 and 1982, respectively, near Devils Lake and Westhope, North Dakota. In each field, this treatment was evaluated in an alternating off-on sequence of 5-day intervals for a period of 20 days. In 1981, devices were deployed at one unit per 8 to 10 acres and in 1982 at one unit per 4 to 6 acres. The degree of effectiveness for reducing bird damage in three of five fields that met selection criteria ranged from 71 to 87% …

Go to article

Enterprise Budgets: A Tool For Vertebrate Pest Control Decision Making In Developing Countries, Daniel C. Evans Mar 1986

Enterprise Budgets: A Tool For Vertebrate Pest Control Decision Making In Developing Countries, Daniel C. Evans

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Semi-subsistence farms that predominate in developing countries have more complex goals than the strict profit motives of corporate farms. Small farm management decisions are commonly based on a desire to increase production while avoiding risks and reducing labor demands and operating costs. Enterprise budgets are a valuable tool for understanding diverse farming systems and farmers' decision-making processes. The preparation of enterprise budgets documents production expenses, labor requirements, and specific activities related to pest control, as well as sources of supplies and technical information. By identifying what resources are commonly used and the relative importance of farm labor, the preparation of …

Go to article

Potential Of Vegetation Management For Ground Squirrel Control, Wendy S. Fitzgerald, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1986

Potential Of Vegetation Management For Ground Squirrel Control, Wendy S. Fitzgerald, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Manipulation or alteration of habitat vegetation is used frequently with integrated pest management of certain vertebrate pest species. However, it has been less than satisfactory with ground squirrel species in many situations. Special plantings of tall grasses and broadleaf species were experimentally explored in an effort to make levee habitat less suitable for the California ground squirrel in the Sacramento Valley. The experimental plantings failed to achieve that objective for a variety of apparent or suspected reasons and, in fact, in some grass plots the number of ground squirrels increased over what was present prior to planting. Other problems associated …

Go to article

Biological Status Of Mountain Lions In California, E. Lee Fitzhugh, W. Paul Gorenzel Mar 1986

Biological Status Of Mountain Lions In California, E. Lee Fitzhugh, W. Paul Gorenzel

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Mountain lions (Felis concolor) symbolize wilderness. The "wild west," a supreme predator, supreme quarry, destroyer of wildlife (game and nongame), livestock, and "trophy" hunting. They are the epitomy of controversy in California. In this paper we will review the history of management and present legal status of mountain lions in California, the political situation leading to the present status, and some of the biological factors that have been controversial, particularly relating to population status and trends.

Go to article

Batproofing Structures With Birdnetting Checkvalves, Stephen C. Frantz Mar 1986

Batproofing Structures With Birdnetting Checkvalves, Stephen C. Frantz

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Denial of re-entry (batproofing) through structural modification is widely accepted as the most effective and ecologically sound method for eliminating commensal bats from structures. Such methods are clearly superior to lethal measures which have only questionable efficacy and may exacerbate bat/human interactions. However, since bats are able to enter small and obscure openings, conventional batproofing of all such openings is often not practical or economical. Further since this work must usually be done after bats have already begun roosting in a structure, the difficulty of high ladder work at night to seal exit holes can be discouraging to homeowners as …

Go to article

Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference Frontmatter And Table Of Contents Mar 1986

Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference Frontmatter And Table Of Contents

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Table of Contents

Go to article

Recent Research On Red Squill As A Rodenticide, Anthony J. Verbiscar, Thomas F. Banagan, Howard Scott Gentry Mar 1986

Recent Research On Red Squill As A Rodenticide, Anthony J. Verbiscar, Thomas F. Banagan, Howard Scott Gentry

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Red squill has been used in rodent control for several hundred years but in the United States its use has decreased since the 1950s. However, there is now a recognized need for rodenticides with different kinds of toxic activity. Red squill is being investigated as an acute rodenticide and an economic crop for the southwestern states. Clones from a prior USDA collection have been assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography and selections are being propagated in California and Arizona. The major toxicant, scilliroside, is relatively fast acting, causing convulsions and death to rats and mice. This glycoside is also strongly emetic …

Go to article

An Evaluation Of The Acute Oral Toxicity Of Brodifacoum To Birds, Michael E. R. Godfrey Mar 1986

An Evaluation Of The Acute Oral Toxicity Of Brodifacoum To Birds, Michael E. R. Godfrey

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Single acute doses of the rodenticide brodifacoum were administered orally to 13 species of birds which are at risk from accidental poisoning during rabbit or possum control operations. Median lethal dose values from less than 1 to more than 20 mg/kg were obtained for some species. Gulls and Canada geese appear to be particularly susceptible. Several species, particularly the gulls, waxeyes, sparrows, mallard ducks and harrier hawks, seem to be vulnerable to lead poisoning.

Go to article

Application Of A Benefit:Cost Model To Blackbird Damage Control In Wild Rice, W. Paul Gorenzel, Daniel B. Marcum, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1986

Application Of A Benefit:Cost Model To Blackbird Damage Control In Wild Rice, W. Paul Gorenzel, Daniel B. Marcum, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

From commercial fields near McArthur, California, we collected data on methods for controlling blackbird (Icteridae) damage to wild rice (Zizania aquatica). Using and expanding upon an economic model proposed by Dolbeer (1981), we derived economic comparisons of three control programs employing: 1. methiocarb, 2. shooting and propane exploders, and 3. all methods combined. Shooting and propane exploders used together were the most cost effective with a benefit:cost ratio of 2.16:1. Under the assumptions used in the model, methiocarb was least effective with a benefit:cost ratio of only 0.62:1. We discuss assumptions of the model and using basic initial …

Go to article

Salmon Poisoning Disease: Research On A Potential Method Of Lethal Control For Coyotes, Jeffrey S. Green, Brad R. Leamaster, William J. Foreyt, Roger A. Woodruff Mar 1986

Salmon Poisoning Disease: Research On A Potential Method Of Lethal Control For Coyotes, Jeffrey S. Green, Brad R. Leamaster, William J. Foreyt, Roger A. Woodruff

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Salmon poisoning disease (SPD) was tested as a potential method of lethal control for coyotes (Canis latrans). Fresh fish containing the agents for SPD was fed to 72 captive adult coyotes. Coho (Oncorhunchus kisutch) and steel head salmon (Salmo gairdneri) from Oregon hatcheries were the principal species of fish used. Coyotes that ate the fish developed observable signs of SPD in a mean of 8 days. The overall rate of mortality was 50%, and death occurred in a mean of 20 days from consuming fish. Coyotes that died from SPD lost a mean of …

Go to article

A Changing Approach To Dingo Control In Western Australia, A. W. Hogstrom Mar 1986

A Changing Approach To Dingo Control In Western Australia, A. W. Hogstrom

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The traditional method of dingo control on sheep properties in Western Australia relied on labor-intensive trapping and baiting. A cost/price squeeze in the rangeland sheep-grazing areas around 1970 forced a revision of these practices. Research was conducted on dingo biology, habitat preference and use, movements, social organization and damage to livestock. The data demonstrated the territorial nature of dingoes, that they usually occur in groups of 2 to 15, that long movements are rare, and that they quickly learn to harass and kill sheep. Aerial baiting trials using factory-manufactured baits and baits prepared from fresh meat demonstrated that an adequate …

Go to article

Integrative Models Of Poisoning Vertebrate Pests, J. Hone Mar 1986

Integrative Models Of Poisoning Vertebrate Pests, J. Hone

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Strategies for the control of vertebrate pest are identified using mathematical models of poisoning. The models integrate aspects of foraging ecology and toxicology in a probabilistic framework. The structure, assumptions and control implications of the models are presented. Variables (control parameters) influencing the probability that a pest animal dies in a poison program are identified and classified according to their degree of operator control. Control strategies suggested by the models are identified, and practical means of applying them are discussed. The models suggest that the probability that an animal dies is a function of 15 to 17 control parameters, of …

Go to article

Implications And Management Of Feral Mammals In California, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1986

Implications And Management Of Feral Mammals In California, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

"Feral" is defined. For each of the principal species of feral mammals in California we note the broad ecological implications they have on the environment and the potential or actual management approaches being followed. The main emphasis of this paper, and all of the slides shown, was on how wild horses and burros, two controversial feral species, are managed in California and in other western states. The feral pig is about to become the number one big game animal in California, and mustrats (Ondatra zibethica (L.)), which were introduced or escaped into the Sacramento Valley—-hence locally feral--are the state's …

Go to article

Wildlife Damage In Conservation Tillage Agriculture: A New Challenge, Ron J. Johnson Mar 1986

Wildlife Damage In Conservation Tillage Agriculture: A New Challenge, Ron J. Johnson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Conservation-tillage farming systems have changed agriculture and brought new challenges to the wildlife damage field. Associated minor problems may result from the presence of rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) or badgers (Taxidea taxus), but sprout-pulling damage by birds has not been reported. Rodents dig and consume newly planted corn. At least 14 small mammal species have been captured in notillage cornfields, some species throughout fields and others primarily at edges. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) generally have been the most abundant, comprising 71 to 93% of total captures. Small mammal populations in no-tillage fields are generally no …

Go to article

A Review Of Brodifacoum Efficacy In The U.S. And Worldwide, Dale E. Kaudeinen, Michael Rampaud Mar 1986

A Review Of Brodifacoum Efficacy In The U.S. And Worldwide, Dale E. Kaudeinen, Michael Rampaud

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

It was just over 10 years ago with the paper by Hadler and Shadbolt (1975) that a series of novel anticoagulants, which included brodifacoum, was announced. Today, after a decade of brodifacoum study and experience, the value of this compound in vertebrate pest management, particularly in rodent control, can scarcely be questioned. In order to most effectively build upon this experience, a thorough review of the literature for the period of 1975 to 1985 was undertaken to also include much unpublished information available to the authors.

Undoubtedly to a greater extent than any other new vertebrate pesticide, brodifacoum has been …

Go to article

A Five-Year Evaluation Of The Silvicultural Treatments For The Control Of Squirrel Damage In Taiwan, Pao-Chang Kuo, Yue-Ken Liao Mar 1986

A Five-Year Evaluation Of The Silvicultural Treatments For The Control Of Squirrel Damage In Taiwan, Pao-Chang Kuo, Yue-Ken Liao

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The Formosan red-bellied tree squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus. ) is a pest animal that causes serious damage to many conifer plantations in Taiwan. Poisoning has been the major means to control the damage. The feasibility of forestry control through habitat manipulation has been evaluated during the past 5 years. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of forest-tending operations on the activity and damage by squirrels. Forest-tending conducted included weeding and thinning. Test sites were at three Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantations located in Chitou. The results of this study revealed that squirrel activity in …

Go to article

The Mechanical Control Of Bushpig, Potamochoerus Porcus, In Zimbabwe, Michael La Grange Mar 1986

The Mechanical Control Of Bushpig, Potamochoerus Porcus, In Zimbabwe, Michael La Grange

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Bushpig, Potamocheorus porcus, occurring naturally in the high rainfall areas of Zimbabwe, have become a major threat to maize producers in the country. Traditional means of control including hunting have been unsuccessful in keeping the numbers to a tolerable level owing to the secretive and cunning nature of the animal. The use of poisons has been discouraged because of indiscriminate use and problems of secondary poisoning, so alternative methods of mechanical control were sought. Several methods evolved during experimentation, producing a strategy to control bushpig throughout the year.

Go to article

Keynote Address—Changing Times For Animal Damage Control, James O. Lee Jr. Mar 1986

Keynote Address—Changing Times For Animal Damage Control, James O. Lee Jr.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

Times do change! USDA's Animal and Plant Health Service, or APHIS, is now in the process of taking over the animal damage control program from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The transfer will be completed by April 1.

This is the opposite of what was happening back in 1939. At that time, a government reorganization plan resulted in the transfer of the Bureau of Biological Survey—-forerunner of Fish and Wildlife Service--from Agriculture to Interior; and with it went the ADC program.

We're pleased to have the ADC program back at Agriculture. We never lost interest in it. While the …

Go to article

The Effectiveness Of Strychinie Laced Alfalfa On Pocket Gopher Activity In Diamond Valley, Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John O'Brien Mar 1986

The Effectiveness Of Strychinie Laced Alfalfa On Pocket Gopher Activity In Diamond Valley, Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John O'Brien

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

The Townsend pocket gopher, (Thomomys townsendi), poses a serious economic threat to alfalfa production in Diamond Valley, Nevada. Many control methods have been practiced with only limited or seasonal success. Application of strychnine-treated alfalfa hay has been an effective control method; however, the relationship between strychnine concentration and pocket gopher kill has not been examined. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.7%) of strychnine-treated alfalfa hay baits. The three strychnine levels and untreated control were replicated three times on twelve 0.8-ha (2.0-ac) plots. Plots were located on a 6-year-old stand …

Go to article

Private Costs Of Predator Control In New Mexico In 1983, Gary A. Littauer, Ronald J. White, David Carroll Hall Mar 1986

Private Costs Of Predator Control In New Mexico In 1983, Gary A. Littauer, Ronald J. White, David Carroll Hall

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 12th (1986)

A survey was conducted by the New Mexico Department of Agriculture in early 1984 to determine costs incurred by livestock producers to control predation on livestock during 1983. Out of a sample of 1,848 producers who were sent questionnaires, 706 (38%) usable responses were returned. The respondents reported having about 30% of the peak number of sheep and lambs and 19% of the peak number of range beef cattle and calves, respectively, estimated to have been in New Mexico in 1983. Total cost reported by 306 respondents who had costs, not including donations to the New Mexico cooperative Animal Damage …

Go to article

First Prev Next Last