Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Summary, Dan F. Dickneite

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

During this workshop we have heard from some of the leading animal damage control and livestock management specialists in the Great Plains and adjoining states. It appears that western states personnel will likely be involved in wild animal damage control to a greater extent than before as control activities are passed from federal to the separate state agencies--hopefully, with financial assistance for both implementation and research.

There is no widespread agreement on numbers or severity of damage, or on the best damage control techniques to use. What works in one area of the country will not necessarily work in another. …

How Important Are Livestock Management Methods To The Orevention And /Or Reduction Of Losses To Coyotes, Don Good

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Professor.E. K. Faulkner, Extension Sheep Specialist from the University of Wyoming, stated that fencing the range was too expensive to be practical. He indicated that flares, pop-guns, color painting on sheep, and dogs have been used to cut down losses to coyotes but these methods have not been nearly so effective as the use of cyanide guns and 1080. He also indicated that losses to coyotes along with labor problems are the number 1 and 2 reasons for 200 sheepmen going out of the business the past 5 years in the range country. He said that shed lambing or lambing …

Using Population Mechanics In Management Schemes, Frederick F. Knowlton

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

I. Why do we try to manage natural systems?

II. A Wildlife Management Perspective.

III. The challenge of managing carnivores.

IV. Does predation really occur?

V. Historically we have been faced with depredation problems and have been unable to resolve them when and where they arose.

VI. There have been vast changes in public sentiment and values.

VII. Let's look at some biological inputs ( coyotes).

VIII. Additional comments on meeting the problems when and where they occur.

IX. Selected readings.

Extension Wildlife Damage Control In Arkansas, Rocky Lynch

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

With the curtailment of a service type predator control program that existed in Arkansas for 29 years, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission in 1970 initiated a Nuisance Animal Control Section within the framework of the Commissions' Game Division. This extension - demonstration type wildlife control unit was named such because of the increase in rodent control (beaver and muskrat) within the state. Their numbers were spawned by the habitat inhancement in the delta and timber growing regions of Arkansas.

A Game Biologist visited the Missouri Department of Conservation and observed the technique of their predator control agent. With ideas …

Long Range Objectives Of The Federal Government In Coyote Management, James B. Ruch

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Introduction.

History.

Present Efforts to Change.

Research.

Interim Measures.

1973 Legislation.

State Actions Needed.

Conclusion.

Animal Damage Control In South Dakota, V. Van Ballenberghe

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

South Dakota, like virtually all other states, is subject to economic losses from wildlife depredations. We have been in the government sponsored, animal damage control business perhaps longer than some states - our history dates back to the time of Three-toes and the Custer Wolf. In 1973 we are still in that business, perhaps more intensively than ever before, and we regard animal damage control as one of the most pervasive and difficult to solve wildlife problems facing us.

The Missouri River bisects South Dakota into approximately equal "East River" and "West River" land areas. These differ ecologically, and to …

Extension Wildlife Damage Control In Iowa, Tom Berkley

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Introduction

History

Procedures

Results

Conclusion

Exposure To Media Alternatives, Jack Burke

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Media use should not be a half way activity done after everything else on your mind is taken care of. The key word is commitment--if you are not ready to give proper preparation which includes understand what each (newspaper, radio, TV, etc.) does best, then don't do anything. There is at least a certain minimum quality standard that must be met--anything less and media exposure can hurt you and your program rather than help you. Seek help. Then select the media to fit your time, money and inclination. Example: Even if you don't buy time--television properly done may cost much …

Proceedings Of The Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop- December 1973: Contents

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Cover Pages

Program Planning Committee

Registered Attendance

Preface

Table of Contents

A Brief History Of Extension Predator Control In Missouri, Dan F. Dickneite

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Missouri, like many of its neighbors, has long had to content with complaints of damage caused by predatory wildlife. Unlike some other states, however, in Missouri the control, management, restoration, etc. of all bird, fish and game and other wildlife resources of the state is vested in a Conservation Commission to an exclusive degree. Because of this Constitutional mandate, the Conservation Department in Missouri has been the agency primarily responsible for assisting farmers and ranchers with their various wild animal damage control problems. Poisons and explosive or chemical devices are not legal. This legal prohibition not withstanding, Missouri's relatively dense …

D.C. Background On Predator Control Legislation, Michael Frome

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The tragic fiasco of federal predator control as we have known it is finished. The American people will no longer tolerate it. In this age of environmental concern, the people will not allow their tax dollars to be diverted for such a destructive and wasteful war against living wild creatures for the exclusive benefit of the sheep industry. There is now no turning back to old ways.

Indiscriminate trapping, shooting and poisoning have reduced some of the rarest, most beautiful and superbly adapted species of our wildlife heritage to the brink of extinction, although they consitutue a resource that could …

Kansas Predator Damage Control Program, F. Robert Henderson

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The Extension Division is the off-campus arm of Kansas State University~ a land grant university functioning through 105 county Extension offices involving over 265 county Extension workers that are backed up by some 175 state and area subject matter specialists. Kansas is an agricultural state. The production of livestock in Kansas is an important industry to our state and nation.

Our predator damage control program is an educational effort directed at the goal of reducing livestock losses where possible on individual farms and ranches, in Kansas. Our program has been in existence since 1954. A very important aspect of our …

Preliminary Interpretations Of Coyote Population Mechanics With Some Management Implications, Frederick F. Knowlton

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The need for control of coyote (Canis latrans) depredations and a simultaneous demand for recognition of the aesthetic and ecologic values of the species create a conflict in resource utilization that should be resolved through more intensive management. A coyote population model is proposed from current estimates of density, reproduction, population structure, and mobility. Densities of 0.5 to 1.0 coyote per square mile are frequently suggested, with occasional estimates of 4.0 or more per square mile. Reproductive rates fluctuate as functions of the proportion of females that ovulate, the average number of ova shed, and in utero viabilities. …

The Sport Hunting Of Coyotes, Edward L. Kozicky

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

In an effort to gain some insight into the sport hunting of coyotes in Kansas, Bob Henderson circulated 586 detailed questionnaires and received 228 replies--an excellent voluntary response.

Time does not permit detailed comments on each question and reply. We shall only hit the highlights, and add some editorial comment where it seems appropriate.

It should be remembered that those who took the time to answer the 35 questions were devotees of the sport. This point is emphasized by the fact that of the 225 hunters who responded, 95 have been hunting coyotes for 20 years or more. The next …

Coyote Denning As A Method Of Damage Control, Walden C. Lemm

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The coyote denning operation is a useful method in coyote control, both to control populations and to eliminate problem animals, but a thorough knowledge of coyote behavior prior to and during the denning season is essential for productive results.

Coyotes do not dig their own dens, but enlarge existing holes dug by other animals, often those dug by badgers. Coyote den holes are not difficult to distinguish from holes dug by smaller animals. Being long-legged animals, their den entrances are elongated vertically instead of being round like those of badgers and other short-legged animals.

Coyote Trapping As A Method Of Damage Control, Robert A. Smith

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Purpose of Program

Method

Cost of Service

Conclusion

An Assessment Of The Coyote Problem In The Great Plains States, Dale A. Wade

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

It has now been 21 months since President Nixon's Executive Order #11643 was issued and there has been a complete annual reproductive cycle in the coyote population of the western states without any major influence by chemical controls. The use of mechanical controls, including non-lethal methods, and greater emphasis on removing only specific offending animals has been advocated during this time as a solution where coyotes prey on domestic animals. With this brief look back, what have been the results?

We do not have absolute data on coyote numbers and livestock depredations resulting from this change in coyote management programs. …

Extension Wildlife Damage Control In Colorado, Dale A. Wade

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Wildlife damage control in Colorado may be more varied and difficult than in some other states. Colorado has a widely diversified agricultural, industrial and recreational business base and a great range of human density from the Denver Metropolitan area containing approximately half of the state population to the semi-desert and mountain areas where the population density is extremely low.

Approximately 40 percent of the land is federally owned, much of this in large tracts in the western two-thirds of the state. Privately owned land in this western area is primarily distributed along the more accessible valleys of major drainages. It …

Grey Kangaroo Management Programme, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

The Grey Kangaroo Management Programme, introduced in 1971 by the Department of Fisheries and Fauna, is designed to ensure the long-term conservation of the grey kangaroo, while at the same time recognising the right of the landholder to protect his primary production from damage.

One of the points which has arisen after examination of the programme is that some individual farmers are not fully aware of the requirements of the regulations.

Chronic Toxicity Of A Copper, Cadmium And Zinc Mixture To The Fathead Minnow (Pimephales Promelas Rafinesque), John G. Eaton

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

Fathead minnows were exposed to a series or concentrations of a copper, cadmium and zinc mixture during a 12.5 month chronic test in water of 200 mg 1^-1 total hardness. The metal concentrations in the mixture were selected on the basis of results obtained during previous chronic exposures to each of the metals individually in the same water. Strict summation of the chronic toxicities of the metals was not indicated when they were tested in combination. Toxic effects of the mixture attributable to copper appeared to be increased, but that attributable to cadmium was reduced. The effects thought to …

Chronic Effect Of Low Ph On Fathead Minnow Survival, Growth And Reproduction, Donald I. Mount

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) were continuously exposed to reduced pH levels of 4.5, 5.2, 5.9, 6.6 and 7.5 (control) during a 13-month, one-generation test. Survival was not affected, even at the lowest pH tested. Fish behavior was abnormal, and fish were deformed at pH 4.5 and 5.2. Egg production and egg hatchability were reduced at pH 5.9 and lower, and all eggs were abnormal. A pH of 6.6 was marginal for vital life functions, but safe for continuous exposure. Free carbon dioxide, liberated by the addition of sulfuric acid to reduce the pH, may have had an unknown …

Captan Toxicity To Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas), Bluegills (Lepomis Macrochirus), And Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis), Roger O. Hermanutz, Leonard H. Mueller, Kenneth D. Kempfert

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

The toxic effects of capt an on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegiIIs (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were determined in a flow-through system. In a 45-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at 39.5 μLg/Iiter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not statisticaIly demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 μLg/Iiter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and 16.5 μLg/liter. The lethal threshold concentration (LTC) derived from acute exposures was 64 μLg/liter, …

Phytoplankton Successions And Lake Dynamics In Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead, Nevada, Ervon R. Koening, Richard W. Tew, James E. Deacon

Publications (WR)

Phytoplankton successions, applications of the general growth equation, and physical measurements have been employed to investigate events occurring at the interface between industrial and sewage effluent contained in Las Vegas Wash and the waters of Lake Mead, Nevada. The data indicate that the entering waters tend to form a density current interrupted at intervals by dynamic effects generated in the lake. The dynamic relationships described here for the spring months suggest that a much more thorough understanding of physical, chemical and biological interactions is necessary to permit solution of the numerous problems of Las Vegas Bay discussed or alluded to …

A Mathmatical Model Of Primary Productivity And Limnological Patterns In Lake Mead, Lorne G. Everett

Publications (WR)

The temporal and spatial changes in chemical and biological properties of Lake Mead have been investigated, thereby indicating the sources of water pollution and the time of highest pollution potential. Planktonic organisms have been shown to indicate the presence of water problems. Macro- and micro-nutrient analyses have shown that primary productivity is not inhibited by limiting concentrations. A mathematical model has been developed, tested with one set of independent data, and shown worthy of management utility. Although the model works very well for the Lake Mead area, the physical reality of the Multiple Linear Regression equation should be tested on …

The Development And Constitutionality Of The 1971 Delaware Coastal Zone Act, Francis Cameron

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

In June 1971, the Delaware Legislature passed the Delaware Coastal Zone Act that barred heavy manufacturing industry from locating in an area one to six miles deep along the state's 115 mile coastline. The act created a State Coastal Zone Industrial Control Board to hear appeals from decisions of the State Planner. In addition, the act prohibited the construction in the bay of marine terminals for the transshipment of liquid and solid bulk materials of any substance, (specifically aimed at offshore oil and coal transfer) from vessels to onshore facilities. The law's immediate effect was to block several hundred million …

Tolerance Shown By Rattus Rattus To An Anticoagulant Rodenticide, P. J. Deoras, G. C. Chaturvedi, N. E. Vad, D. M. Renapurkar

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Apart from using 0.005% concentration, the recommended field dose of 0.025% of the anticoagulant is used along with an alternate food for individual rats for a varying number of days. Those that had survived were taken as tolerant, provided they showed an mg/kg intake beyond the tolerance limit, survived a six days of feeding, exhibited bait-shyness and did not exhibit hemorrhage after death. In determining the criteria for tolerance to an anticoagulant by a rat, one should take into account four composite factors. These are, six days of even 0.025% feeding, bait-shyness when alternate food is given, higher mg/kg intake …

Commensal Rodent Control, D. R. Maddock, H. F. Schoof

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

SUMMARY: Federal Urban Rat Control Program grants were awarded to cities in different areas of the United States. Severe problems of rat infestations have been detected in many of the cities by the Environmental Health Service. Approximately 20% of 3.8 million people in the project areas were occupying homes infested with rats. Control operations are now in effect in all cities, and the living conditions of the people have been substantially improved. An increase in interest in rodent control also is evident in countries outside of the United States. The Technical Development Laboratories of the National Communicable Disease Center are …

What’S Ahead In Predator Management, Maynard W. Cummings

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Editors note: Because of the great need for exchange of information concerning predator management, I have requested and received permission from the author to include in the Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings this paper presented at the Predator Ecology Symposium held in Orland, California, March 1, 1972.

There may not be many things about predators that everyone here agrees upon, but I do believe you all are certain that major changes are about to be made in their management. You all are aware of two recent proclamations of change, the President's Executive Order No. 11643 of February 8, 1972, and the …

Conference Participants, Fifth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1972)

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

The Fifth Vertebrate Pest Conference drew a registered attendance of 239 with an estimated additional 50-75 persons who attended portions of the conference but did not register. As in past conferences, the attendance was made up of individuals having varying interests in vertebrate pest problems from twenty two states plus the District of Columbia. Participants from Canada, Denmark, England, Germany, India and New Zealand contributed greatly to the success of the conference and provided further exchange of information on an international level.

Closing Remarks - Fifth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Warren V. Johnson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

As this concludes the Fifth Vertebrate Pest Conference, I would like to thank all of you for your attendance and the enthusiasm you have shown throughout the meeting. Any suggestions or comments you may have to improve future meetings will be appreciated. On behalf of the California Vertebrate Pest Committee, I want to thank all speakers for their contributions and the Session Chairmen for a job well done in keeping the program moving smoothly. Also a special thanks to those individuals, organizations and agencies that contributed to the preparation for the success of this Conference, particularly the Chairmen and members …