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Articles 6721 - 6750 of 6879

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Opening Remarks - Fourth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Richard H. Dana Mar 1970

Opening Remarks - Fourth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Richard H. Dana

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

I am pleased to welcome you to the Fourth Vertebrate Pest Conference. This is our second Sacramento meeting. The first was in 1962 - eight years ago. It was an historic occasion. It was the first conference devoted exclusively to vertebrate pests. This conference is sponsored by the California Vertebrate Pest Committee comprised of representatives from the California Department of Agriculture, the University of California at Davis, Department of Animal Physiology and the Agricultural Extension Service; the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Division of Wildlife Services and of Wildlife Research, the California Departments of Public Health, Fish …

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Keynote Address --- "The Year Of Ecology", Robert I. Cushing Mar 1970

Keynote Address --- "The Year Of Ecology", Robert I. Cushing

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

It seems to me that there are at least two things we should be concerned about. First, I believe there is a real possibility that the environmental quality bandwagon will get to playing so loud and to rolling so fast that there can be some unfavorable consequences in food production and processing-—the job I work at and that some of you work at. Second, I believe there are signs that we could lose our balance—-that we could be making decisions on emotional instead of rational grounds. Reason seems to be in danger from an epidemic of emotion. And we need …

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Outlook For Rodenticides And Avicides Registration, James O. Lee Mar 1970

Outlook For Rodenticides And Avicides Registration, James O. Lee

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The history of pesticide regulations is presented. Major emphasis is on federal regulations. The evaluation of avicides and rodenticides is discussed and related to regu¬lations. Currently registered avicides and rodenticides are described along with a listing of efficacy criteria requirements. The future of registration of avicides and rodenticides is projected.

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New Factors Controlling Populations Of Land Vertebrates In Great Britain, N. W. Moore Mar 1970

New Factors Controlling Populations Of Land Vertebrates In Great Britain, N. W. Moore

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The vertebrate fauna of Britain is impoverished by nature. Further, virtually the whole land surface has been altered radically by Man, and all vertebrate species have been profoundly affected both unconsciously and consciously by Man. The rate of change during the last quarter of a century has been far greater than at any other time; new deleterious factors - increased habitat destruction, increased human pressure and motor traffic, myxomatosis and a vast increase in pesticide use have coincided in this period. The public's attitude to several common species (e.g., rabbit, woodpigeon, fox and birds of prey) has been equivocal and …

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The Pharmacology Of Rodenticides, S. A. Peoples Mar 1970

The Pharmacology Of Rodenticides, S. A. Peoples

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The compounds used as rodenticides are tremendously varied in their chemical structure and mechanism of action. With a few exceptions, these agents are generally poisonous to all animals, including man, and a great deal of study has been directed to their toxicity in animals other than rodents. However, the development of new compounds as Norbormide and certain antifertility drugs which are highly selective in their action may justify the hope that the ideal rodenticide free of secondary toxic hazards will soon be available. Until this happy announcement is made, a review of the pharmacology of the older compounds is in …

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Importance Of Wildlife Rabies Control, Richard L. Parker Mar 1970

Importance Of Wildlife Rabies Control, Richard L. Parker

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

ABSTRACT: Rabies in animals has been known in North America for over two centuries, and whether the disease was initially present in wild species or was introduced by dogs, it has been known in skunks for almost a century and a half. Today more rabies cases in wild animals are reported than in domestic animals, and a considerable proportion of both human and domestic animal exposures to the disease are the result of wild-animal contact. The most useful techniques for controlling wild animal rabies today are methods that reduce contact between infected individuals and susceptible individuals; these involve the manipulation …

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A Permanent Type Poison Station For Porcupine Control, William A. Neitro Mar 1970

A Permanent Type Poison Station For Porcupine Control, William A. Neitro

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

A method has been devised to protect the poison strychnine-salt blocks used in controlling porcupines, Erethizon dorsatum, from the weather, killing of non-target animals and vandalism. An aluminum poison bait station has been developed which is light weight, durable, camouflaged, and safe. These structures are easily constructed and are relatively inexpensive when longevity is considered. Porcupines are controlled effectively and economically using this method

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Trapping - The Oldest Profession, William D. Fitzwater Mar 1970

Trapping - The Oldest Profession, William D. Fitzwater

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

While trapping is probably the oldest pursuit of man, predating hunting and agriculture, it has not undergone many drastic changes since the first primitive attempts. An arbitrary classification of traps [improvised traps, snares-and nets, cage traps, spring traps and glues] is discussed and examples of each group given. As the behavioral and physical characteristics of vertebrate animals vary so much, it is impossible to discuss trapping procedures in any detail, but certain principles apply to most situations. These are: (1) need for an understanding of the target species' habit patterns, (2) selection of a trap size and design suitable for …

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Studies In Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, P. B. Cornwell Mar 1970

Studies In Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, P. B. Cornwell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Warfarin, zinc phosphide, norbormide and alphachloralose have been microencapsulated by the technique of coacervation and fed to laboratory rats (R. norvegicus) and mice (M. musculus). Results are given of experiments in which the concentration of rodenticide, wall material and phase ratio have been varied separately and in combination. Experiments are also reported in which normal and encapsulated rodenticide has been fed together in the same test diet.

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Chemosterilants As An Approach To Rodent Control, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard Mar 1970

Chemosterilants As An Approach To Rodent Control, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Capitalizing on research directed toward oral contraceptives for humans, a wide variety of compounds are now under study for their practical value in inhibiting rodent reproduction to suppress detrimental populations. This paper discusses the specifications of ideal rodent chemosterilants and the advantages of chemosterilants over other methods of control, and compares the potential values of chemosterilants acting on females, males, and both sexes. Specific situations are detailed where chemosterilants will be most valuable in rodent control, together with proposed methods of application. Chemosterilants are not expected to become a panacea for control, but since they are based on sound biological …

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A Vehicle Mounted Bait Dispenser, Richard E. Griffith Jr., James Evans Mar 1970

A Vehicle Mounted Bait Dispenser, Richard E. Griffith Jr., James Evans

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

A 3-inch-diameter plastic tube mounted on a truck was designed for distributing bait (cut carrots or grain) for mammal control. Baits are fed into the tube by an operator standing in the truck bed. The device is light-weight and detachable and permits rapid, accurate placement of bait along a line on the ground or in a plowed furrow.

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Pocket Gopher Problems And Control Practices On National Forest Lands In The Pacific Northwest Region, Paul R. Canutt Mar 1970

Pocket Gopher Problems And Control Practices On National Forest Lands In The Pacific Northwest Region, Paul R. Canutt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Pocket gophers of concern to foresters in the Pacific Northwest belong to the genus Thomomys (13). The two species believed responsible for most conifer damage are the northern pocket gopher (T. talpoides) which occurs east of the Cascade mountains in Washington, Oregon, and south into the northeastern edge of California and the nearly identical Mazama pocket gopher (j_. mazama), which ranges throughout western Oregon and into north central California (13). Pocket gopher damage is best known to agriculturalists who for many years have suffered losses to root, hay, fruit, and bulb crops, as well as damage to irrigation canals (23). …

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Rodenticides - Problems And Current Research, F. P. Rowe, J. H. Greaves, R. Redfern, A. D. Martin Mar 1970

Rodenticides - Problems And Current Research, F. P. Rowe, J. H. Greaves, R. Redfern, A. D. Martin

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Regarded from both the economic and health aspects, the control of rodents is a pressing world wide problem. Continued improvements in food storage facilities, crop husbandry and environmental control are likely to do much in the long-term to help reduce rodent populations and damage. Looking ahead again, it is possible that biological control methods involving for example the use of reproduction inhibitors or rodent predators or diseases may ultimately be developed for rodent control purposes. In the immediate future however it is likely that rodent control operations will continue to be based on the use of rodenticides.

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Destruction Of Conifer Seed And Methods Of Protection, M. A. Radwan Mar 1970

Destruction Of Conifer Seed And Methods Of Protection, M. A. Radwan

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

ABSTRACT: Agents responsible for tosses of conifer seed and methods for seed protection are reviewed. Published information indicates that much seed is destroyed, especially by seed-eating rodents and birds. Improvement of existing protective methods and development of new chemical means are necessary to overcome the problem.

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Mole Control, Lee W. Kuhn Mar 1970

Mole Control, Lee W. Kuhn

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

ABSTRACT: Four kinds of moles are found in the Pacific coast states but only the Townsend mole (Scapanus townsendii) in Washington and Oregon and the broad-handed mole (Scapanus latimanus) in California are considered economically important. Damage in agricultural areas is caused by mole mounds and burrow systems which reduce pasture production, make harvesting difficult by breaking or plugging machinery, contaminate hay and silage thus, retarding proper curing, contribute to soil erosion and make ready-made homes for invading meadow mice, pocket gophers, and other rodent pests. Moles also damage lawns, gardens, flower beds and occasionally eat or destroy valuable seeds and …

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Methods Of Controlling Jackrabbits, James Evans, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard E. Griffith Jr. Mar 1970

Methods Of Controlling Jackrabbits, James Evans, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard E. Griffith Jr.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Since 1963, biologists of the Denver Wildlife Research Center have been investigating methods of alleviating agricultural damage by the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus). Of the several approaches to control, most biological methods (predation, habitat manipulation, disease and parasites, and chemosterilants) appear impractical with present knowledge. Mechanical control except for fence barriers, usually has limited effectiveness. Currently, the most useful approach is still chemical control. Improved baiting techniques and several chemical control agents, including an experimental toxicant highly selective for jackrabbits, are described.

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Olfaction In Rodent Control, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1970

Olfaction In Rodent Control, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

A brief survey is presented of current knowledge on olfaction in rodents and the various roles that odors may play in modifying rodent behavior. Some species at least utilize olfactory cues: to locate food items; to recognize their mother and mates; to mark territory; as an involuntary population density regulator; possibly to recognize predators; as a warning cue against a repellent or toxic substance (poison-bait shyness); and probably, for many other behavioral purposes. The value of using artificial odors in rodent baits to increase bait acceptance is not yet well documented. The addition of attractive natural odors may increase detection …

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Control Of Freshwater Fish With Chemicals, Robert E. Lennon Mar 1970

Control Of Freshwater Fish With Chemicals, Robert E. Lennon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Fish toxicants have been used for nearly 60 years by sport fishery managers to remove predaceous or competing fishes from gamefish waters. The reclamation of lakes and streams by poisoning unwanted fish is considered to be one of the better management tools, and the demand for reclamations is increasing as more waters come under intensive management. Many chemicals have been tried as fish toxicants, but the insecticides rotenone and toxaphene have been most widely used despite their disadvantages of non-selectivity between wanted and unwanted fishes, persistence in water, and toxic effects on aquatic invertebrates. Research in the past 20 years …

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Standardization Of Procedures For Developing Vertebrate Control Agents, Nelson B. Kverno Mar 1970

Standardization Of Procedures For Developing Vertebrate Control Agents, Nelson B. Kverno

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

In research to develop methods for controlling damage by vertebrates, chemical evaluation procedures vary with every investigator, so that data cannot be meaningfully compared. Toxicology is one common area where standardization is both applicable and desirable. It is recommended that standard guidelines be developed through an international body recognized by the members of the discipline.

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Rodent Control Problems In Developing Countries, Robert Z. Brown Mar 1970

Rodent Control Problems In Developing Countries, Robert Z. Brown

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

None of the so-called developing countries has an adequate rodent control program at present. In only a few of these countries is any rodent control research occurring despite the fact that rodent problems are actually quite serious in many regions and potentially so in others. Expertise, techniques and materials from the developed countries are of limited usefulness because of major differences in rodent species involved, standards for food handling and sanitation, and in the cultural contexts in which rodent control must occur. Trained personnel, both for control work and the basic research needed, are in very short supply. In addition, …

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The Outlook For Vertebrate Pest Control, Howard A. Merrill Mar 1970

The Outlook For Vertebrate Pest Control, Howard A. Merrill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Because of the increased concern for the environment and the public's positive action toward preservation of all forms of plant and animal life, future control methods for pest animals will require a greater degree of specificity than in the past. Vertebrate pest control does not face a very promising future unless the independent and cooperative effort of both industry and government is expanded. The time has passed when one could use a chemical simply because it was a good poison or repellent. Now, especially when food or feed crops are involved, it is necessary to know a lot more about …

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The Pocatello Supply Depot, Adolph Zajanc Mar 1970

The Pocatello Supply Depot, Adolph Zajanc

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The Pocatello Supply Depot is operated by the Division of Wildlife Services, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, a branch of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service--all a part of the Department of Interior. The major purpose of the Supply Depot is to provide rodent and predator control materials not available to the general public, to cooperating Federal, State and private agencies. On occasion materials are also provided to Canada and to South American countries as well as other foreign countries after a review of justification by the Central Office.

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Some Vertebrate Pest Problems In Japan, Tatsuo Udagawa Mar 1970

Some Vertebrate Pest Problems In Japan, Tatsuo Udagawa

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The wildlife in Japan does more damage in outbreaks in forestry than in agriculture. Hares annually damage in excess of 250 thousand acres. Voles annually damage 50 to 100 thousand acres; in some areas great damage may occur suddenly. The giant flying squirrel damages areas of replanted trees in southern areas of Japan. The Himalayan black bear strips the bark on tree trunks. In agriculture, the sparrow and the duck do an excessive amount of damage in rice fields, and the boar does conspicuous harm in the plowed fields of mountain villages. In Okinawa, sugar cane is attacked by Rattus …

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The Role Of The Wildlife Refuge In Relief Of Vertebrate Pest Damage In Agriculture, John B. Cowan Mar 1970

The Role Of The Wildlife Refuge In Relief Of Vertebrate Pest Damage In Agriculture, John B. Cowan

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Wildlife Refuges in the upper Sacramento Valley of California carry out a very significant role in the relief of wildlife problems to agriculture. The degree and diversity of vertebrate pest control effort by these refuges vary with local conditions and with environmental and budgetary limitations. Both the California Department of Fish and Game and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service consider the relief of crop damage to agriculture one of their most important functions. This is demonstrated by existing programs at the Sacramento, Delevan, Colusa and Sutter National Wildlife Refuges and the California Fish and Game Gray Lodge Wildlife …

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Bird Damage Problems In Latin America, John W. De Grazio, Jerome F. Besser Mar 1970

Bird Damage Problems In Latin America, John W. De Grazio, Jerome F. Besser

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

In 1968 and 1969, biologists of the Denver Wildlife Research Center made field surveys in six Latin American countries to obtain information on bird damage problems in agriculture under an agreement with the Agency for International Development. Species of icterids, fringillids, psittids, columbids, and anatids caused most of the damage. Grain sorghum, corn, and rice were damaged most heavily. Other crops such as soybeans, wheat, cacao, and mangoes were also damaged, but seldom seriously.

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Reproduction Inhibitors For Bird Control, M. R. Woulfe Mar 1970

Reproduction Inhibitors For Bird Control, M. R. Woulfe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Reproduction inhibitors are intended to maintain or control a population at a desired level; toxicants aim at elimination of the population. Azocosterol hydrochloride (SC-12937; 20,25-diazocholestenol dihydrochloride) is a long acting inhibitor of ovulation in the pigeon (Columba liyia) by interfering with cholesterol synthesis and egg yolk formation. Corn impregnated with SC-12937 at the 0.1% level by weight and fed for 10 days has been found to inhibit or diminish reproduction for 5-6 months. Population turnover rate, mortality and longevity of the feral urban pigeon are also discussed.

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House Finch (Linnet) Control In California, Thomas K. Palmer Mar 1970

House Finch (Linnet) Control In California, Thomas K. Palmer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The house finch or linnet, Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say) is a protected migratory nongame bird indigenous to California and found abundantly in all but the northern and mountainous areas. These finches attack more than twenty different crops and damage is demonstrated by fruit pecks, seed removal, and disbudding. When house finches cause agricultural damage control measures must be carried out under the general supervision of a county agricultural commissioner. Control practices involve the use of toxic baits, trap-decoy stations, and bio-acoustical devices. Most importantly, these control methods have been demonstrated to be safe, selective, and successful when employed by persons …

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Importation Of Wildlife, Holger S. Larsen Mar 1970

Importation Of Wildlife, Holger S. Larsen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The importation of live birds, mammals, reptiles, fish and amphibians into the United States is a growing problem to law enforcement agencies of the Federal and State governments. Importation of the above types of animals into the United States is supervised by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, of the U. S. Department of the Interior. The function is of a regulatory nature: 1. to insure that no prohibited species enter the United States; 2. to enforce compliance with certain Federal Acts such as (a) the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, (b) the Lacey Act, Title 18 USC, Sec. 42, …

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Current Work On Bird Hazards To Aircraft, Victor E. F. Solman Mar 1970

Current Work On Bird Hazards To Aircraft, Victor E. F. Solman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

Collisions between birds and aircraft have caused loss of human life and millions of dollars worth of property damage. The advent of even larger planes may reduce airframe damage, but it seems doubtful that engine damage will be significantly reduced. Dealing with the problem biologically, involves combating the hazards caused both by birds on or near the ground at airfields, and by birds on mass migrations at altitudes up to several thousand feet above ground. Airports can be designed or altered to minimize their attraction to birds. The chance arrival of a flock of birds must be treated as an …

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The Organisation Of Rabbit Control (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) In Western Australia, A. R. Tomlinson, C. D. Gooding Mar 1970

The Organisation Of Rabbit Control (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) In Western Australia, A. R. Tomlinson, C. D. Gooding

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

ABSTRACT: Under Western Australian legislation, landholders have an obligation to control rabbits on their properties; local authorities the responsibility to supervise their work whilst the Agriculture Protection Board has a Statewide supervisory and co-ordination role. Prior to 1950 (when the Agriculture Protection Board was formed) the central role was in the hands of a Government department which, through lack of staff and money was unable to provide adequate supervision, and rabbits were in plague proportions. Since 1950, the Board has actively engaged in a vigorous policy aimed at tighter control and supervision. To enable this, the Board has entered into …

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