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Articles 44161 - 44190 of 52623

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

An Approach To Controlling Golden Eagle Predation On Lambs In South Dakota, Blair C. Watte, Robert L. Phillips Feb 1994

An Approach To Controlling Golden Eagle Predation On Lambs In South Dakota, Blair C. Watte, Robert L. Phillips

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

A case of severe golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) predation on domestic sheep was documented on seven South Dakota ranches during the spring of 1993. One hundred forty-two lambs and one ewe were verified as being killed by eagles during a six-week period. In an effort to resolve the depredation problem, padded leghold traps were used to capture 21 golden eagles in or near the lambing pastures. The captured eagles were translocated and released approximately 322 km northeast of the capture area. Predation on lambs ceased following the relocation effort.

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Activity Patterns Of The Pocket Gopher Pappogeomys Merriami Merriami In A Mexican Rangeland, Desley Whisson, Beatriz Villa-C. Feb 1994

Activity Patterns Of The Pocket Gopher Pappogeomys Merriami Merriami In A Mexican Rangeland, Desley Whisson, Beatriz Villa-C.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Pocket gophers (Pappogeomys meiriami merriami) are a problem in both crops and rangelands of Mexico. In rangelands, damage results from the animals burrowing habits which cause much soil disturbance, and their feeding on rangeland vegetation. Although considered a pest, to date there have been no quantitative studies of the activity and damage caused this species. This study was initiated to document fluctuations in activity of P. m. merriami throughout the year in a Mexican rangeland.

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Natural History And Protection Of Burrowing Owls, Clark S. Winchell Feb 1994

Natural History And Protection Of Burrowing Owls, Clark S. Winchell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Burrowing owls (Speotyto cunicularia) were monitored over a four year period at Naval Air Station North Island, a developed area at the north end of San Diego Bay, California. Protection of the nest burrows and a burrow marking program were initiated in 1991. The breeding population increased from 14 to 27 nests after this marking program began. Burrow types and ways to differentiate burrows used by owls from those used by California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) are outlined. The importance of burrows and their management is discussed with reference to the natural history of the owl.

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Alpha-Chloralose: Current Status, Restrictions And Future Uses For Capturing Birds, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer Feb 1994

Alpha-Chloralose: Current Status, Restrictions And Future Uses For Capturing Birds, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

In 1992, the Animal Damage Control (ADC) program received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use Alpha-Chloralose (A-C) nationwide for capturing waterfowl (Anatidae), coots (Fulica americana), and pigeons (Columba livia). To review the first year (1993) of operational use of A-C, we surveyed in January 1994 all ADC State Directors on the status of A-C use within their states. In 1993, 59 ADC personnel were trained and certified in the approved uses of A-C and 696 nuisance waterfowl were captured with A-C in 10 states. Restrictions imposed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service …

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Supplemental Bear Feeding Program In Western Washington, Georg J. Ziegltrum Feb 1994

Supplemental Bear Feeding Program In Western Washington, Georg J. Ziegltrum

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Black bear (Ursus americanus) damage to trees is a severe problem in the Pacific Northwest. Significant damage has been observed for many years, especially in highly managed private industrial forests in western Washington. The introduction of intensive silvicultural techniques resulted in higher yields, but may have also made trees more vulnerable to black bear destruction. Early lethal control efforts lost public support and the forest products industry investigated different methods that concentrated on non-lethal management tools. In 1985, the Washington Forest Protection Association introduced supplemental bear feeding as a damage prevention program in high damage areas during the …

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How Birds Interpret Distress Calls: Implications For Applied Uses Of Distress Call Playbacks, Michael R. Conover Feb 1994

How Birds Interpret Distress Calls: Implications For Applied Uses Of Distress Call Playbacks, Michael R. Conover

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Distress call playbacks are used as deterrents to keep birds out of areas where they are causing problems. However, the calls often are ineffective, owing to birds' rapid habitation to them. Recent studies on the functional significance of distress calls indicate that adult passerines only distress call when physically constrained and that the calls are designed to startle the predator holding the caller into releasing it. Further, distress calls attract other birds, which approach the caller to acquire information about the predator. These findings suggest that distress calls would be more effective if their broadcast is paired with a predator …

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Conference Participants Feb 1994

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

The number of registered attendees was 318. The participants came from 30 states, the District of Columbia, and from 14 other countries. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly knowledgeable and diversified group for the exchange of research progress, new ideas, and information on a wide range of vertebrate pest topics.

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Acrolein As A Ground Squirrel Burrow Fumigant, Jerry P. Clark Feb 1994

Acrolein As A Ground Squirrel Burrow Fumigant, Jerry P. Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Acrolein (Magnicide ®H) is registered in California as an aquatic herbicide. Studies in Alameda and Modoc Counties were conducted to evaluate the field efficacy of acrolein as a ground squirrel burrow fumigant. Applications of acrolein (92%) at 20 ml and 40 ml per burrow were made from a custom built jet gun connected to a hose which ran to a cylinder mounted on a pickup truck. The burrow openings were covered with soil after application. The application rate of 20 ml of acrolein per burrow provided approximately 90% control of ground squirrels. Acrolein applied at 40 ml did not significantly …

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Managing Raccoons, Skunks, And Opossums In Urban Settings, Kevin D. Clark Feb 1994

Managing Raccoons, Skunks, And Opossums In Urban Settings, Kevin D. Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Increased urbanization and decreased government funding, plus increased numbers of certain wildlife species, have combined to provide a greater need for wildlife management of nuisance animals in the urban environment.

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Hanta Viruses And Their Rodent Reservoirs In The United States, James E. Childs, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Pierre E. Rollesf, John W. Krebs, Sherif Zaki, Stuart T. Nichol, C.J. Peters, Gregory E. Glass Feb 1994

Hanta Viruses And Their Rodent Reservoirs In The United States, James E. Childs, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Pierre E. Rollesf, John W. Krebs, Sherif Zaki, Stuart T. Nichol, C.J. Peters, Gregory E. Glass

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Since 1993, three novel hantaviruses have been identified from the United States of which at least two can cause a severe respiratory disease termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Rodent reservoirs have been identified for two viruses; Peromyscus maniculatus is the primary host of Muerto Canyon Virus (MCV) in the western United States and genetic analyses have implicated Sigmodon hispidus as the probable host of a hantavirus in Florida. Of 813 P. maniculatus tested in the southwestern United States 30.4% were infected; 12 of 90 (13.3 %) S. hispidus from Florida were infected. The S. hispidus-associated virus has not been isolated …

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Evaluation Of Field Sampling Techniques For Estimation Of Bird Damage In Pistachio Orchards, A. Charles Crabb, James J. Marois, Terrell P. Salmon Feb 1994

Evaluation Of Field Sampling Techniques For Estimation Of Bird Damage In Pistachio Orchards, A. Charles Crabb, James J. Marois, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Pistachio orchards were selected and evaluated for damage caused by either scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) or American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). The distribution of damage caused by each species was evaluated and quantified. The percentage of trees damaged by scrub jays ranged from 58% to 99% and tended to be distributed randomly throughout the. orchard. In orchards with crow damage, the percentage of trees damaged ranged from 18% to 46% and damage tended to be aggregated. Data from orchards were used to evaluate the relative accuracy and precision of various sampling strategies. Randomly distributed bird damage could be sampled with relatively …

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Laboratory Studies With Compound Drc-1339 On Feral Pigeons, John L. Cummings, Patricia A. Pochop, Melvyn V. Garrison, Carol A. Furcolow, James E. Davis Jr. Feb 1994

Laboratory Studies With Compound Drc-1339 On Feral Pigeons, John L. Cummings, Patricia A. Pochop, Melvyn V. Garrison, Carol A. Furcolow, James E. Davis Jr.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine an effective DRC-1339 concentration and bait dilution ratio to control pigeons. Treated whole corn baits formulated with Alcolec-s®, corn starch, or corn oil as adhesive agents and 0.25% or 0.37% DRC-1339 diluted 1:5 with untreated corn produced < 10% mortality. DRC-1339 treated whole corn baits (0.25% and 0.37%) diluted 1:0 and formulated with Alcolec-s® produced 20% and 5% mortality, respectively. Whole corn treated with 0.37% DRC-1339, diluted 1:0, and formulated with corn starch produced 68% mortality in laboratory-held pigeons and was selected for further evaluations in field studies to provide efficacy data to the EPA. DRC-1339 residue levels observed in pigeons free-feeding on 0.37% undiluted DRC-1339 treated corn was not detected in breast tissue and only occurred in the gastrointestinal tract of two of five pigeons at 0.06 and 0.19 ppm. DRC-1339 residues observed in pigeons force-fed 21 whole corn kernels treated with 0.37% DRC-1339 (approximately 5 times the LDso dose) were not detectable after 3 h in breast tissue and 24 h in the gastrointestinal tract. DRC-1339 residues in pigeons gavaged with 58 mg DRC-1339 (over 10 times the LDM dose) were detectable in the breast muscle of four of nine pigeons at 0.061 to 0.10 ppm. DRC-1339 residues in the gastrointestinal tract ranged from 0.13 to >17 ppm in eight of nine treated pigeons and was not detectable in the remaining pigeon.

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Preventing Deer Damage With Barrier, Electrical, And Behavioral Fencing Systems, Paul D. Curtis, Michael J. Fargione, Milo E. Richmond Feb 1994

Preventing Deer Damage With Barrier, Electrical, And Behavioral Fencing Systems, Paul D. Curtis, Michael J. Fargione, Milo E. Richmond

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are responsible for damage to a variety of horticultural crops. Economic losses often require growers to implement one or more damage management methods including repellents, scare devices, hunting to control deer numbers, and fencing. A relatively small proportion of producers currently use fencing as their primary deer damage management technique due to high initial costs and other perceived shortcomings. Several fencing systems, including baited single wires, three-dimensional outriggers, and slanted and vertical fences up to 3.3 m (11 feet) in height have successfully excluded deer under some conditions, but simple designs are effective only under light …

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Unwanted Guests: Evicting Bats From Human Dwellings, Veda Depaepe, Robert H. Schmidt Feb 1994

Unwanted Guests: Evicting Bats From Human Dwellings, Veda Depaepe, Robert H. Schmidt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Bats are the second largest order of mammals in the world. Their 925 species are found on all continents except Antarctica. Bats are in serious decline world-wide from shrinking habitat, persecution and pesticides. Historically, bats were recognized for consuming insect pests, but only recently has the critical additional importance of bats in pollination and seed dispersal of semi-tropical and tropical plants been recognized. Bats use artificial structures in place of lost natural habitat, resulting in their destruction out of fear and ignorance. The health risk to humans from bats in buildings is extremely low, but where bat removal is necessary, …

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Red-Winged Blackbird Feeding Preferences And Response To Wild Rice Treated With Portland Cement Or Plaster, Richard A. Dolbeer, Sheri K. Ickes Feb 1994

Red-Winged Blackbird Feeding Preferences And Response To Wild Rice Treated With Portland Cement Or Plaster, Richard A. Dolbeer, Sheri K. Ickes

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

The California wild rice (Zizania aquatica) industry considers red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) their most important pest problem. Farmers often have asked if crop-damaging blackbirds can be killed by mixing dry Portland cement or plaster-of-Paris with grain bait. We conducted a series of tests to determine the effect of cement or plaster mixed with wild rice fed to captive redwings and to determine feeding preferences of redwings for wild rice in relation to other grains. Birds would not eat cement- or plaster-treated rice when untreated rice was available and no mortality occurred when birds were offered only treated rice …

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Contracts And Registration Studies, Donald J. Elias, Ray T. Sterner, Peter J. Savarbe Feb 1994

Contracts And Registration Studies, Donald J. Elias, Ray T. Sterner, Peter J. Savarbe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Public and governmental concerns about the health, safety, and environmental impacts of pesticides have led to increased regulatory requirements to determine the hazards and risks associated with their manufacture, distribution, and use. Vertebrate pesticides are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended. Much of the data required for registration of these pesticides will be generated by commercial testing laboratories under contract to the product registrants or sponsors. In this paper, we address aspects of the contract research process including: 1) an overview of FIFRA requirements, 2) the nature …

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Sixteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: Frontmatter & Contents, Feb 1994

Sixteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: Frontmatter & Contents,

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

VERTEBRATE PEST COUNCIL 1994
EXECUTIVE BOARD
CONFERENCE COMMITTEES
SESSION CHAIRPERSONS
CONFERENCE ASSISTANTS
CONTENTS

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The Role Of Predators In The Ecology, Epidemiology, And Surveillance Of Plague In The United States, Kenneth L. Gage, John A. Montenieri, Rex E. Thomas Feb 1994

The Role Of Predators In The Ecology, Epidemiology, And Surveillance Of Plague In The United States, Kenneth L. Gage, John A. Montenieri, Rex E. Thomas

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Predators play important roles in the ecology, epidemiology, and surveillance of plague in the United States. Most predators are accidental hosts of plague and, with the possible exception of grasshopper mice (Onychomys spp.), are not important sources of infection for feeding fleas. However, predators undoubtedly do play an important role in the natural cycle of plague by transporting infected fleas between different populations of plague-susceptible rodents. Predators are known to be at least accidental hosts for 40 of the 50 flea species that have been found to be naturally infected with plague in the U.S. Carnivores, including domestic cats, …

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Food Habits And Management Of Introduced Red Fox In Southern California, Richard T. Golightly Jr., Michelle R. Faulhaber, Kevin L. Sallee, Jeffrey C. Lewis Feb 1994

Food Habits And Management Of Introduced Red Fox In Southern California, Richard T. Golightly Jr., Michelle R. Faulhaber, Kevin L. Sallee, Jeffrey C. Lewis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Introduced red fox in urban Orange County, California ate a wide variety of foods. Mammals and birds were consumed at all times of the year and both taxa appeared in approximately half or more of the fecal samples at all times of the year. Human supplied food remains were also common and supplemental feeding occurred at all study sites. Supplemental feeding has the potential to exacerbate problems for management of introduced red fox and several endangered species.

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Do Livestock Guarding Dogs Lose Their Effectiveness Over Time?, Jeffrey S. Green, Roger A. Woodruff, William F. Andelt Feb 1994

Do Livestock Guarding Dogs Lose Their Effectiveness Over Time?, Jeffrey S. Green, Roger A. Woodruff, William F. Andelt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Information about the effectiveness of livestock guarding dogs for reducing coyote predation on sheep was gathered from livestock producers in the Animal Damage Control Livestock Guarding Dog Program and in Colorado. Eighty-two percent of the producers contacted reported that the performance of their dogs remained the same or improved during 1993 compared with previous years. Eighteen percent of the producers reported a decrease in their dog's effectiveness, but most still felt the dogs were a benefit to their livestock operation. Most producers who noted a decrease in effectiveness attributed it to an apparent increase in the number of coyotes and/or …

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Opening Remarks - Sixteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wendy S. Halverson Feb 1994

Opening Remarks - Sixteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wendy S. Halverson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Opening remarks

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The European Ferret, Mustela Putorius, (Family Mustelidae) Its Public Health, Wildlife And Agricultural Significance, Jim C. Hitchcock Feb 1994

The European Ferret, Mustela Putorius, (Family Mustelidae) Its Public Health, Wildlife And Agricultural Significance, Jim C. Hitchcock

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

The European ferret, Mustela putorius, a species prohibited in California, has become increasingly popular as a household "pet." As a result, its threat to public health, wildlife and agriculture has markedly increased. There has also been a consequent increase in reported attacks on humans, especially infants, including several fatalities. Reports of rabid European ferrets are also on the increase. When European ferrets establish "feral" populations, domestic poultry, waterfowl, game birds, rabbits and other species are at substantial risk. At this time, a California Legislature Assembly Bill has been introduced to change the status of the European ferret from a …

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What Do Animal Activists Want? (And How Should Wildlife Managers Respond?), Jon K. Hooper Phd. Feb 1994

What Do Animal Activists Want? (And How Should Wildlife Managers Respond?), Jon K. Hooper Phd.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

National animal activist organization leaders were interviewed with the aim of better understanding their ideologies with respect to wildlife issues. Interviewees expressed considerable concern about traditional wildlife management practices and associated consumptive recreation activities. They easily identified a number of needed changes, while had difficulty identifying things they liked about the status quo. The top suggested changes related to using more nonlethal management methods and reducing allegiance with consumptive users. The most common "bottom line" concern expressed by interviewees was the alleviation or elimination of unnecessary pain and suffering in wildlife.

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Monitoring Wildlife Damage Management Pesticides, The Role Of The California Department Of Fish And Game, Robert C. Hosea Feb 1994

Monitoring Wildlife Damage Management Pesticides, The Role Of The California Department Of Fish And Game, Robert C. Hosea

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

The Pesticide Investigations Unit (PIU) of the California Department of Fish and Game is responsible for identifying and mitigating the hazards of pesticides to fish and wildlife. By conducting annual reviews of individual county vertebrate pest control plans, investigating pesticide related fish and wildlife losses and reviewing all pesticides proposed for registration in California, the PIU monitors potential effects of vertebrate toxicants on fish and wildlife. The California Department of Fish and Game is working in conjunction with other state and local agencies, manufacturers and applicators to develop balanced, safe pest control programs which provide maximum protection to California's fish …

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Efficacy Of Five Burrow Fumigants For Managing Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Scott E. Hygnstrom Feb 1994

Efficacy Of Five Burrow Fumigants For Managing Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Current limitations on pesticides for managing prairie dog populations underscore the need for additional research on candidate compounds. I conducted this study to determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two registered burrow fumigants (aluminum phosphide and gas cartridges) and three unregistered burrow fumigants (methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and a methyl bromide/chloropicrin mixture) for managing black-tailed prairie dogs. All five fumigants reduced burrow activity 94% to 97%, as measured by a plugged burrow technique. Total costs for materials and labor for the registered products, excluding application equipment, were nearly twice ($30.00 to $38.50) the cost of the unregistered fumigants ($15.25 to $16.25).

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Biological Management (Control) Of Vertebrate Pests-Advances In The Last Quarter Century, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Thomas R. Schmaderer Feb 1994

Biological Management (Control) Of Vertebrate Pests-Advances In The Last Quarter Century, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Thomas R. Schmaderer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

In 1967, Howard provided a review of biological control of vertebrate pests. The term "biological control" was borrowed from the field of entomology, where it has been traditionally defined as "the reduction in number or density of pests through biological processes such as predation, pathogens, habitat modification, and fertility control." Current philosophy in wildlife damage management advocates "the reduction of damage to a tolerable level" rather than "the reduction of the number or density of vertebrate pests." Therefore we abdicate the term "biological control" and encourage the use of a new term, "biological management" of wildlife damage. Advances in science …

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Developing International Trap Standards — A Progress Report, Neal Jotham, Robert L. Phillips Feb 1994

Developing International Trap Standards — A Progress Report, Neal Jotham, Robert L. Phillips

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, formed a technical committee in 1987 to develop an international standard for humane traps. This effort began with the establishment of international Working Groups charged with preparing standards for killing and restraining traps. Capture efficiency, humaneness, injury thresholds, selectivity, testing, and safety are addressed in the standards. A final draft standard could be voted on by ISO member countries by mid-1995.

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Present Status Of Rattus Norvegicus On Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador, Gillian Key, Elizabeth Wilson, Jules Conner Feb 1994

Present Status Of Rattus Norvegicus On Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador, Gillian Key, Elizabeth Wilson, Jules Conner

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Introduced commensal rodents have had a major impact on the biota of island communities worldwide; the ship rat (Rattus rattus) and the house mouse (Mus domesticus) have a long history in the Galapagos islands, while the larger, more aggressive brown rat (Rattus norvegicus was identified only in 1983 on one island, Santa Cruz. By 1988 it had spread into the agricultural zone but was still restricted to human habitation. In 1993 the cross-island road and village communities in the agricultural zone of Santa Cruz were sampled using a standard trap line of break-back traps. House surveys were also carried out, …

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Effects Of Cs2-Starch Xanthate On Consumption By Rats, Ann E. Koehler, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugffiara Feb 1994

Effects Of Cs2-Starch Xanthate On Consumption By Rats, Ann E. Koehler, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugffiara

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

We conducted a series of preliminary feeding trials with Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), roof rats (/?. rattus), and Polynesian rats (R. exulans) to examine the effects of carbon disulfide (CS2) on consumption of nontoxic foods. We formulated CS2 at target concentrations of 10 ppm in deionized water, and of 50 ppm to 100,000 ppm in a starch xanthate matrix. However, we did not analyze actual concentrations of CS2 in the test foods or measure its rate of volatilization, and thus cannot verify the levels of CSj the rats were exposed to. CS2 diluted …

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California Ground Squirrels At Concord Naval Weapons Station: Alternatives For Control And The Ecological Consequences, Ivette Loredo-Prendeville, Dirk Van Vuren, Amy J. Kuenzi, Michael L. Morrison Feb 1994

California Ground Squirrels At Concord Naval Weapons Station: Alternatives For Control And The Ecological Consequences, Ivette Loredo-Prendeville, Dirk Van Vuren, Amy J. Kuenzi, Michael L. Morrison

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

This paper presents a methodological approach that was recently developed to determine alternatives for control of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) and the resulting ecological consequences at the Concord Naval Weapons Station (CNWS). The U.S. Navy initiated this study upon determining a need to control ground squirrels for safety reasons. The squirrel's ecological role at CNWS was examined by estimating squirrel abundance and distribution throughout CNWS, analyzing predator diets, and determining the squirrel's relationship to the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense). In addition, the efficacy of live capture and translocation of squirrels as a possible control …

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