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Articles 44521 - 44550 of 52585

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Long-Term Trial Of An Inflatable Effigy Scare Device Or Repelling Cormorants From Catfish Ponds, Allen R. Stickley Jr., Junior O. King Oct 1993

Long-Term Trial Of An Inflatable Effigy Scare Device Or Repelling Cormorants From Catfish Ponds, Allen R. Stickley Jr., Junior O. King

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Growing winter populations of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) over the past decade have caused serious depredation problems for commercial channel catfish (lctalurus punctatus) growers in the Mississippi Delta (Stickley and Andrews 1989). Stickley et al. (1992) found that cormorants allowed to feed without hindrance took an average of 5 catfish fingerlings per foraging hour, but at times took as many as 28 fingerlings per hour. Obviously, growers have to repel these birds or suffer heavy losses where the cormorants are feeding on catfish fingerlings and not gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) as they at times …

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Rejex-It™Ag-36, A Potential Tool To Protect Seeds From Bird Depredation, Peter F. Vogt Oct 1993

Rejex-It™Ag-36, A Potential Tool To Protect Seeds From Bird Depredation, Peter F. Vogt

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The ever increasing bird populations (e.g., Black birds, geese etc.) are known to cause considerable losses to agriculture. This problem has reached serious proportions for crops that are farmed on large tracts and are seeded by aerial application such as rice and canola. ReJeX-iT™AG-36, a non-toxic, biodegradable bird aversion formulation, derived from food grade ingredients, has been proven in pen tests and field trials to be effective as a seed treatment to prevent birds from eating the treated seeds. The product does not harm the seeds or the effected birds in any way, even if ingested; it just makes the …

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Can We Landscape To Accommodate Deer? The Tracy Estate Research Garden, Helen H. Heinrich, Susan Predl Oct 1993

Can We Landscape To Accommodate Deer? The Tracy Estate Research Garden, Helen H. Heinrich, Susan Predl

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The landscape of New Jersey is remarkably rich in vegetation and open space, despite the state's reputation as the nation's most populous state. This landscape is increasingly the product of intense interaction between the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and both native and cultivated vegetation, particularly in suburban communities, where both the whitetail and the vegetation coexist in abundance. Nearly extirpated at the tum of the century due to over-hunting, the state's white-tailed deer population today exceeds 140,000 because habitat is ideal and hunting seasons are carefully regulated. In many instances, where landowners choose not to use hunting as …

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Evaluating The Gas Cartridge For Coyotes In Controlling Badgers, Craig A. Ramey Oct 1993

Evaluating The Gas Cartridge For Coyotes In Controlling Badgers, Craig A. Ramey

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Efficacy investigations were conducted in Pampa, TX to evaluate the use of the "GAS CARTRIDGE FOR COYOTES: (Canis latrans) for controlling problem badgers (Taxidea taxus) in burrows. This coyote cartridge with two active ingredients (sodium nitrate and charcoal), produces high concentrations of carbon monoxide when burned and is effective in controlling coyotes in dens. Badgers were live-trapped, immobilized, and equipped with mortality-indicating radio transmitters prior to their release. Movements were monitored for a minimum of 12 days prior to each initial efficacy test and for at least 3 days in follow up tests for survivors. Only occupied …

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Impact Of Clearcut Size On White-Tailed Deer Use And Tree Regeneration, James W. Akins, Edwin D. Michael Oct 1993

Impact Of Clearcut Size On White-Tailed Deer Use And Tree Regeneration, James W. Akins, Edwin D. Michael

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Northeastern forests have experienced regeneration delays and/or failures due to browsing by whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Investigations were made in north-central West Virginia to determine if the size of clearcut is correlated with degree of deer browsing, regeneration of shrubs and trees, and percent ground cover by various herbaceous plants. Tree seedlings, woody shrubs, and herbaceous ground cover were recorded in September 1992 and August 1993 on 16, 1-year old clearcuts, ranging in size from 0.8 to 0.2 ha. Woody regeneration was categorized by species, origin, browsed or not, and vegetative height class on 25 systematically arranged sampling …

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Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr. Oct 1993

Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr.

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A trapping study in 1979 indicated that voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus and M. pinetorum) were distributed widely in North Carolina. In 1991, Extension Agents with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service were surveyed to determine the distribution, nature and severity of vole damage to horticultural plantings, home orchards, and other plantings. Data from the statewide trapping survey and the poll of agents coincided to indicate that voles, particularly pine voles, caused damage from the mountains to the coast. Existing, legal control methods were judged grossly inadequate by agents. Pursuant to the surveys, the North Carolina Pesticide Board and the …

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Public Policy Education: An Important Wildlife Management Opportunity, Paul D. Curtis Oct 1993

Public Policy Education: An Important Wildlife Management Opportunity, Paul D. Curtis

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Suburban wildlife management issues are generating heated debate between citizen organizations, elected public officials, and state wildlife management agencies. Decisions are being made by town and county officials which directly impact or supersede state authority for managing resident wildlife. As an example, I will focus this discussion on the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) management controversy at Durand Eastman Park, in the greater Rochester metropolitan area, New York.

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Deer Damage In Tennessee: Landowner Perceptions And Attitudes, Michael M. King Oct 1993

Deer Damage In Tennessee: Landowner Perceptions And Attitudes, Michael M. King

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are an important resource for Tennesseans. They are enjoyed by consumptive and nonconsumptive users alike. Approximately 190,000 hunters pursued deer during the 1992-93 hunting season in Tennessee. They successfully harvested 126,999 deer (Greg Wathen, TWRA Assistant Chief of Wildlife, pers. commun.) and it has been estimated that these hunters would have spent approximately $125 million on goods and services related to deer hunting (Whitehead 1991).

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Sixth Eastern Wildlife Management Conferences Summary And What Lies Ahead, James E. Miller Oct 1993

Sixth Eastern Wildlife Management Conferences Summary And What Lies Ahead, James E. Miller

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

I want to begin by expressing appreciation to Ed Jones, Mike King, Greg Yarrow, Pete Bromley, John Heisterberg, and others on the program committee for hosting and conducting this Sixth Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference. I also want to express our appreciation to the exhibitors, the National Animal Damage Control Association, and The Wildlife Society (TWS) for their support. I think those of you who are still here will join me in congratulating these people, organizations, and TWS for helping ensure a successful conference. As one of the people who perceived the need for this conference in the early 1980's, …

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Perceptions And Knowledge Of Alabama Fruit And Vegetable Producers Towards Coyotes, M. Chad Philipp, James B. Armstrong Oct 1993

Perceptions And Knowledge Of Alabama Fruit And Vegetable Producers Towards Coyotes, M. Chad Philipp, James B. Armstrong

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Members of the Alabama Fruit and Vegetable Producers Association (AFVP) were surveyed in 1992-1993 to assess their attitudes and knowledge of coyotes and the amount of perceived damage caused by coyotes. A mail-back questionnaire was developed and pilot tested. The revised questionnaire was sent to all members (N = 84) of the AFVP; individuals whose main income is the production of fruits and vegetables. Seventy-seven percent (n = 61) of those surveyed returned completed questionnaires. Tests for nonresponse bias were conducted and results showed no significant difference. Attitudes were assessed using a Likert scale where 1 = respondents favoring maximum …

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A Summary Of Reported Deer-Related Vehicle Accidents In A Virginia City, Patrick F. Scanlon, William F. Wilmoth, Ralph W. Rexroad Oct 1993

A Summary Of Reported Deer-Related Vehicle Accidents In A Virginia City, Patrick F. Scanlon, William F. Wilmoth, Ralph W. Rexroad

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Data from 548 reported accidents involving white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and vehicles in Lynchburg during the years 1987-1991 were summarized. A majority (54.4%) occurred in the months October, November and December with 25.9% occurring in November. While accidents occurred at all hours, most (50%) occurred between 1700 and 0100 hrs.; about 12% occurred between 0600 and 0900 hrs. Accidents occurred on all days of the week (range 12.8% to 17.0%) and were not higher on work days. Adverse weather did not seem to be a factor increasing collisions; 80% of collisions occurred in clear weather. Most (75%) accidents …

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Landowners Perceptions Of Crop Damage From White-Tailed Deer In South Carolina, Webb M. Smathers Jr., Gary R. Stratton, Derrell Shipes Oct 1993

Landowners Perceptions Of Crop Damage From White-Tailed Deer In South Carolina, Webb M. Smathers Jr., Gary R. Stratton, Derrell Shipes

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Survey respondents reported a definite increase in the population of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in South Carolina. Almost 73% of the producers from a random sample indicated that deer populations have increased over the five year period preceding 1991. With a higher deer population, crop damage from deer became more prevalent, and 72% of the producers indicated having some level of damage. The producers in the sample had mixed feelings about the damage their crops received with 70% indicating that the damage was either negligible or was tolerable in exchange for having deer around. In South Carolina the …

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Status Of Alpha-Chloralose And Other Immobilizing/Euthanizing Chemicals Within The Animal Damage Control Program, Paul P. Woronecki, William L. Thomas Oct 1993

Status Of Alpha-Chloralose And Other Immobilizing/Euthanizing Chemicals Within The Animal Damage Control Program, Paul P. Woronecki, William L. Thomas

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In 1992 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (ADC) program was granted approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under a continuing Investigational New Animal Drug agreement, to use Alpha-chloralose (A-C) nationwide for capturing nuisance waterfowl, coots, and pigeons. FDA and ADC have imposed several requirements, restrictions and conditions on the operational use of A-C. Training and certification are required to use A-C and other approved immobilizing and euthanizing agents.

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Impact Of Clearcut Size On White-Tailed Deer Use And Tree Regeneration, James W. Akins, Edwin D. Michael Oct 1993

Impact Of Clearcut Size On White-Tailed Deer Use And Tree Regeneration, James W. Akins, Edwin D. Michael

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Northeastern forests have experienced regeneration delays and/or failures due to browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Investigations were made in north-central West Virginia to determine if the size of clearcut is correlated with degree of deer browsing, regeneration of shrubs and trees, and percent ground cover by various herbaceous plants. Tree seedlings, woody shrubs, and herbaceous ground cover were recorded in September 1992 and August 1993 on 16, 1-year-old clearcuts, ranging in size from 0.8 to 0.2 ha. Woody regeneration was categorized by species, origin, browsed or not, and vegetative height class on 25 systematically arranged sampling stations within each …

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Frontmatter And Table Of Contents Oct 1993

Frontmatter And Table Of Contents

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

No abstract provided.

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Balancing The Needs Of Society: A Perspective For Wildlife Damage Management In The ’90s, Jack H. Berryman Oct 1993

Balancing The Needs Of Society: A Perspective For Wildlife Damage Management In The ’90s, Jack H. Berryman

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

This is a moment when the new direction of wildlife damage management, an increase in needs for services and an emerging philosophy of resource use all come together: It is important to seize the moment and keep the momentum going. We are at one of those times when circumstances and favorable conditions present both challenge and opportunity. Broadening the view of “balance” and “need” to go beyond material, ecological and economic considerations and to recognize the total public interest is the real need in “balancing the needs of society.” It is the challenge and opportunity for the future

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Effectiveness Of Dimethyl Anthranilate And Eyespots For Reducing Feed Consumption By Starlings, Michael L. Avery, Raymond E. Matteson Oct 1993

Effectiveness Of Dimethyl Anthranilate And Eyespots For Reducing Feed Consumption By Starlings, Michael L. Avery, Raymond E. Matteson

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

The bird repellent properties of methyl anthranilate (MA) and dimethyl anthranilate (DMA) are well-established. Nevertheless, development of means to reduce the amount of chemical needed to effect satisfactory repellency would reduce costs and make their use even more attractive. Thus, we evaluated the usefulness of a visual stimulus for increasing DMA repellency. We offered groups of captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) untreated food and DMA-treated food, and to some groups we also presented a putatively repellent eyespot pattern. As expected, a DMA concentration of 1.4% (gig) reduced (P = 0.001) consumption of treated food compared to untreated; 0.3% DMA was …

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A Cooperative Approach To Resolving A Marmot Damage Problem In An Urban Recreational Site, Layne R. Bangerter Oct 1993

A Cooperative Approach To Resolving A Marmot Damage Problem In An Urban Recreational Site, Layne R. Bangerter

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

The United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested that USDA, APHIS, Animal Damage Control (ADC) investigate methods of yellowbelly marmot (Marmota flaviventris) removal along a parkway and levee system in Lewiston, Idaho. COE biologists determined that burrowing marmots had penetrated and were compromising the integrity of the levee core. In addition to protecting downtown Lewiston from flooding, the levee is used as a popular bicycle and foot path. The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), and other groups and individuals became involved at meetings held to discuss potential methods of resolving the problem. ADC in cooperation with HSUS …

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A Survey Comparison Of Pest Control And Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators In Kentucky, Thomas G. Barns Oct 1993

A Survey Comparison Of Pest Control And Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators In Kentucky, Thomas G. Barns

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

A variety of factors including increased urbanization decreased funding for governmental animal damage programs, and increases in some urban wildlife populations have resulted in a greater demand for urban nuisance wildlife control. Historically, this demand was met by Cooperative Extension Service (San Julian 1987), state fish and wildlife agency, or federal wildlife damage control employees (Bollengier 1981) These agencies provided educational materials, consultations, an-or physically removed animals. Recently, there is an increased demand for physical animal removal evidenced by increasing numbers of private Pest control operators (PCO), companies that do general pest or insect control work, specializing in the removal …

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Strategies To Address Human Conflicts With Raccoons And Black Bears In New Hampshire, Marsha E. Barden, Dennis Slate, Robert T. Calvert, Paul W. Debow Oct 1993

Strategies To Address Human Conflicts With Raccoons And Black Bears In New Hampshire, Marsha E. Barden, Dennis Slate, Robert T. Calvert, Paul W. Debow

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

The Cooperative Animal Damage Control program in New Hampshire has received increasing requests for assistance over the past 5 years. This trend is due largely to changing public concern over black bears (Ursus americanus) in residential areas and an epizootic of the Mid-Atlantic strain of rabies in raccoons (Procyon lotor). A growing number of requests is related to improper garbage storage and feeding of songbirds during late spring and summer. Some traditional methods, especially livetrapping and relocation, are not generally appropriate to resolve these conflicts. In this paper we discuss trends in requests for assistance from 1988 to 1992 and …

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The Role Of The Nuisance Wildlife Control Practitioner In Urban Wildlife Management And Conservation, Lynn A. Braband Oct 1993

The Role Of The Nuisance Wildlife Control Practitioner In Urban Wildlife Management And Conservation, Lynn A. Braband

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Private sector involvement in nuisance wildlife control has evolved from primarily part-time trappers to full-time firms with their own professional organization, the National Urban Wildlife Management Organization (NUWMA). The private sector plays a key role in urban wildlife management by providing an effective service in addressing human/wildlife conflicts. This role can be improved and expanded by enabling nuisance control practitioners to provide accurate information on wildlife biology, damage prevention, and even wildlife habitat promotion. Both government agencies and private organizations, such as NUWMA, can facilitate this by developing appropriate training, regulations, licensing procedures, standards of ethics, and continuing education programs.

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Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr. Oct 1993

Status And Management Of Vole Damage To Horticultural Plantings In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, William T. Sullivan Jr.

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

A trapping study in 1979 indicated that voles (Microtus pinetorum and M. pinetorum) were distributed widely in North Carolina. In 1991, Extension Agents with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service were surveyed to determine the distribution, nature and severity of vole damage to horticultural plantings, home orchards, and other plantings. Data from the statewide trapping survey and the poll of agents coincided to indicate that voles, particularly pine voles, caused damage from the mountains to the coast. Existing, legal control methods were judged grossly inadequate by agents. Pursuant to the surveys, the North Carolina Pesticide Board and the North Carolina …

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Advancing Deer Repellent Performance: Fine-Tuning Hinder Applications And Potential Uses For Insecticidal Soaps, Michael J. Fargione, Milo E. Richmond Oct 1993

Advancing Deer Repellent Performance: Fine-Tuning Hinder Applications And Potential Uses For Insecticidal Soaps, Michael J. Fargione, Milo E. Richmond

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Deer feed on buds, shoots, leaves and fruit (Scott and Townsend 1985), and cause substantial economic losses for many apple producers (Purdy et al. 1987). A variety of mitigation techniques are used to control such damage including deer population reduction via hunting, exclusion fencing and scare devices. However, most commercial apple producers rely on home-made or commercial repellents to control deer damage (Purdy et al. 1987). Despite their popularity, repellents have often provided only limited or highly-variable control (Conover 1984, 1987, Hygnstrom and Craven 1988). There is considerable need to improve the performance of existing repellents, or to identify new …

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Opportunities And Challenges In Handling Nuisance Wildlife Damage In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, Carl Betsill, Rodney Cannon, Jon F. Hiesterberg, Edwin J. Jones, William T. Sullivan Jr., Perry Sumner, Randall C. Wilson, David D. Woodward Oct 1993

Opportunities And Challenges In Handling Nuisance Wildlife Damage In North Carolina, Peter T. Bromley, Carl Betsill, Rodney Cannon, Jon F. Hiesterberg, Edwin J. Jones, William T. Sullivan Jr., Perry Sumner, Randall C. Wilson, David D. Woodward

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

The current procedure for handling wildlife nuisance problems in North Carolina requires the landowner, manager, or lessee to obtain a Wildlife Depredation Permit from the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (CWRC), except when an animal is caught damaging property. The Wildlife Damage Committee of the North Carolina Chapter of The Wildlife Society has evaluated the policy. Current laws and regulations do protect valuable, native wildlife species, but these requirements are unsatisfactory for handling routine nuisance wildlife problems. Citizen demand for assistance could be satisfied better if existing legislation were rewritten to provide the Commission more latitude in declaring certain animals …

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Public Policy Education: An Important Wildlife Management Opportunity, Paul D. Curtis Oct 1993

Public Policy Education: An Important Wildlife Management Opportunity, Paul D. Curtis

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Suburban wildlife management issues are generating heated debate between citizen organizations, elected public officials, and state wildlife management agencies. Decisions are being made by town and county officials which directly impact or supersede state authority for managing resident wildlife. As an example, I will focus this discussion on the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), management controversy at Durand Eastman Park, in the greater Rochester metropolitan area, New York.

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Techniques For Reducing Bird Use At Nanticoke Landfill Near E. A. Link Airport, Broome County, New York, Paul D. Curtis, Charles R. Smith, William Evans Oct 1993

Techniques For Reducing Bird Use At Nanticoke Landfill Near E. A. Link Airport, Broome County, New York, Paul D. Curtis, Charles R. Smith, William Evans

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Human and wildlife conflicts have increased in importance in many suburban areas of the United States. Birds pose a serious hazard to air traffic, and 1,200-1,500 bird strikes are reported to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) annually. The location of a landfill near an airport may increase avian activity because landfills provide a food source for omnivorous birds. To reduce avian hazards at airports, FAA Order 5200.5A established a proximity criterion prohibiting the location of any runway used by turbojet aircraft within 3,048 m of a landfill. However, existing landfills within this proximity may be kept open if an acceptable …

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Characteristics Of The Private Nuisance Wildlife Control Industry In New York, Paul D. Curtis, Milo E. Richmond, Philip A. Wellner, Ben Tullar Oct 1993

Characteristics Of The Private Nuisance Wildlife Control Industry In New York, Paul D. Curtis, Milo E. Richmond, Philip A. Wellner, Ben Tullar

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

The nuisance wildlife control industry is rapidly expanding in New York State. To gain additional insight about this industry and the number of animals handled, we reviewed the 1989-90 annual logs submitted by Nuisance Wildlife Control Orators (NWC0s) to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). The specific objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the number and species of different wildlife responsible for damage incidents, (2) the cause of damage complaints, (3) the disposition of animals handled, (4) the location of damage events (i.e., urban, suburban, rural), and (5) an estimate of the economic impact of …

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Propagation Of Bamboo As Blackbird Lure Roost Habitat, Richard D. Flynt, James F. Glahn Oct 1993

Propagation Of Bamboo As Blackbird Lure Roost Habitat, Richard D. Flynt, James F. Glahn

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Bamboo and native cane species have been suggested as optimal lure roost habitat for shifting blackbird winter roosts away from objectionable urban/suburban sites. As the second phase in developing this potential concept of alleviating conflicts with blackbirds, we report on information gathered from the literature, consultations with bamboo horticulturists, and on-site visits to previously developed bamboo plantations to select desirable species of bamboo for this purpose, and to identify preferred propagating techniques. Bamboo species Phyllostachys rubromarginata and P. nigra henonis ranked highest in terms of greatest cold tolerance, greatest propensity for lateral spreading, and most suitable structure characteristics for maintaining …

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Dispersal Of Ring-Billed Gull Nesting Colonies In New York State, James E. Forbes, Maury W. Bedford, William W. Beck, Brian V. Archuleta Oct 1993

Dispersal Of Ring-Billed Gull Nesting Colonies In New York State, James E. Forbes, Maury W. Bedford, William W. Beck, Brian V. Archuleta

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarenis) are adapting to rooftop nesting habitats throughout the Northeast and the Great Lake States. Presently, six such colonies exist in New York State. Noise, plus accumulations of droppings, feathers and nesting material, cause unsanitary conditions, structural damage, health problems, traffic problems and have lead to Occupational Safety and Health Administration citations. We began a 3-year project in 1991 at two locations, Niagara Falls and Syracuse, New York, to relocate nesting gulls to other nesting sites. Eight lethal and nonlethal control alternatives were considered and three nonlethal alternatives were selected. We concluded that: (1) the nonlethal techniques …

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Can We Landscape To Accommodate Deer? The Tracy Estate Research Garden, Helen H. Heinrich, Susan Predl Oct 1993

Can We Landscape To Accommodate Deer? The Tracy Estate Research Garden, Helen H. Heinrich, Susan Predl

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 6th (1993)

The Morris County Park Commission, manager of hundreds of acres of open space in this central New Jersey county, realized that the white-tailed deer residing on park land were having a detrimental effect on the vegetation on these properties. A Wildlife Management Advisory Committee to the Commission was formed to measure the dimensions of the problem and to find ways to mitigate the effects of the deer population of deer. One recommendation of the Committee was to determine if a landscape design could be developed to use plantings less attractive to the deer; planted in ways that might discourage heavy …

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