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Articles 49891 - 49920 of 52392
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Pheromones In Small Rodents And Their Potential Use In Pest Control, Erik Christiansen
Pheromones In Small Rodents And Their Potential Use In Pest Control, Erik Christiansen
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
The paper reviews social interactions in small rodents in which pheromones have been reported to play a part. Some of the chemical messengers involved may have a potential use in control of rodent pests. Research in this field should be encouraged, because alternatives to the current control methods are highly desirable.
Experimental Use Of Sodium Cyanide Spring-Loaded Ejector Mechanism For Coyote Control In California, Jerry P. Clark
Experimental Use Of Sodium Cyanide Spring-Loaded Ejector Mechanism For Coyote Control In California, Jerry P. Clark
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, as amended, granted the California Department of Food and Agriculture an experimental permit to obtain data to support registration of sodium cyanide as a predacide. The program was implemented by the Tehama County Department of Agriculture. The experimental permit provided for use of not more than 300 sodium cyanide spring-loaded ejector mechanisms (SCSLEM) and 1,800 sodium cyanide capsules. The permit was issued April 1, 1974 and expired June 1, 1975. The program objectives were to: (l) measure the usefulness of the SCSLEM as a method …
Commercial Pest Management Of Birds In Grapes, Jim Clore
Commercial Pest Management Of Birds In Grapes, Jim Clore
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Vineyard losses to birds are primarily due to two species; these are the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). The majority of losses in the Central California Coastal region are caused by the starling, due to the large numbers of migratory birds arriving prior to harvest. Starlings are best controlled by a combination of pyrotechnic and acoustic devices. Linnets are most effectively controlled by trapping and poisoning. No matter what type of control is used, it is necessary to have sound knowledge of the birds' behavior and reliable personnel carrying out the program. …
Conference Participants
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
The Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference drew a registered attendance of 278, with an estimated additional 50-75 persons who attended portions of the conference but did not register. As in past conferences, the attendance was made up of individuals having varying interests in vertebrate pest control problems from thirty-six states plus the District of Columbia. Participants from Canada, Denmark, Egypt, England, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan and West Germany contributed greatly to the success of the conference and provided further exchange of information on an international level.
Methiocarb: Its Current Status As A Bird Repellent, Frederick T. Crase, Richard W. Dehaven
Methiocarb: Its Current Status As A Bird Repellent, Frederick T. Crase, Richard W. Dehaven
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Studies by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the efficacy of methiocarb for reducing bird damage to sprouting corn, rice, soybeans, lettuce, and sugar beets, and to ripening rice, grain sorghum, wheat, cherries, grapes, and blueberries have shown it to be an effective, broad-spectrum bird repellent and crop protectant. The short-term plans of the Service for the further development and testing of methiocarb are reviewed. Also discussed is some of the rationale behind the use of chemical repellents to prevent agricultural damage by birds.
Deer And Reforestation In The Pacific Northwest, Glenn L. Crouch
Deer And Reforestation In The Pacific Northwest, Glenn L. Crouch
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Deer and reforestation interact mainly during regeneration after wildfire or logging. In interior forests, browsing by mule deer often damages conifer seedlings planted on winter or transitional ranges. In the Douglas-fir region, numbers of black-tailed deer increase dramatically after forests are logged or burned, in response to improved forage supplies. Here, browsing on planted stock in clearcuts lowers forest productivity by reducing growth rates and occasionally contributes to plantation failures. Browsing damage can be controlled by fences or cages, but costs are prohibitive. Amelioration of damage by black-tailed deer could be achieved through long-range planning for concurrent deer and timber …
Management Of Pine Voles, David E. Davis
Management Of Pine Voles, David E. Davis
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
The pine vole (Microtus pinetorum) damages apple trees in western North Carolina, sometimes spectacularly. The current research monitors populations in orchards for several years to compare damage in different management practices. Recommendations for orchard management to reduce damage are devised and used to illustrate the process of application of basic knowledge. Populations of voles were monitored by 3 simple methods. Data on reproduction were obtained. Data on home range and mortality were found in the literature. In two counties, the orchards generally had grass in the alleys and sometimes a growth of weeds under the tree canopy. In …
Modeling As A Management Tool For Assessing The Impact Of Blackbird Control Measures, Richard A. Dolbeer, Charles R. Ingram, John L. Seubert
Modeling As A Management Tool For Assessing The Impact Of Blackbird Control Measures, Richard A. Dolbeer, Charles R. Ingram, John L. Seubert
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Attempts to reduce blackbird numbers by spraying roosts have created considerable controversy. Opinions and suppositions fuel this controversy; yet, until now, decision makers have had no quantitative tools to predict the impacts of population reduction or to aid in formulating management strategies. To improve the predictive ability, we have synthesized data on red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) populations into a computerized system, BIRDS (Blackbird Information Retrieval and Data System). Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) will be added to the system later. BIRDS is designed to estimate the number …
Evaluation Of Urban Rodent Infestations—An Approach In Nepal, Stephen C. Frantz, John P. Comings
Evaluation Of Urban Rodent Infestations—An Approach In Nepal, Stephen C. Frantz, John P. Comings
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Studies in urban areas have shown that food and shelter are primary environmental factors regulating rodent population growth. These supportive resources can be modified to reduce urban rodent damage; however, widespread adoption of environmental control techniques will require a thorough understanding of rodent-man interrelationships. This study was concerned with what factors should be monitored for making rational ecological decisions on the necessity of rodent management, establishment of priorities, choice of appropriate strategies and evaluation of effectiveness. Guidelines are given for comprehensive monitoring of habitats (social, structural and sanitary factors) and rodent populations (habitat requirements, growth characteristics and zoonosis potential).
Frontmatter And Contents
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
PROCEEDINGS SEVENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE
Effects Of Building Design And Quality On Nuisance Bird Problems, Aelred D. Geis
Effects Of Building Design And Quality On Nuisance Bird Problems, Aelred D. Geis
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Breeding populations of nuisance bird species were related to various types, designs, and quality of building construction in Columbia, Maryland. Since there were differences in the various parts of this new, planned city in types, builders, and architectural designs, it affords an excellent opportunity to study the effect these factors have on bird populations. Breeding starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and pigeons (Columba livia) were unevenly distributed throughout the city, being concentrated in those specific areas with buildings having design or quality features that were favorable to these species. Specific examples of …
Vampire Bat Control Programs In Latin America, Rodrigo Gonzalez, G. Clay Mitchell
Vampire Bat Control Programs In Latin America, Rodrigo Gonzalez, G. Clay Mitchell
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Studies in Mexico in 1972 showed that diphacinone (Diphenadione)1 (2-diphenylacetyl-1, 3-indandione) was effective in reducing both vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) populations and the incidence of bat-transmitted rabies in cattle. Two highly selective methods were developed: treating cattle systemically and treating vampire bats topically. Since 1972, Denver Wildlife Research Center personnel have assisted Latin American Ministries of Agriculture in developing control campaigns. Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Venezuela, and Nicaragua have either undertaken or are considering operational vampire bat control programs.
The Role Of The Pest Control Advisor In Vertebrate Pest Control, James T. Hallett
The Role Of The Pest Control Advisor In Vertebrate Pest Control, James T. Hallett
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
California State legislation as passed in 1971 established the Agricultural Pest Control Advisors Licensing program with the intent of providing agriculture with competent and professional personnel who make pest control recommendations. Today, nearly 4,000 advisors are licensed in California and approximately 1350 are licensed vertebrate pest control advisors. Recent amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act will add new responsibilities to the advisor by requiring certification of both private and commercial applicators throughout the U.S. beginning in 1977. More than one-half of the vertebrate pest control advisors are employed in agrichemical sales while the remainder are employed by …
Hazards To Wildlife Associated With Underground Strychnine Baiting For Pocket Gophers, Paul L. Hegdal, Thomas A. Gatz
Hazards To Wildlife Associated With Underground Strychnine Baiting For Pocket Gophers, Paul L. Hegdal, Thomas A. Gatz
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Under an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contract, we evaluated the hazards associated with strychnine baiting for pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius) with the burrow-builder. On the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota, we treated 662 ha (1638 acres) with 0.5 percent strychnine-treated bait. Treated fields were scattered throughout 10 sections. Control was effective--data from pocket gopher activity plots showed 87.5 ± 5.9 percent reductions in activity. Populations of other small rodents (while quite low) significantly declined on the treated area, but significantly increased on the control area. To measure secondary effects we equipped 36 raptors and 36 mammalian predators with …
Control Methods For Nuisance Beaver In The Southeastern United States, Edward P. Hill
Control Methods For Nuisance Beaver In The Southeastern United States, Edward P. Hill
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Strychnine alkaloid baits were consumed by both captive and wild beaver without any apparent hesitation. An approximate minimal acute lethal dose of sodium monofluoro-acetate to beaver of mixed ages and sex was 0.202 mg/kg. Trapping beaver on four study area watersheds in Alabama with No. 330 conibear traps for approximately two weeks in winter during two successive years essentially eliminated beaver. Older individuals were trapped the first year, maturing juveniles and the remaining few adults were trapped the second year, and there was very little reproduction between the trapping periods. Trapping, with its recreational appeal, and income and food potential …
A Philosophy Of Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard
A Philosophy Of Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Vertebrate pest problems are foremost economic, political and social rather than biological anomalies. Students are often turned away from vertebrate control, which is applied ecology, by professors who know only theory and do not understand the ecology of man-modified environments. Applied ecologists seeking alternative methods of vertebrate control benefit environment far more than the negative, anti-control approach based on half-truths that are used for self-serving purposes by many protectionist organizations and government leaders in CEQ, EPA and USDI. A healthy ethic, with deep ecological conscience, would be to appreciate the glory of death in nature, for death means life to …
Closing Remarks—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Walter E. Howard
Closing Remarks—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Walter E. Howard
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
On behalf of the Council of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, I thank you all for your very apparent interest in the papers and your cooperation in making the Conference a success. The sophistication of vertebrate pest-control methods has come a long way since our first Conference, in 1962. Our outgoing Chairman, Mr. Charles C. Siebe, has acknowledged the fine contributions to this Conference made by so many, including personnel from the County Agricultural Commissioner Offices in California. And we now acknowledge Charlie's fine leadership for the past two years in this organization, known as the "Vertebrate Pest Conference."
Food Preferences And Food Location By Pocket Gophers In Idaho, Kenneth E. Hungerford
Food Preferences And Food Location By Pocket Gophers In Idaho, Kenneth E. Hungerford
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) in environmental systems adapted readily to laboratory conditions. The laboratory equipment is described in this paper. Results are reported, including data on food consumption as it varies with the activity patterns of the gopher and the variation between individual gophers. One gopher used an average of 52 g of food per day for a 131-day period, but during an extremely active 17-day period, the gopher consumed approximately its own weight in food each day (75 g). The experimental setup is described for food location experiments and results indicate that gophers locate their food primarily …
Design: A Critical Need In Pest-Damage Control Experiments, Charles R. Ingram
Design: A Critical Need In Pest-Damage Control Experiments, Charles R. Ingram
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
The manner in which an experiment is conducted determines the inferences that can be made from the results of the analysis of the experiment. This paper emphasizes the critical need in pest-damage control (PDC) experiments for a detailed planning process (i.e., the design of experiments) by exampling improper designs that prohibit a researcher from making valid inferences about his hypotheses of interest. Emphasis is placed on identification of experimental units, determination of restrictions on the randomization procedure, and specification of treatment forms of pest control materials. A list of some specific actions to strengthen PDC experiments is given.
Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson
Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Four individually penned coyotes (Canis latrans) that had learned to kill live domestic rabbits for food were presented with one black and one white rabbit during daily 1-hour sessions and punished by a brief, severe shock from a high-voltage collar each time they attacked the black rabbit. One coyote did not learn the color association; after three shocks; it refused to kill either rabbit for 10 days but killed both indiscriminately when retested 4 weeks later. The other three coyotes learned to avoid black rabbits after only three to five shocks and, when repeatedly retested without shock at …
Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little
Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
On behalf of the Monterey County Grape Growers Association, I wish to thank you for inviting us here and giving us a chance to tell the world, so to speak, about our local program of bird control: how we got there, where we are, and where we want to go. First, let me give you a little history of the grape industry in our county.
Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund
Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Common methods for mole control are baiting with earthworms impregnated with thallium sulphate or strychnine, gassing with pellets developing phosphine, and trapping. Seasonal cycles in burrowing activity make it difficult to evaluate results of expensive control campaigns and may give a false impression of efficiency.
Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny
Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Sodium cyanide was cancelled for use in predator control in March 1972 along with strychnine and 1080 mainly because of the indiscriminate use of these poisons which posed an imminent hazard and danger to the environment. After due consideration, the EPA Administrator in January 1974 authorized approval of experimental use permits (under Section 5 of FIFRA as amended) for use of sodium cyanide in the M-44 device (SCSLEM) in order to accumulate information necessary to support registration consideration. Subsequently nine permits were issued for this purpose. In August 1975, a public hearing was held in Washington, D.C. to respond to …
A Regional Approach To Rodent Control In The San Francisco Bay Area, Earl W. Mortenson, George L. Rotramel
A Regional Approach To Rodent Control In The San Francisco Bay Area, Earl W. Mortenson, George L. Rotramel
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
A federally funded rat control project is being conducted by the Vector Control Section, California State Department of Health in cooperation with local health agencies in the Sari Francisco Bay Area. Four community demonstration areas were selected in urban poverty areas in the region. The objective of each demonstration program is to reduce the rat infestation to a level that will not have significant adverse health or economic effect. Environmental improvement and community participation are emphasized. Concurrent studies are being conducted to determine the status of anticoagulant resistance, the occurrence of rodent-borne diseases, and the significance of rat infestations in …
Methiocarb For Preventing Blackbird Damage To Sprouting Rice, Donald F. Mott, Joseph L. Guarino, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham
Methiocarb For Preventing Blackbird Damage To Sprouting Rice, Donald F. Mott, Joseph L. Guarino, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Seed rice was treated with 0.25% methiocarb to test its effectiveness as a blackbird repellent in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana in the spring of 1975. Two replications of 3 treated and 3 untreated plots showed 68% more seedlings in treated plots (2,393) than in untreated plots (1,429). Half as many birds (chiefly redwing blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were recorded in treated (1.18/mi n) as in untreated plots (2.39/min).
Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer
Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
The cattle feedlot affords an ideal habitat for large concentrations of birds. Several species are primarily involved in feed depredations and contamination. The development of an integrated systems approach to control involves the interaction of - human attitude, cultural control practices and application of bird damage control techniques, each of which is a dynamic system in itself.
Effects Of Bait Formulations On Toxicant Losses And Efficacy, Larry F. Pank
Effects Of Bait Formulations On Toxicant Losses And Efficacy, Larry F. Pank
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
During application by airplane excessive amounts of zinc phosphide were lost from the bait registered to control rat damage in Hawaiian sugarcane. The losses created unnecessary hazards and potentially reduced the efficacy of the control program. In a series of screening tests, alternate adhesives, adhesive concentrations, and bait mixing procedures were evaluated for zinc phosphide retention, acceptance by rats, phosphine residues in sugarcane and operational effectiveness. A formulation was developed that reduced zinc phosphide losses 32% during application, increased acceptance by rats, left residues in sugarcane below the established tolerance and equaled or exceeded the performance of the original formulation.
Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters
Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Predictive and conceptual models are used to examine the contamination, toxicology, and residues of sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) in relation to its application in vertebrate pest control programs on forest and pastoral lands. As a pesticide, the toxin appears to be neither mobile nor persistent. Exceedingly slender opportunities exist therefore for significant contamination of susceptible components of the environment.
Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern
Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
An attempt was made to identify the olfactory cues produced by Douglas-fir seeds which attract deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to the seeds. The olfactometers used are described, and the merits of different statistical analyses of the data are discussed. The odors produced by whole Douglas-fir seed and by the endosperm were preferred among the fractions tested to date. Deer mice were repelled by Douglas-fir turpentine, cedar oil, and, to a lesser degree, one extract.
Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer
Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)
Attempts to reduce populations of Spermophilus beldingi oregonus have centered around the application of Compound 10.80 and strychnine baits. Additional population reduction techniques were investigated for possible employment into the squirrel program. Techniques which show much promise are: hand baited chopped gree bait (.01% chlorophacinone) broadcast (10 pounds per acre) and hand baited grain bait with .01% chlorophacinone and .05% fumarin, and bait stations using .01%, .05% chlorophacinone grain bait (100 and 200 foot spacing) and .05% fumarin grain bait (100 foot spacing). In addition, the concentration of Compound 1080 on chopped green bait can be reduced to 1/4 oz. …