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Articles 37741 - 37770 of 39785
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Stand Der Akklimatisation Von Ondatra Zibethica L., 1766 In Der Mongolei, N. Dawaa, P. Lchamsuren, Michael Stubbe
Stand Der Akklimatisation Von Ondatra Zibethica L., 1766 In Der Mongolei, N. Dawaa, P. Lchamsuren, Michael Stubbe
Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298
Die Bisamratte Ondatra zibethica ist auf dem Territorium der Mongolischen Volksrepublik in den Flußsystemen der Selenga, des Ulz und Onon sowie des Bulgan-gol selbständig eingewandert. Zu Einbürgerungen kam es 1967 und 1971 am Char-us-nuur sowie 1978 am Zergijn-caagan-nuur und Olon-nuur. Der weiteren Verbreitung dieses wertvollen Pelzlieferanten wird besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt.
Russian abstract:
Заключение
На территсрии Монгольской Народной Республики ондатра Ondatra zibethica са мостоятельно заселила системы рек Селенга, Улз, Онон и Булган-Гол. Интро дукции происошли в 1967 и 1973 гг. на Хар-Ус-Нууре, а также в 1978 г. на Зер гийн-Цагаан-Нуурс и Олон-Нууре. Дальнейшему распространению этого ценного шушного зверя удс."l'ястся особое внимание. …
Zur Entwicklung Der Wildforschung Und Jagdwirtschaft In Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, N. Dawaa, Ch. Suchbat
Zur Entwicklung Der Wildforschung Und Jagdwirtschaft In Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, N. Dawaa, Ch. Suchbat
Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298
1972 wurde an dег Mongolischen Staallichen Unveгsität Ulan-Bator mit der Ausbildung von Wildbiologen begonnen, um durch diese Fachkadeг die Aгbeit auf jagd wirtschaftlichem Gebiet qualitativ entscheidend zul veгbesseгn. Die Veгfasseг beгichten übег die wichtigsteп Forschuпgsaufgaben im Lehrstuhl füг Zoologie, Bereich Jagdwirtschaft, die sich auf Fгagen der Ökonomie und Organisation der Jagdwirtschaft, dег Erkundung dег Wildbiologie und Bejagungs- sowie Erfassungsmethoden der Wildbestäпde, dег Qualitätsverbesserung der Jagdprodukte und dег Akklimatisation bzw. Reakklimutisation von Wildtieren koпzentгieгen.
Russian abstract:
Заключение
С 1972 г. в Монгольском Государственном Унинерситеге в Улан-Баторе обучаются охотоведы, чтобы с помощью этих кадров качественно заметно улучшить работу в области охотничьего хозяйства. …
Nitrogenous Fertilizers For Cereals, M G. Mason
Nitrogenous Fertilizers For Cereals, M G. Mason
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Effect of stubble treatment on nitrogen fertiliser requirement; Chapman Research Station, Nabawa - 78C3, Merredin Research Station – 78M2. Long term stubble burning demonstration; P. Archer, Pithara - 82MO30, L. and C. Crane, Bindi bindi – 82MO31. Evaluation of the nitrification inhibitor – DIDIN; P. Appleyard, Sth. Eneabba – 83TS2, Badgingarra Research Station – 83BA3, J. Delagastino – 83BY30, Mullalyup. J. McLean, Metricup – 83BU5, B. Batley, Willyabrup - 83BU6, Esperance Downs Research Station, Gibson – 83E2, Mr Atkins, Broomehill – 83KA43. Effects of Agras No. 1 on soil pH and wheat yield; Wongan Hills Research Station – 80WH3, Merredin …
Evaluation Of Annual Grass Control 1982 1983, D Nicolas
Evaluation Of Annual Grass Control 1982 1983, D Nicolas
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Trial 82NA29
History.
Design.
Methods.
Results and discussion.
Pasture Trials Of Esperance, M D. Bolland
Pasture Trials Of Esperance, M D. Bolland
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
(82ES55) - Serradella Co X N trial. R. Burchell, Myrup. Aim: To determine whether Co or low winter temperatures limit the growth of serradella in winter months. (83ES46) - Serradella N trial. High School block, Neribup. Aim: To test whether dry matter production of serradella and subterranean clover are limited by symbiotic nitrogen fixation in mid winter. (82ES46) - T brachycalycinum burr burial trial. J. Royle, Condingup. Aim: To determine the importance of burr burial for T. brachycalycinum for the formation of burrs and seed.
Historical Patterns Of Phytoplankton Productivity In Lake Mead, Richard T. Prentki, Larry J. Paulson
Historical Patterns Of Phytoplankton Productivity In Lake Mead, Richard T. Prentki, Larry J. Paulson
Publications (WR)
Lake Mead was impounded in 1935 by the construction of Hoover Dam. The Colorado River was unregulated prior to then and therefore was subjected to extreme variations in flows and suspended sediment loads. Hoover Dam stabilized flows and reduced suspended sediment loads downstream, but Lake Mead still received silt-laden inflows from the upper Colorado River Basin. The Colorado River contributed 97% of the suspended sediment inputs to Lake Mead, and up to 140 x 1O6 metric tons (t) entered the reservoir in years of high runoff. Most of the sediments were deposited in the river channel and formed an …
Water Quality Trends In The Las Vegas Wash Wetlands, F. A. Morris, L. J. Paulson
Water Quality Trends In The Las Vegas Wash Wetlands, F. A. Morris, L. J. Paulson
Publications (WR)
The Las Vegas Wash is a wetlands ecosystem that acts to buffer the effects of wastewater discharges on the receiving waters of Lake Mead. The wash is the terminus for the 4,144 km2 Las Vegas Valley drainage basin, emptying into Las Vegas Bay of Lake Mead (Colorado River). It is in the northern Mojave desert, which receives an average of only 10 cm of rainfall annually. The Las Vegas Wash is technically an artificial wetland supported almost entirely by the perennial flows from sewage treatment plants. These flows contribute an average of 3-7 t of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and …
The Effects Of Limited Food Availability On The Striped Bass Fishery In Lake Mead, John R. Baker, Larry J. Paulson
The Effects Of Limited Food Availability On The Striped Bass Fishery In Lake Mead, John R. Baker, Larry J. Paulson
Publications (WR)
The original range of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) was along the Atlantic Coast. They were introduced into the lower Sacramento River in 1879 and are now also found along the Pacific Coast. A landlocked striped bass fishery was established in Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina, in 1954, and they have since been introduced into numerous other reservoirs, including Lake Havasu, Lake Mead and Lake Powell on the Colorado River. Striped bass were introduced into Lake Mead in 1969 in response to declines in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fishery that occurred during the 1960s and in order to further utilize the …
Use Of Hydroelectric Dams To Control Evaporation And Salinity In The Colorado River System, Larry J. Paulson
Use Of Hydroelectric Dams To Control Evaporation And Salinity In The Colorado River System, Larry J. Paulson
Publications (WR)
The main stem reservoirs on the Colorado River comprise one of the largest and most heavily used freshwater bodies in the nation. These reservoirs (Lake Powell, Lake Mead, Lake Mohave and Lake Havasu) can store up to 53,590,400 acre-feet of water at their maximum capacities. Nonetheless, local water shortages still exist in some areas of the Colorado River Basin. There is also concern that salt concentrations are approaching levels that could severely affect municipal and agricultural uses. Water shortages will become even more acute as demands for water increase with continued urban and agricultural development in the basin.
Water conservation …
Growth And Activity Of Juvenile Mosquitofish: Temperature And Ration Effects, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, J. Cech
Growth And Activity Of Juvenile Mosquitofish: Temperature And Ration Effects, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, J. Cech
Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications
The effects of constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 C) and ration size on the growth rates and activity of juvenile mosquitofish Gambusia affinis (mean wet weight, about 20 mg) were measured in laboratory experiments. On ad libitum rations of Tubifex spp. worms, food-consumption rates of mosquitofish were very high, ranging from 7% dry body weight/day at 10 C to 83%/day at 35 C. Growth increased from 0% dry body weight/day at 10 C to 21%/day at 30 C and declined slightly at 35 C. Gross efficiencies (100 growth/food consumption) increased from 0 at 10 C to …
The Effects Of Ultraviolet-B Radiation On Plant Competition In Terrestrial Ecosystems, Warren G. Gold, Martyn M. Caldwell
The Effects Of Ultraviolet-B Radiation On Plant Competition In Terrestrial Ecosystems, Warren G. Gold, Martyn M. Caldwell
Green Canyon Environmental Research Area, Logan Utah
Evidence regarding the interaction of ultraviolet-B radiation and plant competition in terrestrial ecosystems is examined. The competitive interactions of some species pairs were affected even by ambient solar UV-B radiation when compared to control pairs grown without UV-B. Also, the total shoot biomass of these species pairs was depressed under ambient UV-B. Relatively large increases in UV-B radiation altered the competitive interactions of some species pairs grown in pots under field conditions, but did not affect the total shoot biomass production of those pairs. Recent field experiments have examined the competitive interactions of wheat and wild oat under a simulated …
Chemical Efficacy Trials, E Carter
Chemical Efficacy Trials, E Carter
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Please find attached summaries for the following six chemical efficacy trials:- 83PE51 - Control of powdery scab of potatoes. 83MD7 - Control of early blight of tomatoes. 83MD11 - Control of sclerotinia in lettuce. 83MD12 - Control of secondary black rot in cabbage. 83MD13 - Control of tuber-borne Rhizoctonia solari of potatoes. 83MD14 - Control of downy mildew of onions. The following trial has not yet been harvested:- 83MD15 - Chemical control of onion smudge.
Cercospora Disease Of Sub-Clover, M J. Barbetti
Cercospora Disease Of Sub-Clover, M J. Barbetti
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Cercospora disease of sub-clover. Fungicide control of cercospora disease on sub-clover. Aim: To determine the effectiveness of various times and rates of application of benomyl for control of Cercospora disease (Cercospora zebrina) in sub-clover cv. Esperance. Locality: Bibby Springs (83MO4). Fungicide control of cercospora disease on sub-clover. Aim: To determine the effectiveness of various fungicides for control of Cercospora disease (Cercospora zebrina) in sub-clover cv. Esperance. Locality: Bibby Springs (83M03). Role of seed contamination and infection in cercospora disease on sub-clover. Aim: To determine the role of Cercospora zebrina seed contamination and infection in spreading Cercospora disease of sub-clover. Locality: …
Doublegee Dormancy. Lupins. Lupin Varieties Tolerance Of Simazine. Lupins Ssh 0860. Peas - Broadleaf Weed Control, D J. Gilbey, R Klemm
Doublegee Dormancy. Lupins. Lupin Varieties Tolerance Of Simazine. Lupins Ssh 0860. Peas - Broadleaf Weed Control, D J. Gilbey, R Klemm
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
1. Doublegee dormancy. 2. Lupins - capeweed control. 3. Lupins - self sown cereal competition. 4. Lupins - simazine/trifluralin. 5. Lupins - diuron/trifluralin. 6. Lupins - simazine/metribuzin. 7. Lupins - simazine on gravel soils. 8. Lupin varieties tolerance of simazine. 9. Lupins SSH 0860. 10. Lupins - SSH 0860/metribuzin. 11. Lupins - SSH 0860/diuron. 12. Lupins - SSH 0860/simazine. 13. Lupins - SSH 0860 time of spraying. 14. Lupins - radish control. 15. Lupins - grass control. 16. Peas - broadleaf weed control. Doublegee seed longevity x depth - 76C9 - Chapman. Research Station. 76KA8 – Katanning townsite. Capeweed control …
Sources Of Phosphate Trials. Miscellaneous Trials, J W. Bowden, R J. Lunt, M Baker
Sources Of Phosphate Trials. Miscellaneous Trials, J W. Bowden, R J. Lunt, M Baker
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
I. Sources of Phosphate Trials. Cropping Trials: (80BA6) - Deep sand, Badgingarra, Lupins. (77WH2) - Gravel, old land, WHRS, Wheat. (76WH9) - WLS, new land, WHRS, Wheat (1982). (76WH10) - WLS, young land, WHRS Wheat (1982). (77MT2) - Loamy gravel, old land, Mount Barker Oats. Pasture trials: (77MT1) - Loamy gravel, new land, Mount Barker. (77E1) - Sandy gravel, new land, Esperance. (77E4) – [78E4?] Sandy gravel, old land, Esperance. II. Miscellaneous Trials Long term trials. 66M30 - Super x stocking rate at Merredin. 48M/149 EX - Residual super trial at Merredin. 65A1, 65C5 and 69WH15 - Maintenance P x …
Summary Of Medic-Rhizobium Field Experiments, J G. Howieson
Summary Of Medic-Rhizobium Field Experiments, J G. Howieson
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
83ME9 - Nutrition of R. meliloti in acid soil. - Meaningful results only available in 1984/85 Summary of Medic-Rhizobium Field Experiments 1983/84. 83ME87 - Effect of pH of culture conditions on survival in, and colonisation of, an acid soil by R. meliloti. - Meaningful results available 1984/85. (82ME22, 82ME22A, 82ME23) Survival and colonisation of acid soils by 18 strains of R. meliloti in association with 6 Medicago hosts. - Results discussed in this summary.
Pasture Research Programme For The Medium Rainfall Zone Of Wa, P. Dixon
Pasture Research Programme For The Medium Rainfall Zone Of Wa, P. Dixon
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Pasture Research Programme for the Medium Rainfall Zone of W.A. - Species Selection and Management Related in Particular to the Ryegrass Toxicity Problem Since the early 1970's much of the ryegrass based pastures in the Pallinup region have been affected by Annual Ryegrass Toxicity (ARGT). Control of ryegrass by herbicides invariably leads to a reduction in the stock carrying capacity of the pasture since currently available legume species fail to grow or persist. This tendency is particularly evident on the hard setting loam soils of neutral to alkaline reaction. The aim of this project is to find alternative pasture species …
Ropewick For Cape Tulip Control, Boomsprays, Saffron, Patersons Curse Control, J. Peirce, B J. Rayner
Ropewick For Cape Tulip Control, Boomsprays, Saffron, Patersons Curse Control, J. Peirce, B J. Rayner
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Ropewick for Cape Tulip Control - 82N043. Controlled Droplet Applicator (C.D.A.) versus conventional boomspray - 83WH51, 83WH52, 83WH41, 83LG38, 83LG39, 83N28, 83N49, 83N043, 83ME55. Saffron control in pasture - 83GE37. Saffron control in lupins - 83GE38. Patersons curse control in an oat hay crop – 83NR4. Patersons curse control in an oat hay crop – 83NR5. Patersons curse control along roadsides – 83GE39.
Residue Trials, Herbicide Incorporation And Leaching Of Chlorsulfuron, T Piper
Residue Trials, Herbicide Incorporation And Leaching Of Chlorsulfuron, T Piper
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Residue Trials: Breakdown rates have been established for trifluralin at Wongan Hills and Avondale over the past two seasons. The decay curve follows a hyperbolic curve rather than the expected exponential curve with constant half life, probably due to the considerable loss of chemical by volatalization in the first few days, before biological decomposition takes over as the main breakdown factor.
b) Herbicide Incorporation. Du Pont Zl96 fluorescent orange powder at 30 g/m2 could be readily seen when illuminated by 400 yw/cm2 of 365 nm UV radiation, and was successfully photographed on Ektachrome 400 ASA film with a 4 sec. …
Survey Of Fungi Associated With Diseased Lupin Roots, M Sweetingham
Survey Of Fungi Associated With Diseased Lupin Roots, M Sweetingham
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
1. Survey of fungi associated with diseased lupin-roots. Cylindrocarpon was only encountered on the south coast (Albany and Esperance districts). The isolates were identified as c. didymum and c. destructans. At certain sites in the two northern districts (Geraldton and Moora) a distinct type of disorder, characterised by reddish-brown coloured lesions which develop on the below ground portion of the hypocotyl, was observed. 2. Assessment of lupin root disease in lupin permanent disease nurseries – 78WH20, 78BA51, 78C34, 78MT38, 80E21. 3. Effect of fungicide drenches on lupin root rots – 83MT17, 83WH9. 4. Mini plot seed treatment trials on lupins …
Grain Legume Agronomy Programme, G H. Walton
Grain Legume Agronomy Programme, G H. Walton
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Lupin agronomy, Series 1 - Growth factor Interactions – 83BA6, 83JE3, 83NO4, 83NO5. Lupin growth and subsequent cereal crop yield – 82N18.
2. Lupin agronomy, Series 2 - Lupin response to Density, Harvest Index and yield – 83BA8, 83M4, 83MT6, 83N3.
3. Eregulla lupin rotation plots – 83MO27, 83M029 and 83M030.
4. Grain legume species trials: 4.1. Species comparison x site interaction – 83GE3, 83JE2, 83JE3, 83N2. 4.2. Preliminary examination of Simazine and Fusilade on legume species – 83NO6. 4.3. Species growth study – 83BA7, 83NO6.
5. Field pea agronomy - Density and time - 83N4, …
Soil Acidity - High Rainfall Pastures, J S. Yeates, D. A. Mcghie, D A. Tooke, M. F. Clarke
Soil Acidity - High Rainfall Pastures, J S. Yeates, D. A. Mcghie, D A. Tooke, M. F. Clarke
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
A. Lime on old land pastures. 80BU13, 80BU14, 80BU15, 80BU16, 80BU17, 80BY7, 80BY16, 81AL10, 81AL11, 8IAL12, 81AL13, 81AL14, 81AL15, 81AL16, 81BU18, 81BY15, 81BY16, 81BY17, 81BY18, 81BY19, 81BY24, 81BY25, 81BY16, 81MA12, 81W9, 81Wl0, 81Wll, 82AL2, 82AL3, 82AL4, 82ALS, 82AL6, 82ALSS, 82BU6, 82BU7, 82BU8, 82BY37, 82HA35, 82HA36, 82HA38, 82MA20, 82PE1, 83AL7, 83AL8, 83AL9, 83AL10, 83AL11, 83AL12, 83AL13, 83AL14, 83BU20, 83BU24, 83BU25, 83BU26, 83BY29, 83HA19, 83HA40, 83HA41.
B. Lime on new land pastures 82AL7, 82AL8.
Iowa Academy Of Science Leadership Directory And Membership Roster, 1983-84, Iowa Academy Of Science
Iowa Academy Of Science Leadership Directory And Membership Roster, 1983-84, Iowa Academy Of Science
Iowa Academy of Science Documents
Table of Contents:
Board of Directors ... 3
Section Chairs ... 4
Section Vice Chairs ... 7
Committees ... 9
Award Recipients ... 21
Past Presidents ... 23
Constitution, Article III ... 24
Membership Roster ... 26
Frequency Distribution Patterns And Partitioning Of Copper, Iron And Zinc In Selected Tissues Of The Black Mullet (Mugil Cephalus), Charles J. Venuto, John H. Trefry
Frequency Distribution Patterns And Partitioning Of Copper, Iron And Zinc In Selected Tissues Of The Black Mullet (Mugil Cephalus), Charles J. Venuto, John H. Trefry
Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences Faculty Publications
Copper, iron and zinc concentrations were determined for muscle, gill and liver tissue from 45 black mullet (Mugil cephalus) collected in Turkey Creek, an embayment of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. In the liver, Fe concentrations (2420+ 1040 jig/g, dry wt) were higher than for Cu (510 ± 350 fig/g) and Zn (330 ± 120ng/g). Gill tissue iron levels (380 ± 140/xg/g) were greater than those for Zn (96 ± 26 jtg/g) and Cu (6.3 ± 4.4 fig/g). Muscle tissue concentrations were lowest with Fe values (19 ± 15/tg/g) greater than thosefor Zn (13.5 ± 4.9 fig/g) and Cu (1.1 …
Residual Phytotoxicity Of Mon-097 In Sludge Enriched Soils, Jennifer A. Woods
Residual Phytotoxicity Of Mon-097 In Sludge Enriched Soils, Jennifer A. Woods
Masters Theses
Aerobically and anaerobically digested sludges were added to soil at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 10% (v/v). Dry weights of Avena sativa var. Noble plants, harvested 28 days after planting, were greater with increased sludge concentrations. Plant dry weights were consistently greater with aerobically than with anaerobically digested sludge. MON-097, an acetanilide herbicide, was applied to these soil/sludge mixtures at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 ppm. Residual phytotoxicity of MON-097 was not significantly affected by sludge concentration. These results suggest that increased concentrations of sludge in the soil do not contribute to detoxification …
Analysis Of The Surface Polysaccharides Of R. Trifolii Su843 And Its Sym Plasmid Alterated Mutants, Jauh-Lin Duh
Analysis Of The Surface Polysaccharides Of R. Trifolii Su843 And Its Sym Plasmid Alterated Mutants, Jauh-Lin Duh
Masters Theses
The Rhizobium trifolii polysaccharides from SU843 and mutants--HC843(pBR1AN), HC843, 8002--in which the sym plasmid is replaced, absent, or mutated by transposon Tn5 were isolated. The surface polysaccharides of genetically altered mutants were compared quantitatively and qualitatively with one another and with the parent strain. The interpretation of these results is discussed in relation to the function of Rhizobium surface polysaccharides in the symbiotic process. The symbiotic ability of SU843 and mutant strains is as follows: (a) SU843, nod+, fix+; (b) mutant 8002, roa+ (still attaches to root hair), hac-, nod-; (c) …
Raw Water Quality In The New Charleston, Illinois Pump Storage Reservoir, Kevin G. Lookis
Raw Water Quality In The New Charleston, Illinois Pump Storage Reservoir, Kevin G. Lookis
Masters Theses
Charleston, Illinois, a city located in east-central Illinois, recently implemented a new concept in a raw water system. Due to storage capacity-sedimentation problems in the old Lake Charleston-Embarras River raw water supply, the Charleston Pump Storage Reservoir was constructed. The new system involved building a dike separating the Lake Charleston impoundment from the Embarras River. Water to increase the storage capacity of the reservoir can now be selectively pumped into the impoundment from the river.
Raw water quality in the reservoir was monitored on a weekly basis for a full year from August, 1981 to August, 1982. The levels of …
Pasture Manipulation On The Esperance Sandplain, C W Thorn, 1982 1983, C W. Thorn
Pasture Manipulation On The Esperance Sandplain, C W Thorn, 1982 1983, C W. Thorn
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Introduction.
Methods.
Results.
Annual Medics For The Kalgoorlie Region And Adjacent Eastern Rangeland Zones, G Gintzburger
Annual Medics For The Kalgoorlie Region And Adjacent Eastern Rangeland Zones, G Gintzburger
Experimental Summaries - Plant Research
Species selection and establishment methods Extensive overgrazing and burning of the dominant winter rainfall Goldfields pastoral zones have left large areas degraded with a poor annual vegetation cover of nearly no grazing value. Thus, more grazing pressure is exerted on shrubs and small trees accelerating the desertification process. Shrubs and trees are the main stabilising agent left in a rangeland plant community when alI annuals have been grazed out. In order to upgrade or regenerate some of these areas, conventional methods of grazing prohibition or deferred grazing can be used but often, improvement obtained are slow. It is hypothesized that …
Agricultural Water Quality Criteria : Irrigation Aspects., P R. George
Agricultural Water Quality Criteria : Irrigation Aspects., P R. George
Resource management technical reports
Water quality criteria for irrigation are imprecise. The final result of quality evaluation depends on plant, soil and climatic variables all of which can be inter-dependent. A range of management strategies of varying complexity are available to mitigate the effects of poor quality water. The heavy winter rainfall in the south-west of Western Australia affects the applicability of published salinity criteria most of which have been developed in arid and semi-arid environments with little effective rainfall.