Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Evaluation Of Upwelling Infrared Radiance In A Nonhomogeneous Nonequilibrium Atmosphere, Sundaresa Venkata Subramanian

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of vibrational nonequilibrium upon upwelling infrared radiance from the earth's atmosphere. Basic equations are presented for calculating the atmospheric transmittance, heating rates, and equilibrium and nonequilibrium upwelling radiances. By employing the Lorentz line-by-line model for spectral absorption, heating rates and upwelling radiances were calculated for equilibrium as well ·as nonequilibrium conditions in the spectral range of 4.6 μ CO and 3.3 μ 'CH₄ bands. For the spectral range of CO fundamental band, the influence of different 1~arameters on the upwelling radiance was also investigated. The results indicate that …

Photoperiodic Effects On Salinity Selection In The Gulf Killifish, Fundulus Grandis, Richard E. Spieler, Albert H. Meier, Harold C. Loesch

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

Improving Design Criteria For Septic Tank Systems, Dee Mitchell

Technical Reports

The failure of septic tanks in treatment of wastewater has been responsible for causing health hazards due to contamination and pollution of groundwater and surface waters used for drinking water supplies. Most of these failures have been in the absorption field. Little or no actual research has been performed to establish design criteria for septic tank absorption fields to be used by local, state or federal Health Agencies or Pollution Control Agencies. Historically, almost all design criteria has beed based on a percolation test and the number of bedrooms to be served. Both of these methods have repeatedly been shown …

Statistical Models For Precipitation, Z. Govindarajulu, Peter Purdue, Frank Cioch

KWRRI Research Reports

The available data consists of daily rainfall for the past 24 years (1948-1972) for Lexington, Louisville and Paducah. However, for Ashland, the data is available for the period of 40 years (1932-1972). The problem is to find an appropriate family of distributions indexed by a suitable number of parameters that fits the maximum daily rainfall. Further, there might be seasonal variations. The following seasons were considered: (i) Dry Convective season: August 1-0ctober 30; (ii) Early Convective season: May 1-July 31; (iii) Late Convective season: November 1- April 30. After extracting the yearly maximums for each of these seasons (see Appendix …

The Port Of Providence: Perspectives On Development, Jerome F. Mcgourthy

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The paper identified environmental, technological and socio-political factors which have contributed to the demise of the Providence River Port as a regional dry cargo distribution center and examines plans and policies contemplated by local government and business interests to counteract the Port's decline.

Final Report - Lake Mead Monitoring Program, James E. Deacon

Publications (WR)

The Lake Mead monitoring program has developed a substantial body of information on the physical, chemical and biological limnology of Lake Mead since 1972. This report summarizes pertinent aspects of that data, with emphasis on studies completed in 1975 -76. It is our continuing hope that the data developed by us will be useful to an ever broader group of users of the water resource represented by Lake Mead. We have been privileged to see our data have a significant influence in some very important water resource decisions over the past four years. There is every reason to expect that …

A Correlation Study Of Atmospheric Conditions & Incidences Of Respiratory Deaths, Bernice Wilder

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Mortality data from two populations, Bowling Green and Lexington, Kentucky, were correlated with atmospheric conditions for this region. The mortality data included the cause of death by respiratory disease, age, sex and race. The respiratory diseases considered in this study were emphysema, tuberculosis, pneumonia, asthma, influenza, acute and chronic bronchitis. The atmospheric conditions considered t have an effect on health were temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity and precipitation. Mean temperature, mean barometric pressure, and mean precipitation per month were correlated with the death rate per thousand but proved no significance at the .05 level in either study area. IN the …

A Prototype Lagrangian Current Buoy Using The Carrier Plus Sideband (Csb) Retransmission Of Omega Navigation Symbols, Donald L. Baker, Christian S. Welch

Reports

As part of the continental shelf investigations of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) , electronics were developed and tested to track an ocean-current-following (Lagrangian) buoy by the retransmission of Omega navigation signals to a shore station using medium frequency (2 . 398 MHz) ground wave propagation and equal-carrier-upper-sideband modulation . The buoy electronics include sharp clipping and filtering for noise reduction and Omega signal equalization . The carrier and upper sideband are transmitted with equal power to maintain the relative phases of separate Omega station signals on demodulation. The base station is a 2.4 MHz receiver/demodulator feeding a …

The Effect Of 4-Chlororesorcinol On The Growth Potential Of Dunaliella Tertiolecta Butcher (Dun Clone), John Anthony Chigges

OES Theses and Dissertations

Jolley (1973) identified and quantified 4-chlororesorcinol at the 1.2 μg/1 level in secondary treated sewage effluent as one of 17 stable organochlorine compounds. The present report presents the first data on the effect of 4-chlororesorcinol on the growth potential of the marine phytoplankter, Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher (Dun clone).

The assay method used herein was that of the Marine Algal Assay Procedure: Bottle Test (EPA, 1974). An algal culture chamber was constructed capable of providing controlled temperature (18 ± 2°C) and light (400-500 ft-c) conditions. Four parameters were used to describe the growth response of D. tertiolecta including maximum specific growth …

Numerical Simulation Of Thermohaline Convection In The Mixed Layer Of The Ocean, Victor Eli Delnore

OES Theses and Dissertations

The intradiumal heating and cooling cycle of the mixed layer of a tropical ocean is investigated through the use of a pseudo-two-dimensional numerical model. Particular emphasis is given to two-component diffusion resulting from dynamic instabilities in the water column. The conservation equations for salt and heat include the effects of solar heating, horizontal advectlon, and turbulent fluxes at the sea surface, while wind mixing enter through the use of depth-dependent eddy diffusion coefficients resulting from the wave-orbital shear model of KitaigorodsldLy. All inputs are treated as functions of time-of-day, or calculated via the bulk aerodynamic method.

The entrainment fluxes of …

An Aqueous Environmental Simulation Model For Mid-South Lakes And Reservoirs, Louis J. Thibodeaux

Technical Reports

Quantitative relationships and associated computer program has been developed to simulate some of the major physical, chemical and biological processes occuring within the aqueous phase of lakes and reservoirs. The model was developed, in part, to study the eutrophic development of these water bodies. Emphasis is upon lakes in the Mid-South U.S.A. The physical model reflects the general environment in this region and includes a single stratified period. The chemical subsystem includes nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and carbon. The biological subsystem includes phytoplankton, zooplankton, omnivorous fish, carnivorous fish and aerobic bacteria. The model differential equations are solved numerically with the IBM …

Federal/State Coordination In Coastal Permitting Procedures, James H. Asthalter

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

In 1972 Congress passed the Coastal Zone Management Act. Under Section 302 of the act Congress found that "there is a national interest in effective management, beneficial use, protection and development of the coastal zone." To this end, Congress in Section 303 declared that there is a national policy (a) to preserve, protect, develop and, where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations, (b) to encourage and assist the states to exercise effectively their responsibilities in the coastal zone through development and implementation of management programs to achieve wise use …

Distribution Of Stream Pollution In Lake Water, Richard W. Tew, Samuel S. Egdorf, James E. Deacon

Publications (WR)

Wastewater effluent-laden waters from Las Vegas Wash (LVW) form a density current that may be detected in Boulder Basin of Lake Mead at considerable distances from the wash estuary. This led to the suspicion that water from the inflowing stream [40 mgd (1.5 X 10⁵ cu m/day)] might not be rapidly diluted in the enormous volume of the lake [19 mil acre-ft (2.3 X 10¹⁰ cu m)], but might persist as a recognizable entity to the vicinity of the intake of a major water source for populous Clark County, Nev.

Because of the detection sensitivity implicit in the …

A Computerized Marine Data And Information System-Endex/Oasis, Steven J. Tibbitt

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The volume of international and national environmental data and information in the marine, earth and atmospheric sciences has created the need to systematically organize, handle, manipulate, store and retrieve this material utilizing sophisticated computer hardware and provide the scientist, student, planner and decision-maker with the awareness and accessibility of available data and information. Consonant with the objectives outlined for NOAA and the need generated by the explosion of information and data in this area, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA), Environmental Data Service (EDS) and the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), have an ongoing development effort in the Envirorrmental Data …

The Value Of The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission To Developing Nations, Georgia Cranmore

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The purpose of this report is to investigate the structure and functions of the IOC in order to determine its statutory authority to serve developing nations; to evaluate its current and potential activities in terms of the specific requirements of less scientifically developed countries; and to suggest changes in operation and attitude needed to advance the IOC's stated purpose; the international promotion of marine science.

Distribution Of Carbonate In Surface Sediments Of The Pacific Ocean, W. H. Berger, Charles Adelseck, Larry A. Mayer

Affiliate Scholarship

The distribution of carbonate on the floor of the Pacific has been remapped on the basis of 1313 points from 80 references stored in the World Ocean Sediment Data Bank of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Percent distribution maps and carbonate versus depth diagrams generally agree with previously published information and reflect the major controlling factors of carbonate sedimentation (depth, hydrography, fertility, and sedimentary processes). While carbonate distributions are of limited use in attempting to construct dissolution profiles, major trends are identifiable. In particular, the degree of lowering of the equatorial calcite compensation depth (CCD) together with an estimate of the …

The Legal And Institutional Status And Potential Of Aquaculture In Rhode Island, F. B. Montague

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The types of aquaculture practiced in Rhode Island are divided into extensive and intensive forms. Current efforts are discussed with accompanying photographs, and depuration is presented as a means for expanding the waters available for aquaculture. To gain insight into the institutional nature for Rhode Island aquaculture, the relevant state agencies and possible required permits are outlined, along with the impact of existing state laws affecting aquaculture.

Evolution Of The Us-Ussr Draft Convention On The Prohibition Of Military Or Any Other Hostile Use Of Environmental Modification Techniques: New International Environmental Law, Howard L. April

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

One cannot pick up a newspaper or news magazine at this time in early 1976 without reading about possible threats to the environment such as Concorde SST's potential impact on the ozone layer or the possibility that the fluorocarbon propellants in aerosol cans will deplete the ozone layer. In February 1976, Secretary of Transportation Coleman in announcing his decision to permit the Concorde to land at Dulles Airport outside of Washington, D.C. and at JFK Airport in New York considered that the impact of the 16 months of test flights on the stratosphere would be miniscule and the speculation of …

Cost-Benefit Considerations In Routing Pipelines Through Offshore Fishing Grounds, James R. Sturges

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The purpose of this work is to explore the technology and economics associated with the options which might be used to transport oil from Georges Bank with the least total cost objective in mind. First, we summarize background information on the existing usage of Georges Bank by fishermen and those offshore areas of greatest interest to the oil industry. A consideration of various alternatives of transportation to shore and their relative costs (and benefits) should allow one to get a handle, approximate as it may be, on which might be best for society as a whole in terms of least …

An Examination Of New England's Coastal Wetlands Legislation, Joseph M. D'Eugenio

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This paper will examine the different legislative schemes that have been created in New England for the protection of coastal wetlands. It will assess how they have worked in practice, both with respect to their administration and the judicial response to them, and will outline the arguments for and against upholding restrictions on the use of wetlands under the legislation.

The Nature And Distribution Of Enteric Bacteria In Las Vegas Bay, Samuel S. Egdorf

Publications (WR)

The distribution of water and of enteric bacteria of possible fecal origin into Las Vegas Bay from Las Vegas Wash was determined. Determination of distribution patterns was attained by applying the concept of the population component ratio of enteric bacteria. The development and application of new techniques and methods implicit in the application of the "component ratio" concept are discussed. The unreliability of thoroughly referenced techniques and methods generally accepted as standard are treated in detail. Physical factors affecting the distribution and deposition of enteric bacteria (including those of special public health importance) in Las Vegas Bay are also discussed.

Control Of Clay Mineral Distribution By Estuarine Circulation, James River Estuary, Virginia, Jean-Pierre Feuillet

OES Theses and Dissertations

A study was performed on the clay minerals of the James River estuary, Virginia, to determine the predominant factors that influence clay mineral distribution in the estuary. The factors of differential settling, flocculation, and diagenesis show minor or no effects on distribution, while estuarine circulation exerts the strongest influence upon the clay mineral distribution.

There are two clay suites in the James River estuary. The upper James River clay suite is a kaolinite, dioctahedral vermiculite, and mixed-layer suite, with kaolinite being the major mineral. The lower Chesapeake Bay clay suite is an illite, chlorite, and montmorillonite suite, with illite being …

Dynamics And Sedimentology Of Inner Middle Ground - Nine Foot Shoal, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, Mitchell Alan Granat

OES Theses and Dissertations

The historical, hydrodynamic, and sedimentological development of Inner Middle Ground - Nine Foot Shoal indicates that it is presently in quasi-equilibrium with mutually evasive ebb and flood tidal currents. Bathymetric comparisons among six surveys taken during the past 122 years depict development of the shoal from two linear sand bodies to its present double parabolic morphology. Circulation paths are proposed for each survey.

Information from eight current meter stations on and adjacent to Inner Middle Ground - Nine Foot Shoal were used to determine near-surface and near-bottom tidal current asymmetries and directions. The concepts of bathymetrically diverted currents and mutual …

A Numerical Model For The Prediction Of Tides And Tidal Currents In The Lafayette River, Norfolk, Virginia, G. Mcallister Sisson

OES Theses and Dissertations

A prediction technique for tidal heights and currents in the Lafayette River of Norfolk, Virginia has been formulated and tested by the implementation of a two-dimensional numerical model employing the Navier-Stokes momentum equations and conservation of mass. The model operates on a spatially-fixed rectangular grid system by utilizing a multi-operation finite difference scheme which employs implicit and explicit solutions to the aforementioned equations. Forces due to bottom friction and Coriolis are taken into account. The only open boundary considered in the model is the river mouth, across which tidal height is specified temporally. Collected tidal height and current data at …

Test Variation In The Sand Dollar, Mellita Quinquiesperforata (Leske), George Glynn Rountree

OES Theses and Dissertations

Mellita quinguiesperforata is a common member of the benthos along the eastern coast of North America. This study considers variation of the test within the species, specifically: 1) variation in test weight, 2) variation in the length-width relationship, and 3) the average number of pore pairs in the ambulacral petals.

A total of 844 sand dollars from three localities was utilized: 1) Pass-a-Grill Beach, St. Petersburg, Florida,2) Bird Shoal, Beaufort, North Carolina, and 3) Fisherman Island, Virginia.

Animals were measured for length and width and the dry weight determined. Prediction equations for the size-weight relat1onships were computed for the three …

The Natural History Of The Naked Goby Gobiosoma Bosci (Perciformes: Gobiidae), Leonard L. Nero

OES Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of re ­ production, growth, age, abundance, habitat preference, feeding habit and behavior of the naked goby, Gobiosoma Bosci.

Monthly collections were made from January through December. 1974 in Deary Cove a apart of the Lynnhaven estuary, Virginia Beach, Virginia. All fish were measured and sexed in the field.

Most were returned to the population, the remainder. were removed for food habit analyses, determination of fecundity, degree of gonadal maturity and aging. Habitat­ preference and abundance were determined in the field.

Gobiosoma Bosci appears to be an annual …

Buffalo National River Ecosystems - Part Ii, R. E. Babcock, E. E. Dale, H. C. Macdonald, R. L. Meyer, D. G. Parker, E. B. Smith, K. F. Steele

Technical Reports

The priorities were established for the Buffalo National River Ecosystem Studies through meetings and correspondence with Mr. Roland Wauer and other personnel of the Office of Natural Sciences, Southwest Region of the National Park Service. These priorities were set forth in the appendix of contract no. CX 700050443 dated May 21, 1975.

Research For The Development Of Guidelines For Conducting And Analyzing An Environmental Water Quality Study To Determine Statistically Meaningful Results, Melvin D. Springer

Technical Reports

This report presents and discusses the basic statistical models and methods which are useful to researchers in the field of water resources research, as well as in other fields. These models and methods are presented from the standpoint of type (parametric and nonparametric - or distribution free) and purpose (e.g., simultaneous comparison of several means, comparison of two or more variances, establishment of a difference between two means with a specified confidence, etc.). The material is presented with emphasis primarily upon methodology, including the necessary assumptions upon which each model is based. No derivations or proofs are given, since these …

Response And Recovery To Sediment Influx In The Rappahannock Estuary: A Summary, Maynard M. Nichols, Galen Thompson, Bruce Nelson

VIMS Books and Book Chapters

Flooding from Tropical Stonn Agnes produced unique hydrographic conditions for transport and dispersal of sediment in the Rappahannock and .James estuaries. Analyses indicate two cycles of response and recovery to the shock of extreme freshwater and sediment influx; one cycle in response to Rappahannock inflow; the other to intense mixing within the estuary. Important stages in the sequence consist of: (1) an initial response and seaward surge of river water and sediment; (2) shock with downstream translation of the salt intrusion head with a near-bottom salinity front and high turbidity in surface and in bottom water; (3) rebound with intense …

The Effect Of Tropical Storm Agnes On Heavy Metal And Pesticide Residues In The Eastern Oyster From Southern Chesapeake Bay, M. E. Bender, R. J. Huggett

VIMS Books and Book Chapters

The concentrations of cadmium, copper, and zinc in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, are compared for samples collected before and after Tropical Storm Agnes. The "before" samples consisted of 475 animals from 95 stations collected in January 1971 and the "after" samples of 285 animals from 57 stations collected in January 1973. Shifts in the areal concentrations distributions were observed, apparently due to Agnes. Analyses of hard clams, blue crabs and oysters for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides showed influx of these compounds to be minimal as reflected by the residue levels observed. Comparison of residue levels in oysters to pre-Agnes conditions …