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Articles 331 - 360 of 11181
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Physiology Of Plants Recovering From Defoliation, J H. Richards
Physiology Of Plants Recovering From Defoliation, J H. Richards
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Short-term, whole-plant physiological responses of forage plants to defoliation and the characteristics that allow them to rapidly replace lost tissues are the focus of this review. The physiology of defoliationtolerant plants after moderate to severe defoliation has two distinct phases; the first is a transient period of one to a few days and the second is a readjustment of physiological activity and plant morphogenetic Integration that occurs over several weeks. When whole-plant photosynthetic capacity is reduced by substantial defoliation the effects of reduced carbon supply rapidly propagate through a growing plant, affecting shoot growth, root respiration, nutrient uptake and root …
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Nutrition Of Digitaria Eriantha: Is It Limited By Absorption Capacity Or Rate Of Supply?, M C. Scholes, R J. Scholes, J Retief
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Nutrition Of Digitaria Eriantha: Is It Limited By Absorption Capacity Or Rate Of Supply?, M C. Scholes, R J. Scholes, J Retief
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Digitaria eriantha was grown from seed collected from low and high nutrient habitats. The plants were grown with either a high or low nutrient supply for 12 weeks. Rates of nitrogen and phosphorus absorption were measured on excised roots using colorimetric assays. The grasses from the low nutrient areas achieved the same maximum uptake rates regardless of the level of N supplied, This was not so for the grasses from the high nutrient site which increased their uptake rates with increased N supply. Plants from the low nutrient site showed markedly increased P absorption when supplied with high levels of …
Effect Of Nitrogen In Fertilizer In Combintation With Potassium And Phosphorus On Rangeland Yield In Cameroon, E T. Pamo, S Yonkeu
Effect Of Nitrogen In Fertilizer In Combintation With Potassium And Phosphorus On Rangeland Yield In Cameroon, E T. Pamo, S Yonkeu
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A study was carried out at Wakwa Animal Research Station on the response of natural pasture to nitrogen fertilization in the presence of P 11osphorus and potassium, and a cutting frequency of 4 weeks. A Cmpletely randomized design with 6 replicates was used. Six fertiliser: 0, SO, 100, 150, 200, 2SO units of N/ha in association with 100 units of P and 100 units K after zero timing was applied after every cutting 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, SO units of Nlba were respectively added to plots which received 0, SO, 100, ISO, 200 and 250 units of Uha. Three …
Vegetation Analysis Of Semi-Arid Regions In North-Eastern Iran, M Mesdaghi
Vegetation Analysis Of Semi-Arid Regions In North-Eastern Iran, M Mesdaghi
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Production of semi-arid rangelands under the 3 conditions of complete protection, moderate and severe grazing were evaluated using double sampling techniques, For production, 1 m2 and for canopy coverage, 25x60 cm quadrats were used, In Gholestan National Park, which was protected for 30 years, the grasses Festuca ovi11a, Agropyro11 tricliopliorum, A. imermedium associated with Medlcago saliva and Onobrycl1is spp. dominated. The dry matter yield in this grassland was about 1500 kg/ha. Under moderate grazing on key areas, the yield declined to 700 kg/ha. The percentage of grasses decreased, liut there were still some grasses even in poor conditions. On the …
Termites Have A Minor Role In The Decomposition Of Senescent Grass Tussocks In A Semi-Arid Woodland In Eastern Australia, J C. Noble
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Decomposition of dead tussocks of 2 grass species (Eragrostis eriopoda and Thyridolepis mitchellima) was studied with and without termites present, both in the absence of large ve.rtebrate herbivores, After 3 years, little tussock residues of either species remained icrespective of treatment, but E. er/opoda decayed much more rapidly than T. mitchellia11a during the first 8 months post mortem (c. 275 cf, 13 kg/ha/month respectively). Thereafter, rate of decay differed little between species. Overall, removal of termites had no significant effect, The data presented in this paper therefore suggest that abiotic processes are dominant influences mediating litter decomposition of …
A Bioeconomic Stocking Rate Model For The Semi-Arid Savanna Of Natal, South Africa, G P. Hatch, N M. Tainton
A Bioeconomic Stocking Rate Model For The Semi-Arid Savanna Of Natal, South Africa, G P. Hatch, N M. Tainton
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Grazing trials were conducted on 2 sites located In semi-arid savanna of Natal. Three stocking strategies were applied at each site to provide light, intermediate and heavy stocking. Data collected over 5 seasons were used to.develop a bioeconomic stocking rate model. While individual animal performance and nett return per livestock unit (R/LSU) decreased with increased stocking, net return per ha (Riha) increased, Net return was significantly related (P 0, 01) to rainfall and stocking rate, while no significant effect of range condition was detected. Although Increased stocking may be justified In the short• term, this may be associated with both. …
Use Of Water Balance Models To Examine The Role Of Climate In Annual Legume Decline In Southern Australia, M Blumenthal, R Ison
Use Of Water Balance Models To Examine The Role Of Climate In Annual Legume Decline In Southern Australia, M Blumenthal, R Ison
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
fhe content of annual medic and subclover (Trifo/ium subterraneum) in rasture Leys has been declining in southern Australia over the last decade. The models GROWEST and ASW were used to simulate available soil water, dry matter yield and seed production of a temperate annual pasture legume using actual climatic data for Forbes in 1987-89. GROWEST was also used to predict DM and seed production and the site and composition of the seed bank for the period 1957-89 for the subclover cultivars Dalkeith and Woogenellup. The period 1979-82 consisted of below average seasons with DM yields restricted to below 3000 kg/ha/year. …
Effects Of Fertilizers And Rest On The Overgrazed Semi-Arid Ranges Of Central Anatolia, U Buyukburc
Effects Of Fertilizers And Rest On The Overgrazed Semi-Arid Ranges Of Central Anatolia, U Buyukburc
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
To improve the degenerated natural village pastures of Turkey in semi arid regions, different fertilisers and resting treatments were tested. The experiment was established on two rangelands, which showed different plant communities (Thymus squarrosus L. and Artemisia fragrans L.). Each species was dominant in vegetation and had 38-70% weight of total herbage production. At the beginning of the experiment, the dry yield varied from 200 to 565 kg/ha and the average plant cover was 20- 28.5%. Fertilisers, especially 75 or 100 kg/ha of ammonium sulphate, plus superphosphate, or using equal amount of diammonium phosphate DAP (20+20), significantly increased dry yield …
Pasture Composition Influences Soil Erosion In Eucalyptus Woodlands Of Northern Queensland, J C. Scanlan, J G. Mcivor
Pasture Composition Influences Soil Erosion In Eucalyptus Woodlands Of Northern Queensland, J C. Scanlan, J G. Mcivor
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Runoff and soil loss in grazed Eucalyptus woodlands of north Queensland were monitored over a 5-year period. As ground cover increased, runoff and soil loss decreased. When cover exceeded 50%, runoff and erosion were small. Ground cover was a function of standing dry mailer which decreased as tree cover and stocking rate increased and differed between pasture types. Simulated soil losses from these woodlands was <10-2800 kg/ha/year, and runoff was 5- 16 mm/year. Annual soil losses (simulated) were proportional to the square of the annual simulated runoff.
Physiological Response Of White Clover Genotypes To Water Deficit, D J. Barker, J R. Caradus, M T. Mcmanus
Physiological Response Of White Clover Genotypes To Water Deficit, D J. Barker, J R. Caradus, M T. Mcmanus
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Three plants from each of 2 white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars, Grasslands Kopu and a breeding line selected from germplasm of Syrian origin, were grown in large pots of soil and physiological characteristics measured during a continuous drying phase of 18-37 days. By the end of the experiment, leaf water potential was -2.5 MPa, gravimetric soil water content was 13% (considerably lower than -1.5 MPa), and leaf relative water content was 60%. A 91- fold increase in leaf praline concentration indicated that water stress had altered plant metabolism. Differences in the rate of soil drying occurred between eultivars, but …
Forecasting Annual Drought Conditions For Arid And Semi-Arid Rangelands, C L. Hanson, J R. Wight
Forecasting Annual Drought Conditions For Arid And Semi-Arid Rangelands, C L. Hanson, J R. Wight
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Long-term weather forecasts (>14 days) have improved, but still lack accurate enough information to be valuable; thus, drought forecasts must be based on historical records and calculated probabilities of occurrence. The use of regression techniques to investigate linear dependence between current and preceding years' precipitation or forage yield is illustrated. A 3-state Markov process is used to determine relationships between below-average, average and aboveaverage consecutive annual herbage yields, and winter and spring precipitation amounts. Methods for using natl/ml resource simulation models to forecast ecosystem components such as herbage production, runoff, and erosion with their associated probabilities of occurrence are …
Effects Of An Existing Lucerne Sward On Establishment And Productivity Of Three Over Drilled Grass Species, A Z. Ayalsew, B A. Mckenzie, M L. Smetham
Effects Of An Existing Lucerne Sward On Establishment And Productivity Of Three Over Drilled Grass Species, A Z. Ayalsew, B A. Mckenzie, M L. Smetham
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Effects of contrasting lucerne (Medicago saliva L.) cover (open versus closed canopy) on establishment of overdrilled Bromus wifldeowii Kunth cv. Grasslands Matua prairie grass, Pllalari:r aq11a1ica L. cv. Grasslands Matu phalaris and Loli11m pere111Ie L cv. Grasslands Nui perennial ryegrass were investigated. Prairie grass seedling survival was unaffected by lucerne cover at 84%. However, survival of ryegrass and phalaris was reduced to 35 and 46% of their respective values 'under open canopy. Productivity of all 3 species was affected by canopy state. Leaf area per plant, tiller number per plant and dry matter production were all lower under …
Seasonal Water Use And Productivity Of Lucerne-Grass Pastures, B A. Mckensize, R J. Lucas, P Gyamtsho
Seasonal Water Use And Productivity Of Lucerne-Grass Pastures, B A. Mckensize, R J. Lucas, P Gyamtsho
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A. long-term grazing experiment at Lincoln University examined the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of pure lucerne (Medicago saliva L.), luceme plus Grasslands Matua prairie grass (Bromus wildenowii Kunth.) and lucerne plus Grasslands Maru phalaris (Phalaris aqualica L.). Pure lucerne, lucerne-phalaris and lucerneprairie yielded 12.7, 11.6 and 10.4 t DM/ha/year. Production from deep soils was 16% greater than from shallow soils. Over a 6 month growth cycle from 29 Sept 88 until 16 May 89 total evapotranspiration did not vary between pasture types and mean water use was 378 mm. Water use was 10% higher on …
The Piosphere Effect Of A Goat Corral On The Productivity Of Arid Mediterranean-Type Rangelands In Northern Chile, S Lailhacar, A Mansilla, L Faundez, P Tonini
The Piosphere Effect Of A Goat Corral On The Productivity Of Arid Mediterranean-Type Rangelands In Northern Chile, S Lailhacar, A Mansilla, L Faundez, P Tonini
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Arid rangelands of northern Chile consist of open shrub formations associated with a seasonal herbaceous stratum. Small pastoralists (comuneros) use the available fodder fer goat raising, by managing individual flocks under continuous grazing. Since each flock spends nights in a corral, a piosphere effect has evolved around it. Through radial transects and quadrals starling from the corral, cover, density, diversity and yield were determined for herbaceous and woody species. Except for shrub diversity and herbage yield, all other total variables showed significant increments with distance. When individual species were considered, different response trends were observed. Some species decreased, others increased, …
Tactical Grazing Can Help Maintain Stability Of Semi-Arid Wooded Grasslands, K C. Hodgkinson
Tactical Grazing Can Help Maintain Stability Of Semi-Arid Wooded Grasslands, K C. Hodgkinson
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Arid and semi-arid wooded grasslands in Australia and elsewhere are prone to soil and plant productivity decline when used for pastoral production. Typically, degradation is characterised by woody plant increase, palatable perennial grass decline, unpalatable grass increase and lowered productive capacity of the soil, New grazing management that maintains productivity of plant and soil resources and sustains rehabilitation is required. In a grazing experiment on a mulga (Acacia aneura) woodland, grazing-induced death and impaired seed productivity were observed in palatable perennial grasses. A tactical grazing management to prevent an adverse change in pasture composition and productivity was designed involving progressively …
Temporal Patterns Of Soil Loss In Tropical Grazing Lands, D J. Myles, A J. Pressland, J C. Scanlan, P D. Fleming
Temporal Patterns Of Soil Loss In Tropical Grazing Lands, D J. Myles, A J. Pressland, J C. Scanlan, P D. Fleming
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Rates of soil erosion in grazing lands of north Queensland were measured at 3 sites over 3 years. Within years, soil loss was highest during summer, even though rainfall was often higher in autumn than in summer. This pattern is explained by lower cover and higher rainfall intensities during summer than autumn. Grazing management should aim at having sufficient cover at the end of the dry season (September-October) to prevent soil loss from high intensity storm rains common at this time of year.
Management Strategies To Improve Indigenous Meat Goat Productivity In Semi-Arid Areas Of Southern Africa, L R. Ndlovu
Management Strategies To Improve Indigenous Meat Goat Productivity In Semi-Arid Areas Of Southern Africa, L R. Ndlovu
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The semi-arid areas of southern Africa are characterised by low and erratic rainfall coupled with sandy soils which result in severe fluctuations in feed quality and quantity. Goats are an important component of farming systems in these areas but their meat production is constrained by shortage of feed in the dry season. Young goats are particularly vulnerable and management systems that prevent weight loss during the dry season are needed. Positive growth rates in kids· aged 8-60 weeks were obtained in response to feeding 200-400 g of Dolichos lablab (a drought-tolerant fodder) or Acacia lorti/is pods (a naturally occurring feed …
Infiltration Measurements In The Semi-Arid Woodlands Of Eastern Australia- A Comparison Of Methods, R S.B Greene
Infiltration Measurements In The Semi-Arid Woodlands Of Eastern Australia- A Comparison Of Methods, R S.B Greene
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The infillracion race of bare, scony, runoff zones of a massive red earth soil in a semi-arid woodland was measured using a disc permeameter (waler supply potential +10 mm), rainfall simulalor and a i arge, bounded, runoff plol, The steady slate infiltration race measured with the disc permeameter was higher than Chai measured wilh the rainfall simulator, Raindrop impact and overland flow effecls wilh the rainfall simulator rearranged parlicles at Che soil surface and resulced in Che formalion or a rain-induced crust. This cruse had a lower infillralion rate than Che surface formed wilh the disc permeameler. The infillrationratcmeasured with …
Plant Demography And Grassland Community Balance: The Contribution Of Population Regulation Mechanisms, David D. Briske, Jonathan W. Silvertown
Plant Demography And Grassland Community Balance: The Contribution Of Population Regulation Mechanisms, David D. Briske, Jonathan W. Silvertown
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
It is widely recognised that many grassland communities are stable,though the mechanisms that maintain this stability are only poorly understood. We identify and discuss processes that contribute to stability at three levels of grassland organisation: 1) the individual plant, 2) the population, and 3) the community. At the level of the individual plant, the classical theory of apical dominance does not consistently explain the response of tiller recruitment to defoliation. At the level of the population, conclusions regarding tiller recruitment in response to radiation quality in the competitive neighbourhood and the contribution of dormant axillary buds to annual tiller recruitment …
Herbage Yields Of Barley And Hungarian Vetch Or Hairy Vetch At Different Seeding Rates, M Munzur
Herbage Yields Of Barley And Hungarian Vetch Or Hairy Vetch At Different Seeding Rates, M Munzur
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
In a 2-year trial under dryland conditions on fallow land, an experiment was conducted to determine herbage quantity and quality of the mixtures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) or hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) grown at different seeding rates. Barley-vetch seeding rates were %: 100-0, 80-20, 60-40, 40-60, 20-80, 0-100. Seeding rates at 100% were 300 and 200 viable seeds/m2 for barley and vetches, respectively. Mean herbage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields were different (P<0.05) among seeding rates with a 2-year average yield of 2058- 4742 kg DM/ha and 233-508 kg CP/ha. Botanical composition of the mixtures, based on weight, was generally 24-48% and 20-43% for Hungarian vetch and hairy vetch respectively, The best seeding rates in terms of herbage yield and crude protein yield were 20-80 or 40- 60, which are those equivalent to 60-160 or 120-120 seeds/m2 for barley and vetches, respectively. Mixtures of barley-vetches gave a better performance than barley or vetches grown alone.
Control Rumex Obtusifolius L. By Manipulating Grass Seeding Rate For Re-Establishment Of Pasture, M Nashiki, R Meguro, T Suyama
Control Rumex Obtusifolius L. By Manipulating Grass Seeding Rate For Re-Establishment Of Pasture, M Nashiki, R Meguro, T Suyama
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
For the renovation of deteriorated pastures O\\'ing to the invasion of Rumex obtusifollus L. sprout, manipulation of seeding rate of pasture plants was Investigated to reduce R. obtusifolius. In an autumn-sown sward, Loilum perenne L. was sown at 100, 300, 600, 1000 and 2000 g/a, Dactylis glomerata L. at 600 gta, and a mixture of 6 species were sown together with SO g/a of R, obtusifolius. Plant density and dry weight of R. obtusifolius declined clearly at high rates (1000 and 2000 g/a) of L. perenne compared with low rates, though this difference was likely to disappear …
An Approach For Testing The Ecological Amplitude Of Herbage Cultivars, B D. Campbell
An Approach For Testing The Ecological Amplitude Of Herbage Cultivars, B D. Campbell
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A technique is described for testing the response of cultivars to environmental factors using crossed, controlled gradients of mineral nutrient supply and simulated grazing. The usefulness of the technique was tested by growing the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar Melle and the cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar Sylvan in isolation and in a complex mixture on the matrix. Contour maps of the frequency of tillers of the cultivars after 2 years' growth indicated that Melle is better suited to high fertility, heavily stocked sites. The technique may be useful as a compact, standardised method for cultivar testing.
Potential Role Of Some Alternative Perennial Legume Species For Low Fertility, Summer-Dry Hill Country, M B. Dodd
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Limitations to perennial legume persistence and growth in summerdry hill country pastures of New Zealand may be overcome by the development of better-adapted species and cultivars. Ten alternative temperate perennial legume species were grown in a typical hill soil to evaluate herbage growth, morphology and flowering characteristics. Comparison was made with a commonly used standard white clover cultivar. Key species for further development have been identified,
Multi-Species Mixtures As A Pasture Research Technique, D Scott
Multi-Species Mixtures As A Pasture Research Technique, D Scott
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
From the hypothesis that each pasture species has a particular management-environmental niche to which it is best suited, it is suggested that an appropriate screening technique is to sow a range of species into the system of interest and let natural selection show species suitability. This is demonstrated in one trial in rangeland and another in developed pastureland.
Elephantgrass Establishment In Morogoro, Tanzania, E J. Mtemgeti, D Wilman
Elephantgrass Establishment In Morogoro, Tanzania, E J. Mtemgeti, D Wilman
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
In 2 field experiments in Morogoro, Tanzania, 2 methods of establishing elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum) were compared: (a) the traditional method in which stem sections were planted with 2 nodes covered with soil and a third node exposed, and (b) horizontal planting of stem sections, buried below 6 cm of soil. The yield of leaf plus "stem" 12 weeks after planting was 35-39% higher with the horizontal method than with the traditional one. The number of tillers produced from the centre node of the 3 planted in each stem section was not much affected by the method of planting, …
Seed Production And Autumn Germination As Determinants Of The Success Of Subterranean Clover In A Cool Temperate Environment, M L. Smetham, S Hines, D W. Jack
Seed Production And Autumn Germination As Determinants Of The Success Of Subterranean Clover In A Cool Temperate Environment, M L. Smetham, S Hines, D W. Jack
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A field experiment examined seed production and autumn germination of subterranean clovers (Trifolium subterraneum L.) In an area of New Zealand with a mean annual rainfall of 62S mm and dry summers. In the fourth autumn, out of 42 accessions, only 10 produced more than the 1000 seedlings/m2 and had seed reserves in excess of the 240 kg/ha considered necessary for success. Of the named cultivars only the early-flowering cv. Geraldton exceeded these thresholds whereas cv. Seaton Park, Woogenellup, Mount Barker and Tallarook did not. All lines had In excess of 50% hard seed 3 weeks after the autumn …
Botanical Composition, Improvement Intervention And Cattle Weight Gain Of Natural Pastures Of Western Ethiopia, L Gizachew, A Tadesse, A Hassen
Botanical Composition, Improvement Intervention And Cattle Weight Gain Of Natural Pastures Of Western Ethiopia, L Gizachew, A Tadesse, A Hassen
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The dominant indigenous grass and legume species in the highland (above 2000 m) and mid-altitude (1600-2000 m) parts of western Ethiopia were determined. Grasslands in the high altitude contain a higher proportion of a nutritious grass and legume species than grasslands in the mid altitude. Fertiliser, manuring and legume oversowing improved dry matter yield and live-weight gains of grazing animals. Incorporating forage legumes into natural pastures by oversowing is the best pasture improvement strategy.
Factors Affecting The Distribution Of Microlaena Stipoides On The Northern Tablelands Of New South Wales, D B. Magcale-Macandog, R.D B. Whalley
Factors Affecting The Distribution Of Microlaena Stipoides On The Northern Tablelands Of New South Wales, D B. Magcale-Macandog, R.D B. Whalley
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The eJClent of and the factors affecting the disllibution of Microlaena sllpoldeJ on the Northern Tablelands of NSW were examined in a SHH:) of 102 paddocks on 33 properties. Relationships between the abundance of M. stilpoides and spatial, climatic and pasture management factors were determined udng 'X} tests. Paddocks with more abundant M. s,ipoides were obse1Yed in the eastern and southern parts of the Tablelands where alcitudc and rainfall are higher. Tree densit) also had a posilive association with its abundance as it grows well under shade. Cultivation and sowing of exotic pasture species initially eliminated 01 reduced the abundance …
Seedling Emergence And Survival Of Medicago Minima And Erodium Cicutarium In Semi-Arid Argentina, D E. Fresnillo-Fedorenko, O Elia, O A. Fernandez, C A. Busso
Seedling Emergence And Survival Of Medicago Minima And Erodium Cicutarium In Semi-Arid Argentina, D E. Fresnillo-Fedorenko, O Elia, O A. Fernandez, C A. Busso
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The emergence from naturally deposited seed of Medicago minima (L,) Grufb. var. minima (Mm) and Erodium circutarium (L.) L'Heril. (Ee) seedlings, and subsequent seedling survival, was studied under different levels of herbaceous vegetation cover in the Calden District ( 10 million ha) of semi-arid Argentina. Five cohorts of Mm seedlings and one of Ee were monitored throughout the 1989 growing season. Seedling emergence of Mm in areas with bare soil patches was about twice that in covered areas, while no differences in emergence of Ee between vegetation stales were found. Survival rates of Mm were lower In areas with bare …
Recovery And Germination Of Switchgrass Seed Fed To Cattle, W R. Ocumpaugh, J W. Stuth, S R. Archer
Recovery And Germination Of Switchgrass Seed Fed To Cattle, W R. Ocumpaugh, J W. Stuth, S R. Archer
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Mature rumen-cannulated crossbred steers (Bos spp.) maintained on a bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) hay diet were rumen ally dosed with switchgrass cv. Alamo (Panicum virgatum L.) seed. Seed we1e recovered from faeces (3 steers in Trial 1 and 7 steers in Trial 2) collected at 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post-feeding, Laboratory germination tests conducted on ·recovered seed indicated that germination decreased by 0,7 to 1.0 percentage unit/hour of rCllident time in the gastrointestinal tract. Variation was observed among steers within and among trials for a number of seed traits measured, but there was …