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Articles 481 - 510 of 11182
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
White Clover To Improve Natural Grasslands In Southern Brazil, N R. Paim
White Clover To Improve Natural Grasslands In Southern Brazil, N R. Paim
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Nine white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars, among them 2 bred in Rio Grande do Sul, were evaluated in association with annuai ryegrass and pensacola bahiagrass. In a plot experiment, during 4 years, 17 harvests were cut to determine lhe dry matter (DM) yield of the mixture components. The annual ryegrass produced in· the first year 1634 kg/ha OM and in the second year, by natural reseeding, only 120 kg/ha. The pensacola bahiagrass increased DM yield from 954 kg/ha in the second year to 4588 kg/ha in the fourth year without any nitrogen (N) fertilisation. The while clover …
Relative Performance Of Three Cultivars Of Late-Heading Perennial Ryegrass Continuously Stocks By Ewes And Lambs, H Clark
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Three cultivars of late-heading perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were continuously but variably stocked with ewes and lambs so as to maintain steady state sward conditions. Net herbage production (NHP) was estimated by following the turnover of tissue on individually marked tillers and monitoring tiller numbers. Animal productivity was measured as lamb live-weight gain and ewe liveweight change and utilised metabolisable energy (UMB) estimated. The cultivars were S23, Melle and Mascot which were categorised outclassed, recommended and rejected, respectively, by the UK's National Institute of Agricultural Botany, NHP rankings for the cultivars (S23==100) were Melle 104 and Mascot 95 …
Grasslands Prestige (G39), A White Clover Cultivar Originating From Northern New Zealand, B M. Cooper, D F. Chapman
Grasslands Prestige (G39), A White Clover Cultivar Originating From Northern New Zealand, B M. Cooper, D F. Chapman
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
G39 white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a cultivar of similar leaf size to Grasslands Huia, but with characteristically greater stolon numbers per unit area of pasture, It was bred for sheep-grazing systems from clover ecolypes collected and evaluated in northern New Zealand. Twelve parent plants tolerant of stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) and leaf diseases, with better productivity than Huia, were selected. G39 was evaluated in Northland and at sites elsewhere in New Zealand, G39 produced more clover dry matter (DM) than Huia under rotational sheep grazing in Northland. At a hill country site in the southern North· …
Herbage Intake, Digestibility Characteristics And Milk Production Of A Diploid And Two Tetraploid Cultivars Of Perennial Ryegrass, I W. Hageman, E A. Lantinga, H Schlepers, J H. Neuteboom
Herbage Intake, Digestibility Characteristics And Milk Production Of A Diploid And Two Tetraploid Cultivars Of Perennial Ryegrass, I W. Hageman, E A. Lantinga, H Schlepers, J H. Neuteboom
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
In a rotational grazing experiment with dairy cows on monocullures of a diploid and 2 tetraploid cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), at a high herbage allowance the average daily production of fat and protein together was significantly higher on the tetraploids. This was associated with a difference in herbage intake of on average 0.6 kg/cow/day of organic matter and a higher concentration of volatile fatty acids and a lower pH in the rumen.
Development And Evaluation Of Lolium Multiflorum Cultivars To Maximize Winter Production And Extend The Growing Season, D.C W. Goodenough, J.D H. Reusch
Development And Evaluation Of Lolium Multiflorum Cultivars To Maximize Winter Production And Extend The Growing Season, D.C W. Goodenough, J.D H. Reusch
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
In autumn-sown, irrigated Lolium multiflorum cultivar evaluation trials conducted at various centres covering most of the Republic of South Africa, Westerwolds-type cultivars consistently outyielded Italian-type cultivars during the critical winter months, In contrast, during spring and, in a few .cultivars, during early summer, Italian type cultivars were superior to Westerwolds types, Results are also given for a breeding programme aimed at improving winter, spring and summer production, increasing dry matter (DM) content and enhancing resistance to rust (Pucclnta coronata Corda),
Persistence And Production Of Perennial Grasses In Southern Western Australia, C M. Saunders
Persistence And Production Of Perennial Grasses In Southern Western Australia, C M. Saunders
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Persistence of 12 genera of perennial grasses was examined on 2 soil types at Green Range (annual rainfall 600 mm), in southern Western Australia, Tall wheat grass was found to be a good all round performer iit terms of persistence and production with 78-79% survival and an average dry matter (DM) production of 61 kg/ha/day. Four cultivars of Festuca ar11ndinacea were in the top 6 performers at the wetter site, producing .58-66 kg/ha/day during the sampling period even though their plant survival was less than 62%. VSPG006 (now released as Roper) and Kangaroo Valley perennial ryegrasses had significantly • better …
Using Cytoplasmic Male Sterility In Improving Forage Productivity Of Sorghum, A A. Young, M A. Nasr, M E. Mousa, M A. Harfoush
Using Cytoplasmic Male Sterility In Improving Forage Productivity Of Sorghum, A A. Young, M A. Nasr, M E. Mousa, M A. Harfoush
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Bighteen sorghum-sudan grass hybrids were produced by crossing 3 male fertile lines of sudan grass to different cytoplasmic male sterile lines of grain sorghum. Hybrids were evaluated with their male parents and 7 check varieties including. 6 commercial hybrids, at 4 experimental stations: Sakha, Gemmeiza, Sids and Ciba Geigy, in summer 1989. The objectives of the study were: I) to assess hybrid vigour, and 2) select the superior hybrids to be used in commercial production in Egypt. From the data obtained in this investigation, the best productivity of green and dry yield were from the F1 hybrids of ms line …
Preliminary Isozyme Studies On Chloris Gayana (Rhodes Grass), P A. York
Preliminary Isozyme Studies On Chloris Gayana (Rhodes Grass), P A. York
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) identified enzyme systems for use as selectable genetic markers and/or polymorphic loci for cultivllf differentiation, Most enzymes from crushed leaves of Rhodes grass showed anodal migration; but peroxidases exhibited Vllfiation in a multitude of anodal and cathodal bands. Glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase had a single; locus-zone. Malic enzyme had one clear zone, but possibly another and a trace of cathodal activity, while phosphoglucose isomerase comprised two, designated PGl-1 and PGI-2, as did superoxide dismut115e (SOD-1 and SOD-2). Phosphoglucomutase had a clear fast and a fainter, slower zone-locus. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase …
Grassland Investigation And Mapping Using Remote Sensing In Northern China, Liu Fuyuan, Li Znegyuan, Han Jinaguoguez, Xia Jingxin
Grassland Investigation And Mapping Using Remote Sensing In Northern China, Liu Fuyuan, Li Znegyuan, Han Jinaguoguez, Xia Jingxin
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A large area of grassland in north China is an important resource for animal production, The grassland vegetations of north China were investigated and mapped by means of remote sensing from 1986 to 1990, We adopted various multiple information and multitime phase satellite images which were taken to allow optical and computer processing for complicated cases and difficult areas of grassland classification, The grasslands were divided into 8 different types and 50 groups according to surface features of Landsat images, ecological environment and vegetation analysis, The warm shrub and herbosa grassland, which ls distributed mainly in the rocky mountainous regions, …
Grazing Management For The Control Of Vulpia Spp. In Pastures, C E. Jones, R.D B. Whalley
Grazing Management For The Control Of Vulpia Spp. In Pastures, C E. Jones, R.D B. Whalley
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The effect of strategic grating in spring and autumn on seed production, recruitment and seedling survival of Vulp/11 spp. was assessed in experiments at 2 sites near Armidale on the northern Tablelands of New South Wales. V11lpia spp. field populations in 1992 in autumn-grazed plots which had been heavily grazed in the previous spring were reduced 97.391, at Site 1 and 91,291, at Site 2 in comparison with similar plots which had not been grazed in the previous spring. These reductions were greater than could have been obtained by either winter cleaning or spraytopping with herbicide, the currently recommended management …
Sustainability Of A Rocky Grassland Association Over Four Decades, K Torok, G Kosa
Sustainability Of A Rocky Grassland Association Over Four Decades, K Torok, G Kosa
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The monitoring of vegetation changes Is essential for predicting the direction of future changes. Historic Braun-Blanquet type relev6s of a grassland association were resampled after 4 decades. Ordination techniques were applied to the joint data set. Important displacement of the relev6s was observed in the ordination space, though there is no complete separation of the historic and recent relev6s. No consistent change in species number, no decrease in diversity was experienced, The displacement of relev6s was the consequence of shif'l in the spectrum of life strategies of species: invasion of annuals, The cause of this shif'l may be the increased …
Effect Of Excreta On Stolon Development Of White Clover Under Continuous Cattle Grazing, M I. Rebuffo, R Snaydon, J Morrison
Effect Of Excreta On Stolon Development Of White Clover Under Continuous Cattle Grazing, M I. Rebuffo, R Snaydon, J Morrison
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The effects of cattle excreta on white clover growth in perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures were studied under continuous grazing. During 2 6-week periods in June-July and September-October. Caltle selectively grazed the sward where urine had been recently voided and subsequently grazed these areas more fequently than other areas, while grazing the sward adjacent to the dung pats less intensively than other areas. Despite differences in of herbage mass and light interception resulting from altered grazing patterns, dung did not affect the density of white clover (Trifolium repens L,) growing points or the number of branches per stolo1i in the …
Allelopathic Effects Of Endophyte In Perennial Ryegrass Residues On Young Subterranean Clover Plants, F J. Snell, P E. Quigley
Allelopathic Effects Of Endophyte In Perennial Ryegrass Residues On Young Subterranean Clover Plants, F J. Snell, P E. Quigley
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Earlier research in Australia and New Zealand has shown that legume growth and persistence may be reduced in the presence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) which frequently contains the endophyte Acreonium lolli Mechanisms to explain these effects need further elucidation. A pot experiment, conducted in a glasshouse, showed that a mulch of senescent perennial ryegrass, which frequently contained A. lolli, reduced the standard of nodulation, root length and shoot and root dry weight of 32-day-old subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean L.) plants, compared with those grown with mulches which contained less endophyte. The growth of clover plants grown …
Agronomic Behavior Of Binary Mixtures In Basque Country Pastures, M Oyanarte, C Bastida, M Rodriguez
Agronomic Behavior Of Binary Mixtures In Basque Country Pastures, M Oyanarte, C Bastida, M Rodriguez
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The present work deals with the total yield and botanical composition of binary mixed pastures resulting from paired combinations of 8 grasses (Italian, perennial and hybrid ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue, timothy, meadow softgrass and prairie grass) and 3 legumes (red clover, white clover and birdsfoot trefoil) with two levels of N, 160 and 320 kg/ha, during a 2-year field trial. In both years prairie grass was the most productive grass in the different combinations and its yield increased considerably with the high rate of N. Cocksfoot and timothy were slow to establish but in the second year they yielded well, …
Establishing Alfalfa Without Tillage, D W. Koch
Establishing Alfalfa Without Tillage, D W. Koch
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Establishing alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) without prior tillage offers advantages over traditional methods in terms of reducing energy and labour requirements, erosion hazard and improving timeliness of operation. An economic advantage to the no-till method has been apparent in recent years. Alfalfa was seeded without prior tillage.after annual crops and into perennial sods. Alfalfa was no-till seeded into perennial sod with less than 10% of the energy and labour required by the conventional tillage method. Alfalfa no-till seeded less than 1 week after sod was treated with glyphosate, was less vigorous and yielded less the seeding year than alfalfa …
Effect Of Manipulative Management Options On A Degraded Pasture Within The Astrebla Spp. Grazing Lands Of Western Queensland, J J. Bushell, J A. Reynolds, D C. Cowan, D G. Phelps, J A. Milson
Effect Of Manipulative Management Options On A Degraded Pasture Within The Astrebla Spp. Grazing Lands Of Western Queensland, J J. Bushell, J A. Reynolds, D C. Cowan, D G. Phelps, J A. Milson
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A reduction in Aslrebla spp., and an increase in less palatable and less desirable forbs (Malvastmm americanum Psoralea cinerea), was identified as a problem in some paddocks of the Astrebla grazing lands of central western Queensland's clay soils. To determine possible rehabilitation for these pastures and assist the recovery of Astrebla spp,, a 2-year experiment was conducted near Muttaburra, Queensland (460 mm average annual rainfall), Six main treatments (nil, tine ripping, herbicide, slashing, fire, and a pioneering grass) were combined in a 6x2x2 split piot structure with grazed/not grazed and with additional Astrebla lappacea seed sown/not sown. Interim …
Autumn Management Of Grass-Legume Pasture, D P. Belesky, J M. Fedders, A S. Laidlaw
Autumn Management Of Grass-Legume Pasture, D P. Belesky, J M. Fedders, A S. Laidlaw
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Duration of autumn grazing may affect the long-term balance of grass and legume in a sward. Effects of early and late autumn closing dates were studied on productivity and morphology of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and white clover (Trifolium repens) in replicated grazed swards. Early-closed paddocks continued to accumulate herbage during autumn, resulting in greater winter senescence than late-closed paddocks. Spring-cut herbage mass was not affected by autumn management; however, late closing had significantly more clover than early closing. Early-closed paddocks were grass domlnanl, with few relatively large tillers and few clover growing points compared with late-closed …
Changes In Productivity Associated With Replacement Of Heteropogon Cotortus By Aristida Species And Chrysopogon Fallax In The Savannas Of South East Queensland, F P. Wandera, P C. Kerridge, J A. Taylor, H M. Shelton
Changes In Productivity Associated With Replacement Of Heteropogon Cotortus By Aristida Species And Chrysopogon Fallax In The Savannas Of South East Queensland, F P. Wandera, P C. Kerridge, J A. Taylor, H M. Shelton
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Heteropogon contortus-dominated rangelands, which cover 22 million ha, are the most important areas for beef production in northern Australia. Due to overgrazing, this dominant species ,is disappearing and is being replaced by unpalatable species such as Aristida and Chrysopogon in a patchy mosaic pattern. In a large graiing experiment· adjacent to the CSIRO Narayen research station: in south-east Queensland on granite country, patches dominated bf the unpalatable grasses comprised 24-32% of the area. Aristida-dominant and Chrysopogon-dominant patches had lower productivity (1000 and 650 kg/ha, respectively) than areas dominated by Heteropogon contorus (1850 kg/ha). It was estimated that a rangeland …
Dynamics Of Stylosanthes Species In Mixed Pastures In A Marginal Environment, J G. Mcivor, C J. Gardener
Dynamics Of Stylosanthes Species In Mixed Pastures In A Marginal Environment, J G. Mcivor, C J. Gardener
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The growth and population dynamics of Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and S. scabra cv. Seca were measured in mixed, oversown pastures at Hillgrove (AAR=535 mm) near Charters Towers. Over a 10-year period mean stylo yields ranged from 20 kg/ha to 1800 kg/ha. During the first 3 years Verano outyielded Seca but in the last 7 years Seca had greater yields. Plant density was greater for Verano lhan Seca during the early years but the situation was reversed in later years. The Seca plants lived longer than Verano plants and there was a greater proportion of perennial plants in the Seca …
Distribution And Abundance Of Plant Species In Pastures And Rangelands, John G. Mcivor
Distribution And Abundance Of Plant Species In Pastures And Rangelands, John G. Mcivor
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The competition-stress-disturbance (CSD) model of Grime (Plant strategies and vegetation processes, New York, John Wiley 1979) is used as the basis for discussing the forces that influence the distribution and abundan.ce. of plant species. Characteristics of plant strategies (competitive, ruderal and stress-tolerator) in both the established and regenerative phases are summarised. Pasture management can be viewed as the manipulation of competition, stress and disturbance. A number of pasture situations ( disturbance-diversity relationships, pasture degradation, weed invasion, management of abandoned farm land, species conservation) are analysed in ecological terms and the consequences for pasture management are outlined. The CSD model can …
Aspects Of Interference Between Nodding Thistle (Carduus Nutans L.) And Pasture Grasses And Legumes, D A. Wardle, K S. Nicholson, A Rahman
Aspects Of Interference Between Nodding Thistle (Carduus Nutans L.) And Pasture Grasses And Legumes, D A. Wardle, K S. Nicholson, A Rahman
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Nodding thistle (Carduus nutans L.) is an important weed species in New Zealand pastures. The available information on interactions between this species and forage grasses and legumes is summarised and discussed. Nodding thistle inhibits pasture productivity, and allclopathy is probably Important at inhibiting pasture at the later stages of its life cycle. Although, nodding thistle is most susceptible to inhibition by forage species early in its life cycle, a minimum pasture cover may be required for seedlings to establish. Nodding thistle therefore acts as a competitor only at the later stages of its development. Grasses arc both stronger at inhibiting …
Effects Of Herbicides And Fertilizers On Ragwort (Senecio Jacobaea L.) In Hill Country Pastures, A Rahman, K S. Nicholson, D A. Wardle
Effects Of Herbicides And Fertilizers On Ragwort (Senecio Jacobaea L.) In Hill Country Pastures, A Rahman, K S. Nicholson, D A. Wardle
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A 3-year study was conducted lo determine the influence of 2 herbicides (2,4-D and glyphosate) and 3 fertilisers (containing N, P or K), in conjunctiun with pasture renovation, on ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) populations and pasture productivity in a perennial ryegrass-white clover hill country pasture. Glyphosate-treated plots often contained higher ragwort numbers than 2,4-D treated plots, probably because the glyphosate treatment caused greater discontinuity of pasture. Both N and P fertilisers had a consistently strong beneficial effect on pasture, which resulted in substantial inhibition of ragwort populations. During the end of each of the first 2 years of the …
Regeneration Of Themeda Triandra In Humid South African Rangelands, K Adams, J E. Danckwerts
Regeneration Of Themeda Triandra In Humid South African Rangelands, K Adams, J E. Danckwerts
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Themeda triandra seeds were planted into undisturbed, burnt and tilled treatments in degenerate humid grassland. More seedlings emerged and survived on tilled soil than on the other two treatments. The plants on the tilled treatments were also larger (had more tillers with greater mass than the other two). The effect of tillage was attributed to removal of competition from undesirable competitors, which seems essential in the reintroduction of T. triandra into humid grasslands of South Africa.
Effects Of The Fire Regime On Grassland And Savanna Rangelands In Southern Africa, Winston S.W Trollope
Effects Of The Fire Regime On Grassland And Savanna Rangelands In Southern Africa, Winston S.W Trollope
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Fire is regarded as a natural factor of the environment in southern Africa and the effect of fire on rangeland depends upon the fire regime, i.e., type and intensity of fire and season and frequency of burning, The most common types of fire in grassland and savanna areas are surface fires burning either as head or back fires. Head fires have the least depressive effect on the recovery of the grass sward and cause high« topkill of stems and branches of trees and shrubs than back r1res, Fire intensity has no significant effect on the recovery of the grass sward …
Sward Characteristics Of A Diploid And Tetraploid Cultivar Of Perennial Ryegrass As Measured By Different Sampling Techniques, J H. Neuteboom, E A. Lantinga, H Schlepers, L 'T Mannetje
Sward Characteristics Of A Diploid And Tetraploid Cultivar Of Perennial Ryegrass As Measured By Different Sampling Techniques, J H. Neuteboom, E A. Lantinga, H Schlepers, L 'T Mannetje
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
In a grazing experiment with monocultures of 2 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars it was found that over a 6-year period the tiller density of the tetraploid Condesa was on average 27% lower than that of the diploid Wendy. The lower tiller density of Condesa went along with a more open sward structure and higher weed proportions after 6 years, Sward structure was suitably characterised by means of absence frequency estimations of rooted perennial ryegrass tillers from concentric sampling quadrats.
Effect Of Localized And Epsidodic Nutrient Supplies And Salinity On Growth Of Selected Grass Species, M M. Wolfson, J Caetano
Effect Of Localized And Epsidodic Nutrient Supplies And Salinity On Growth Of Selected Grass Species, M M. Wolfson, J Caetano
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The efficient use of non•uniform nutrient supplies may be an important component of plant nutrient relationships in soils, especially where inputs of available nutrients by mineralisation may be slow and unpredictable. The experiments reported here examined the effects of periodic supplies of nutrients as well as localised nutrient supplies on the growth of grass species which are common in cultivated soils and pastures. Most plants cannot produce significant yields when grown under saline conditions owing to the difficulty the plant has adjusting to the osmotic potential of the growth medium and its limited capacity to cope with accumulated c1· and …
Analysis Of A Natural Pasture Of The Karst Region (North-East Italy) Under Chemical Fertilization, G Parente, R Ardiani, F Bozzo, M Onofrii, M Scimone, S Venerus
Analysis Of A Natural Pasture Of The Karst Region (North-East Italy) Under Chemical Fertilization, G Parente, R Ardiani, F Bozzo, M Onofrii, M Scimone, S Venerus
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
To characterise the vegetation changes in a natural pasture, a mineral fertilisation and a 4-year grazing test (1987-1990) were carried out on a typical karstic natural grassland, at that time not grazed by livestock and frequently devastated by fire. Mineral fertiliser and year-long animal grazing have modified the vegetation and seem not to have damaged the agro-ecosystem. An increase of the Arrhenatheretum species and, consequently, higher dry matter production, have been recorded, as well as an extension of the growth period and a greater quantity of grass during the summer. Animal performance has been quite satisfactory as the milk production …
Effect Of Elevation On Vegetation In The Southern Alburz Chain, Iran, Masoud Mohammad-Aliha
Effect Of Elevation On Vegetation In The Southern Alburz Chain, Iran, Masoud Mohammad-Aliha
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The effects of elevation on the vegetation composition of the southern rangelands (about 20 000 ha) of the Alburz Chain was studied. The attitudinal zones of the study area were located between 1200 and 3600 m asl. Twenty-three sites were selected alongside the attitudinal gradients (every 200 m change in height was allocated a substation). Twenty-one vegetation types were distinguished and 3 ecological sites (stations) selected. Also some grasses alongside the study area have been considered.
Assessing The Productivity Of Pastures In The Central Highlands Region Of Queensland, Australia, J Willcocks, P Filet
Assessing The Productivity Of Pastures In The Central Highlands Region Of Queensland, Australia, J Willcocks, P Filet
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A sustainable grazing industry requires careful management of pastures. This study measured the growth potential and productivity of different pasture types in the Central Highlands region of Queensland to develop recommendations on stocking rates which are sustainable in the long term. The most productive pasture measured, buffet grass (Cenchrus clliaris) is generally used for fattening prior to sale to the meatworks. The least productive, a mixed native pasture under a eucalypt forest, is generally used for maintaining breeding stock. Forest Mitchell grass (Bothrioclrloa ewartiana) has intermediate levels of productivity and is used for both breeding and …
Seedling Emergence From Buried Seed In Unsown And Oversown Hill Pasture, M E. Wedderburn, W J. Pengelly, L A. Greaves
Seedling Emergence From Buried Seed In Unsown And Oversown Hill Pasture, M E. Wedderburn, W J. Pengelly, L A. Greaves
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Seedling recruitment from buried seed was measured in hill country after the resident vegetation was suppressed or killed using herbicide, and either Yatsyn ryegrass, hill ryegrass or a low fertility grass mix was oversown. Unsown plots serves as a control. The total number of seedlings emerging per m2 was similar for all treatments but differences between treatments occurred in the species composition of seedling populations. Ryegrass seedling density in sown plots was 3 times that in unsown plots and white clover seedling numbers were 6 times greater. Other grasses were present in numbers equivalent to sown ryegrass. Subterranean clover and …