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Air Force Institute of Technology

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Articles 631 - 660 of 2678

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Computational Aerothermodynamic Analysis Of Satellite Trans-Atmospheric Skip Entry Survivability, John J. Runco Mar 2019

Computational Aerothermodynamic Analysis Of Satellite Trans-Atmospheric Skip Entry Survivability, John J. Runco

Theses and Dissertations

Computational aerothermodynamic analysis is presented for a spacecraft in low Earth orbit performing an atmospheric skip entry maneuver. Typically, atmospheric reentry is a terminal operation signaling mission end-of-life and, in some instances, executed for spacecraft disposal. A variation on reentry – skip entry – is an aeroassisted trans-atmospheric maneuver in which a spacecraft utilizes the effects of aerodynamic drag in order to reduce energy prior to a terminal entry, pinpoint a targeted entry, or change orbital elements such as inclination. Spacecraft performing a skip entry enable new modes of maneuver to enhance operations in nominal or possibly contested mission environments. …

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Examination Of Flow Dynamics And Passive Cooling In An Ultra Compact Combustor, Tylor C. Rathsack Mar 2019

Examination Of Flow Dynamics And Passive Cooling In An Ultra Compact Combustor, Tylor C. Rathsack

Theses and Dissertations

The Ultra Compact Combustor (UCC) promises to greatly reduce the size of a gas turbine engine’s combustor by altering the manner in which fuel is burnt. Differing from the common axial flow combustor, the UCC utilizes a rotating flow, coaxial to the engine’s primary axis, in an outboard circumferential cavity as the primary combustion zone. The present study investigates two key UCC facets required to further this combustor design. The first area of investigation is cooling of the Hybrid Guide Vane (HGV). This UCC specific hardware acts as a combustor center body that alters the exit flow angle and acts …

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Wall Model Large Eddy Simulation Of A Diffusing Serpentine Inlet Duct, Ryan J. Thompson Mar 2019

Wall Model Large Eddy Simulation Of A Diffusing Serpentine Inlet Duct, Ryan J. Thompson

Theses and Dissertations

The modeling focus on serpentine inlet ducts (S-duct), as with any inlet, is to quantify the total pressure recovery and ow distortion after the inlet, which directly impacts the performance of a turbine engine fed by the inlet. Accurate prediction of S-duct ow has yet to be achieved amongst the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) community to improve the reliance on modeling reducing costly testing. While direct numerical simulation of the turbulent ow in an S-duct is too cost prohibitive due to grid scaling with Reynolds number, wall-modeled large eddy simulation (WM-LES) serves as a tractable alternative. US3D, a hypersonic research …

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Solving The Traveling Salesman Problem Using Ordered-Lists, Petar D. Jackovich Mar 2019

Solving The Traveling Salesman Problem Using Ordered-Lists, Petar D. Jackovich

Theses and Dissertations

The arc-greedy heuristic is a constructive heuristic utilized to build an initial, quality tour for the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). There are two known sub-tour elimination methodologies utilized to ensure the resulting tours are viable. This thesis introduces a third novel methodology, the Greedy Tracker (GT), and compares it to both known methodologies. Computational results are generated across multiple TSP instances. The results demonstrate the GT is the fastest method for instances below 400 nodes while Bentley's Multi-Fragment maintains a computational advantage for larger instances. A novel concept called Ordered-Lists is also introduced which enables TSP instances to be explored …

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An Imputation Approach To Developing Alternative Futures Of Country Conflict, Zachary J. Kane Mar 2019

An Imputation Approach To Developing Alternative Futures Of Country Conflict, Zachary J. Kane

Theses and Dissertations

Understanding what causes countries to be in a state of violent conflict is of vital importance to developing realistic national strategies on both a regional and global scale. Given these causes, it is important to understand the effects of missing data, how to impute that data, and the interrelation between data elements. Utilizing both open source data and previously generated equations that predict a country’s likelihood to transition conflict statuses, this research projects data into the future and predicts each nations’ subsequent conflict statuses. Future data is populated using a novel approach inspired by stochastic regression imputation. The replicated future …

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A Life Cycle Analysis Of Dod Expeditionary Waste Management Practices Using Simapro, David J. Chester Mar 2019

A Life Cycle Analysis Of Dod Expeditionary Waste Management Practices Using Simapro, David J. Chester

Theses and Dissertations

The United States (US) Department of Defense (DoD) is investigating improved municipal solid waste (MSW) management techniques. Current techniques tax already limited land and energy resources at contingency bases and impart additional logistical support requirements and personnel commitments. Seeking a solution to this growing problem, the DoD is investigating waste-to-energy (WTE) systems to reduce the volume of hazardous and non-hazardous solid wastes while generating low emissions. The current barriers to the acquisition and utilization of viable WTE technologies are the high capital and operating and maintenance (O&M) costs. Using the Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) software SimaPro, the human health, environmental quality, …

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Toxicological Life Cycle Impact Analysis Of Short And Long Chain Perfluorinated Compounds Compared To Impacts Of Treatment Techniques, Joshua R. Glass Mar 2019

Toxicological Life Cycle Impact Analysis Of Short And Long Chain Perfluorinated Compounds Compared To Impacts Of Treatment Techniques, Joshua R. Glass

Theses and Dissertations

Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made substances that are used as surfactants in industrial processes and commercial products most notably for the Air Force in aqueous film-forming foam. These compounds were introduced in the 1950s and have since become pervasive throughout industrial and consumer products such as carpet, leather, and paper as well as textiles that repel water, grease, and oils. As the presence of PFAS continues to grow, so do concerns for the toxicological impacts of exposure to these chemicals. Although there is much research into the toxicological impacts of PFAS, there are no regulatory treatment levels within the United …

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Effect Of Using Probabilistic Contingency Tables To Modify Forecast Predictions, Sarah A. Gold Mar 2019

Effect Of Using Probabilistic Contingency Tables To Modify Forecast Predictions, Sarah A. Gold

Theses and Dissertations

The 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) records daily rain and lightning probabilistic forecasts and the associated binary event outcomes. Subsequently, they evaluate forecast performance and determine necessary adjustments with an implemented verification process. For deterministic outcomes, weather forecast analysis typically utilizes a Tradition Contingency Table (TCT) for verification, however the 45 WS uses an alternative tool, the Probabilistic Contingency Table (PCT). Using the TCT for verification requires a threshold, typically at 50%, to dichotomize probabilistic forecasts. The PCT maintains the valuable information in probabilities and verifies the true forecasts being reported. Simulated forecasts and outcomes as well as 2015-2018 45 …

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An Analysis Of Built Environment Factors In Residences And The Associated Effects On Mental Health Symptoms Of United States Veterans, Cody J. Beemer Mar 2019

An Analysis Of Built Environment Factors In Residences And The Associated Effects On Mental Health Symptoms Of United States Veterans, Cody J. Beemer

Theses and Dissertations

Current awareness and statistics regarding negative mental health outcomes of United States Military and Veteran populations justify research into causes and methods to assist those afflicted. Growing academic research indicates connections between the built environment and the mental health of its occupants may be important. This research is intended to explore this relationship with a Veteran study group. Through the completion of a literature review, key built environment factors associated with various mental health conditions were identified. Mechanisms and pathways through which these factors can affect mental health conditions were explored. An analysis of residential built environment factors and Veteran …

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Quantifying Permafrost Extent, Condition, And Degradation At Eielson Air Force Base, Theodore J. Labedz Mar 2019

Quantifying Permafrost Extent, Condition, And Degradation At Eielson Air Force Base, Theodore J. Labedz

Theses and Dissertations

The DoD is executing over $500M in military construction on Eielson Air Force Base (AFB) within the next three years. This construction program will expand the footprint of facilities and change parts of the storm water management scheme, which may have second order effects on the underlying permafrost layers. These changes in permafrost will drive engineering decision, and help shape the overall strategy for military readiness in the Arctic. Little site-specific knowledge exists on the human caused effects to permafrost at this location. In 2016, the permafrost degradation rates at Eielson AFB were modeled using the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory …

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Partially Coherent Sources Generated From The Incoherent Sum Of Fields Containing Random-Width Bessel Functions, Milo W. Hyde Iv Mar 2019

Partially Coherent Sources Generated From The Incoherent Sum Of Fields Containing Random-Width Bessel Functions, Milo W. Hyde Iv

Faculty Publications

Using the criterion for a genuine cross-spectral density function, we demonstrate the realization of an ??-Bessel correlated source, which has only recently been achieved using the source’s coherent-mode representation. In addition, with just a simple change, we create a whole new class of partially coherent sources that have not been realized. We simulate the generation of these sources and compare the results to theoretical predictions to validate our analysis. The partially coherent sources described herein can easily be synthesized using spatial light modulators, and the approach presented in this Letter can be used to design sources for optical trapping, optical …

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Process Parameter Development Of Additively Manufactured Af9628 Weapons Steel, Erin M. Hager Mar 2019

Process Parameter Development Of Additively Manufactured Af9628 Weapons Steel, Erin M. Hager

Theses and Dissertations

The manufacture of components in Additive Manufacturing processes is limited by the range of materials available. Qualification of materials for Additive Manufacturing is time intensive, and is often specific to a single type of machine. In this study, an approach to selecting power, speed, and hatch spacing values for a newly powderized material, AF9628 weapons steel, is described that results in highly dense (>99.9%) parts on an MLab 200R Cusing. Initial power and speed values used in a weld track study were selected based on a survey of parameters used on similar materials, with a focus on the energy …

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Self Organized Multi Agent Swarms (Somas) For Network Security Control, Eric M. Holloway Mar 2019

Self Organized Multi Agent Swarms (Somas) For Network Security Control, Eric M. Holloway

Theses and Dissertations

Computer network security is a very serious concern in many commercial, industrial, and military environments. This paper proposes a new computer network security approach defined by self-organized agent swarms (SOMAS) which provides a novel computer network security management framework based upon desired overall system behaviors. The SOMAS structure evolves based upon the partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) formal model and the more complex Interactive-POMDP and Decentralized-POMDP models, which are augmented with a new F(*-POMDP) model. Example swarm specific and network based behaviors are formalized and simulated. This paper illustrates through various statistical testing techniques, the significance of this proposed …

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36% Reduction In Fuel Resupply Using A Hybrid Generator & Battery System For An Austere Location, David J. Chester [*], Torrey J. Wagner, Douglas S. Dudis Mar 2019

36% Reduction In Fuel Resupply Using A Hybrid Generator & Battery System For An Austere Location, David J. Chester [*], Torrey J. Wagner, Douglas S. Dudis

Faculty Publications

The DOD energy policy is to increase energy security resiliency, and mitigate costs in the use and management of energy[1] Forward operating bases (FOBs) are remote, austere base camps that support an operationally defined mission with a limited or no ability to draw from an energy grid and have historically relied on diesel-powered generators for the primary production of energy.[2] Generators are sized to meet a theoretical peak demand, but steady state loads are far below this peak, resulting in under-loaded generators.[3] Under-loaded diesel generators decrease efficiency and increase the need for maintenance, affecting the lifespan of …

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Shaping The Far-Zone Intensity, Degree Of Polarization, Angle Of Polarization, And Ellipticity Angle Using Vector Schell-Model Sources, Milo W. Hyde Iv Mar 2019

Shaping The Far-Zone Intensity, Degree Of Polarization, Angle Of Polarization, And Ellipticity Angle Using Vector Schell-Model Sources, Milo W. Hyde Iv

Faculty Publications

This paper presents a method to control both the shape and polarization of a beam in the far field using a vector Schell-model source. Given a desired far-zone beam shape and polarization, and applying Fourier and statistical optics theory, we derive the requisite second-order moments of said source, discuss what aspects of the far-zone beam can be controlled, and develop a step-by-step procedure for synthesizing the required random vector field instances. We validate this approach with Monte-Carlo wave-optics simulations. The results are found to be in very good agreement with the desired far-zone beam characteristics. The beam-shaping technique developed in …

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Infrared And Electro-Optical Stereo Vision For Automated Aerial Refueling, William E. Dallmann Mar 2019

Infrared And Electro-Optical Stereo Vision For Automated Aerial Refueling, William E. Dallmann

Theses and Dissertations

Currently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are unsafe to refuel in-flight due to the communication latency between the UAVs ground operator and the UAV. Providing UAVs with an in-flight refueling capability would improve their functionality by extending their flight duration and increasing their flight payload. Our solution to this problem is Automated Aerial Refueling (AAR) using stereo vision from stereo electro-optical and infrared cameras on a refueling tanker. To simulate a refueling scenario, we use ground vehicles to simulate a pseudo tanker and pseudo receiver UAV. Imagery of the receiver is collected by the cameras on the tanker and processed by a …

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Toxoplasma Gondii Igg Associations With Sleepwake Problems, Sleep Duration And Timing, Celine C. Corona, Ma Zhang, Abhishek Wadhawan, Melanie L. Daue, Maureen W. Groer, Aline Dagang, Christopher A. Lowry, Kathleen A. Ryan, Andrew J. Hoisington, John W. Stiller, Dietmar Fuchs, Braxton D. Mitchell, Teodor T. Postolache Feb 2019

Toxoplasma Gondii Igg Associations With Sleepwake Problems, Sleep Duration And Timing, Celine C. Corona, Ma Zhang, Abhishek Wadhawan, Melanie L. Daue, Maureen W. Groer, Aline Dagang, Christopher A. Lowry, Kathleen A. Ryan, Andrew J. Hoisington, John W. Stiller, Dietmar Fuchs, Braxton D. Mitchell, Teodor T. Postolache

Faculty Publications

Background: Evidence links Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a neurotropic parasite, with schizophrenia, mood disorders and suicidal behavior, all of which are associated and exacerbated by disrupted sleep. Moreover, low-grade immune activation and dopaminergic overstimulation, which are consequences of T. gondii infection, could alter sleep patterns and duration. Methods: Sleep data on 833 Amish participants [mean age (SD) = 44.28 (16.99) years; 59.06% women] were obtained via self-reported questionnaires that assessed sleep problems, duration and timing. T. gondii IgG was measured with ELISA. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regressions and linear mixed models, with adjustment for age, sex and family …

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Near Earth Space Object Detection Using Parallax As Multi-Hypothesis Test Criterion, Joseph C. Tompkins, Stephen C. Cain, David J. Becker Feb 2019

Near Earth Space Object Detection Using Parallax As Multi-Hypothesis Test Criterion, Joseph C. Tompkins, Stephen C. Cain, David J. Becker

Faculty Publications

The US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) operated Space Surveillance Network (SSN) is tasked with Space Situational Awareness (SSA) for the U.S. military. This system is made up of Electro-Optic sensors, such as the Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS) and RADAR based sensors, such as the Space Fence Gaps. They remain in the tracking of Resident Space Objects (RSO’s) in Geosynchronous Orbits (GEO), due to limitations of SST and GEODSS system implementation. This research explores a reliable, ground-based technique used to quickly determine an RSO’s altitude from a single or limited set of observations. Implementation of such sensors into the SSN …

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Experimental Study: Underwater Propagation Of Super-Gaussian And Multi-Gaussian Schell-Model Partially Coherent Beams With Varying Degrees Of Spatial Coherence, Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic, Charles L. Nelson, Milo W. Hyde Iv Feb 2019

Experimental Study: Underwater Propagation Of Super-Gaussian And Multi-Gaussian Schell-Model Partially Coherent Beams With Varying Degrees Of Spatial Coherence, Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic, Charles L. Nelson, Milo W. Hyde Iv

Faculty Publications

We report on experiments where super-Gaussian and flat-top, multi-Gaussian Schell-model spatially partially coherent beams, with varying degrees of spatial coherence, were propagated underwater. Two scenarios were explored—calm and mechanically agitated water. The main objective of our study was the experimental comparison of the scintillation statistics. For a similar degree of coherence widths, the results show a potentially improved performance of scintillation index for the multi-Gaussian Schell-model beams as compared to the super-Gaussian beams. It should be noted that the presented results pertain only to the given experimental scenarios and further investigation is necessary to determine the scope of the findings.

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Improved N-Dimensional Data Visualization From Hyper-Radial Values, Todd J. Paciencia, Trevor J. Bihl, Kenneth W. Bauer Jan 2019

Improved N-Dimensional Data Visualization From Hyper-Radial Values, Todd J. Paciencia, Trevor J. Bihl, Kenneth W. Bauer

Faculty Publications

Higher-dimensional data, which is becoming common in many disciplines due to big data problems, are inherently difficult to visualize in a meaningful way. While many visualization methods exist, they are often difficult to interpret, involve multiple plots and overlaid points, or require simultaneous interpretations. This research adapts and extends hyper-radial visualization, a technique used to visualize Pareto fronts in multi-objective optimizations, to become an n-dimensional visualization tool. Hyper-radial visualization is seen to offer many advantages by presenting a low-dimensionality representation of data through easily understood calculations. First, hyper-radial visualization is extended for use with general multivariate data. Second, a method …

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Developmental Test And Requirements Best Practices Of Successful Information Systems Efforts Using Agile Methods, Jeremy D. Kramer, Torrey J. Wagner Jan 2019

Developmental Test And Requirements Best Practices Of Successful Information Systems Efforts Using Agile Methods, Jeremy D. Kramer, Torrey J. Wagner

Faculty Publications

This article provides insights into the current state of developmental testing (DT) and requirements management in Department of Defense information systems employing Agile development. The authors describe the study methodology and provide an overview of Agile development and testing. Insights are described for requirements, detailed planning, test execution, and reporting. This work articulates best practices related to DT and requirements management strategies for programs employing modernized Software Development Life Cycle practices.

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Laser-Induced Plasma Analysis For Surrogate Nuclear Debris, Michael B. Shattan, John Auxier, A. C. Stowe, Christian G. Parigger Jan 2019

Laser-Induced Plasma Analysis For Surrogate Nuclear Debris, Michael B. Shattan, John Auxier, A. C. Stowe, Christian G. Parigger

Faculty Publications

This work identifies analytical lines in laser-induced plasma for chemical analyses of major elements found in surrogate nuclear debris. These lines are evaluated for interferences and signal strength to insure they would be useful to measure relative concentrations. Compact, portable instruments are employed and can be included as part of a mobile nuclear forensics laboratory for field screening of nuclear debris and contamination. The average plasma temperature is measured using the well-established Boltzmann plot technique, and plasma's average electron density is determined using empirical formulae based on Stark broadening of the H-alpha line. These measurements suggest existence of partial local …

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Electrical Characterization Of Crystalline Uo2, Tho2 And U0.71Th0.29O2, Christina L. Dugan Dec 2018

Electrical Characterization Of Crystalline Uo2, Tho2 And U0.71Th0.29O2, Christina L. Dugan

Theses and Dissertations

Uranium dioxide (UO2), thorium dioxide (ThO2), and UxTh1-xO2 alloys are characterized for suitability in uranium-based neutron detectors. ThO2 was studied for an envisioned UO2/ThO2 heterojunction. A U0.71Th0.29O2 alloy was studied because of its resistance to oxidation and potential use in surface passivation. The U0.71Th0.29O2 effective Debye temperature of 217± 24 K was measured using temperature-dependent x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The specific heat capacity for the U0.71Th0.29O2 alloy was calculated from the Debye …

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Enabling Auditing And Intrusion Detection Of Proprietary Controller Area Networks, Brent C. Stone Dec 2018

Enabling Auditing And Intrusion Detection Of Proprietary Controller Area Networks, Brent C. Stone

Theses and Dissertations

The goal of this dissertation is to provide automated methods for security researchers to overcome ‘security through obscurity’ used by manufacturers of proprietary Industrial Control Systems (ICS). `White hat' security analysts waste significant time reverse engineering these systems' opaque network configurations instead of performing meaningful security auditing tasks. Automating the process of documenting proprietary protocol configurations is intended to improve independent security auditing of ICS networks. The major contributions of this dissertation are a novel approach for unsupervised lexical analysis of binary network data flows and analysis of the time series data extracted as a result. We demonstrate the utility …

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Kinetics Of Higher Lying Potassium States After Excitation Of The D2 Transition In The Presence Of Helium, Austin J. Wallerstein Dec 2018

Kinetics Of Higher Lying Potassium States After Excitation Of The D2 Transition In The Presence Of Helium, Austin J. Wallerstein

Theses and Dissertations

A kinetic model for the performance of a potassium Diode Pumped Alkali Laser (DPAL), including the role of higher lying states is developed to assess the impact on device efficiency and performance. A rate package for a nine level kinetic model including recommended rate parameters is solved under steady-state conditions. Energy pooling and far wing absorption populates higher lying states, with single photon and Penning ionization leading to modest potassium (K) dimer ion concentrations. The fraction of the population removed from the basic three levels associated with the standard model is less than 10% for all reasonable laser conditions, including …

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Improving Detection Of Dim Targets: Optimization Of A Moment-Based Detection Algorithm, Shannon R. Young Dec 2018

Improving Detection Of Dim Targets: Optimization Of A Moment-Based Detection Algorithm, Shannon R. Young

Theses and Dissertations

Wide area motion imagery (WAMI) sensor technology is advancing rapidly. Increases in frame rates and detector array sizes have led to a dramatic increase in the volume of data that can be acquired. Without a corresponding increase in analytical manpower, much of these data remain underutilized. This creates a need for fast, automated, and robust methods for detecting dim, moving signals of interest. Current approaches fall into two categories: detect-before-track (DBT) and track-before-detect (TBD) methods. The DBT methods use thresholding to reduce the quantity of data to be processed, making real time implementation practical but at the cost of the …

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Sequence Pattern Mining With Variables, James S. Okolica, Gilbert L. Peterson, Robert F. Mills, Michael R. Grimaila Nov 2018

Sequence Pattern Mining With Variables, James S. Okolica, Gilbert L. Peterson, Robert F. Mills, Michael R. Grimaila

Faculty Publications

Sequence pattern mining (SPM) seeks to find multiple items that commonly occur together in a specific order. One common assumption is that all of the relevant differences between items are captured through creating distinct items, e.g., if color matters then the same item in two different colors would have two items created, one for each color. In some domains, that is unrealistic. This paper makes two contributions. The first extends SPM algorithms to allow item differentiation through attribute variables for domains with large numbers of items, e.g, by having one item with a variable with a color attribute rather than …

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A Statistical Analysis Of Steve, Bea Gallardo‐Lacourt, Y. Nishimura, E. Donovan, G. W. Gillies, W. E. Archer, Omar A. Nava, E. L. Spanswick Nov 2018

A Statistical Analysis Of Steve, Bea Gallardo‐Lacourt, Y. Nishimura, E. Donovan, G. W. Gillies, W. E. Archer, Omar A. Nava, E. L. Spanswick

Faculty Publications

There has been an exciting recent development in auroral research associated with the discovery of a new subauroral phenomenon called STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement). Although STEVE has been documented by amateur night sky watchers for decades, it is as yet an unidentified upper atmosphere phenomenon. Observed first by amateur auroral photographers, STEVE appears as a narrow luminous structure across the night sky over thousands of kilometers in the east‐west direction. In this paper, we present the first statistical analysis of the properties of 28 STEVE events identified using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) …

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Optimal Policy For Sequential Stochastic Resource Allocation, Kalyanam Krishnamoorthy, Meir Pachter, David W. Casbeer Nov 2018

Optimal Policy For Sequential Stochastic Resource Allocation, Kalyanam Krishnamoorthy, Meir Pachter, David W. Casbeer

Faculty Publications

A gambler in possession of R chips/coins is allowed N(>R) pulls/trials at a slot machine. Upon pulling the arm, the slot machine realizes a random state i ɛ{1, ..., M} with probability p(i) and the corresponding positive monetary reward g(i) is presented to the gambler. The gambler can accept the reward by inserting a coin in the machine. However, the dilemma facing the gambler is whether to spend the coin or keep it in reserve hoping to pick up a greater reward in the future. We assume that the gambler has full knowledge of the reward distribution function. We …

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Wireless Intrusion Detection And Device Fingerprinting Through Preamble Manipulation, Benjamin W. Ramsey, Barry E. Mullins Oct 2018

Wireless Intrusion Detection And Device Fingerprinting Through Preamble Manipulation, Benjamin W. Ramsey, Barry E. Mullins

AFIT Patents

A method of establishing a hardware identity of a coordinating device in a wireless network is provided. A standard PHY preamble is modified to a preamble that can be received by the coordinating device having an expected hardware configuration. The modified PHY preamble is transmitted with an association request by a joining device. In response to not receiving a reply containing an association response from the coordinating device by the joining device, determining the hardware configuration of the coordinating device is not the expected hardware configuration. A further method of characterizing a hardware identity of a device in a wireless …

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