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Articles 1 - 30 of 2906
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Impacts Of Climate Change In The United States, Nathan T. Thompson
Impacts Of Climate Change In The United States, Nathan T. Thompson
Journal of Nonprofit Innovation
Climate change, a shift in long-term climate patterns primarily driven by anthropogenic factors, poses a super wicked problem impacting every sector and region globally, including the United States. This paper explores the scientific basis of climate change, its contributing factors, and the myriad consequences on terrestrial and aquatic systems, as well as mental health. Notably, the emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels and agricultural activities is the primary cause, exacerbated by ideological division and psychological distance. The U.S. has seen some progress with a 7% decrease in emissions over the past 30 years and a growing shift toward renewable …
Computational And Experimental Advances In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance For High Resolution Structures, Ryan Toomey
Computational And Experimental Advances In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance For High Resolution Structures, Ryan Toomey
Theses and Dissertations
Since its inception, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been a valuable tool for determining chemical structure. In recent years, the field of NMR has been advanced forward by the ability to calculate theoretical parameters with increasing accuracy and efficiency. These calculations are compared to experimental data to produce high resolution structures. The progression of these applications has been made possible by improved instrumentation, data processing methods, probe and experiment design, better quality functionals and basis sets, as well as increased computational power. This research is especially relevant with the emergence of artificial intelligence, which has great potential to expedite steps …
Locating Diversity In Reservoir Computing Using Bayesian Hyperparameter Optimization, Whitney Lunceford
Locating Diversity In Reservoir Computing Using Bayesian Hyperparameter Optimization, Whitney Lunceford
Theses and Dissertations
Reservoir computers rely on an internal network to predict the future state(s) of dynamical processes. To understand how a reservoir's accuracy depends on this network, we study how varying the networ's topology and scaling affects the reservoir's ability to predict the chaotic dynamics on the Lorenz attractor. We define a metric for diversity, the property describing the variety of the responses of the nodes that make up reservoir's internal network. We use Bayesian hyperparameter optimization to find optimal hyperparameters and explore the relationships between diversity, accuracy of model predictions, and model hyperparameters. The content regarding the VPT metric, the effects …
Geology Of Sinai Tholus, Thaumasia Plateau, Mars, Haley Mosher
Geology Of Sinai Tholus, Thaumasia Plateau, Mars, Haley Mosher
Theses and Dissertations
A new geologic map of the Sinai Tholus region on the Thaumasia plateau, Mars reveals the structural, magmatic, and stratigraphic complexity that can be found in the Tharsis region on Mars, and may help answer key questions about the origin of the subvolcanic basement, evolution of the regional stress field, development of Valles Marineris, and magmatic history of the region. Sinai Tholus is a topographic high in a relatively flat, lava flow covered part of Thaumasia Plateau, just south of the central part of Valles Marineris. Here, five stratigraphic units and one generalized impact unit have been mapped at a …
One-Dimensional Cores Of Peano Continua, Shogo Starr
One-Dimensional Cores Of Peano Continua, Shogo Starr
Theses and Dissertations
In this paper, we define a berbering of a Peano continuum, which is the space one gets by attaching a null sequence of circles to a countable dense subset of a Peano continuum. The topology of a berbering is one that recognizes which circles are small, in the sense that any neighborhood of the original Peano continuum will entirely contain all but finitely many of the attached circles. We then show that given a berbering of any simply connected, locally simply connected Peano continuum $Y$, there exists a one-dimensional Peano continuum $X$ and a map from $X$ to the berbering …
Deep Learning For Source Localization In A Laboratory Tank, Corey Emerson Dobbs
Deep Learning For Source Localization In A Laboratory Tank, Corey Emerson Dobbs
Theses and Dissertations
Deep learning has been applied to underwater acoustics problems in many forms. One difficulty in applying deep learning techniques to ocean acoustics is the spatially and temporally varying environmental properties. Another challenge is the lack of labeled data for training large networks. The overall goal of this work is to develop deep learning approaches for source localization that can be adaptable to different conditions. In this work, a convolutional neural network was trained on acoustic data measured in a water tank, while the water was at room temperature, to predict source-receiver range. Tests were done to ascertain ideal quantities of …
Wind-Carved Wonders: An Aerial Study Of Yardangs In The Puna, Argentina Using Drone And Satellite Imagery, Derek Gordon Ashliman
Wind-Carved Wonders: An Aerial Study Of Yardangs In The Puna, Argentina Using Drone And Satellite Imagery, Derek Gordon Ashliman
Theses and Dissertations
Yardangs, elongated landforms sculpted by wind erosion, are prominent features in the Campo de Piedra Pomez (CPP) region of the Puna-Altiplano Plateau, Argentina. This study explores their formation and evolution through the examination of a 6 km by 0.5 km area captured in 2019 and a 5 km by 0.5 km area in 2024. High-resolution drone imagery and satellite data were employed to classify and quantify yardangs, gravel, and underlying bedrock across a vast study area. The research reveals a variation in yardang distribution and morphology from northwest (windward) to southeast (leeward), noting a significant decrease in yardang and bedrock …
Dynamics Of Dissolved And Particulate Trace Metals In A Snowmelt-Dominated Stream, Provo River, Utah, Usa, Kendra Louise Caskey
Dynamics Of Dissolved And Particulate Trace Metals In A Snowmelt-Dominated Stream, Provo River, Utah, Usa, Kendra Louise Caskey
Theses and Dissertations
Trace element concentrations vary substantially during snowmelt runoff, with changes in the dissolved versus particulate fractions potentially impacting their movement at the catchment scale. To investigate trace element behavior in a snowmelt dominated stream, we measured concentrations in different size fractions in the Provo River (northern Utah, USA). We sampled the river at three locations during water years 2016-2018 and 2021-2023 for trace metal and major ion concentrations. During the final year, we collected three fractions (unfiltered, <0.45 µm filtered, and <0.22 µm filtered) for trace metal chemistry and calculated the particulate concentration as the difference between the unfiltered and 0.45 µm fraction. Stream measurements included pH, discharge, turbidity, and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM). We also sampled water sources (soil water, ephemeral streams, and snowpack) to compare trace metal concentrations across the watershed with the stream. Trace metal (Al, Be, Fe, Pb) and rare earth element (REE +Y) concentrations had the highest particulate and dissolved concentrations during snowmelt runoff. In contrast, major cations were primarily found in the dissolved fraction with lowest concentrations during snowmelt runoff. Major cation and particulate metal concentrations increased from upstream to downstream. The increased trace metal and REE + Y concentrations during snowmelt relative to baseflow may be explained by increased discharge and associated increased turbidity and fDOM. A comparison with water sources suggests that dissolved and particulate trace metals in the stream are sourced from flushed soil water, as trace metal transport through the watershed is facilitated by suspended sediment and dissolved organic matter. For most of the trace metals and REE +Y, concentrations were similar in the <0.45 µm and <0.22 µm fractions. Yet Al tended to have higher concentrations in the <0.45 µm fraction, suggesting a colloidal form of Al between 0.22 µm and 0.45 µm may exist. Differences from upstream to downstream may be related to changes in pH, from ~7 at the upper site to ~8 at the lower sites, which would change sorption capacity, saturation indices, or speciation. Our study demonstrates that trace metal concentrations are variable during snowmelt as the metals interact with suspended particles or dissolved organic matter and are influenced by changing water chemistry, with implications for understanding water quality impairments in snowmelt-dominated streams.
A Sensitivity Equation Framework For Parameter Estimation In Dynamical Systems, Joshua Newey
A Sensitivity Equation Framework For Parameter Estimation In Dynamical Systems, Joshua Newey
Theses and Dissertations
We present a new framework for understanding parameter estimation in dynamical systems. The approach is developed within the modeling approach of continuous data assimilation. We outline the basic assumptions that lead to our derivation. Under these assumptions we show that the parameter estimation turns into a finite dimensional nonlinear optimization problem. We show that our derivation reproduces and extends the algorithm originally developed in [9]. We then implement these methods in three example systems: the Lorenz '63 model, the two-layer Lorenz '96 model, and the Kuramoto Sivashinsky equation. So as to remain sufficiently general, our derivations are largely formal; we …
Pretty Good State Transfer And Fractional Revival In Double Extended Star Graphs, Kellon G. Sandall
Pretty Good State Transfer And Fractional Revival In Double Extended Star Graphs, Kellon G. Sandall
Theses and Dissertations
Much research has been done in the realm of quantum walks over networks of qubits. We primarily study a type of graph consisting of a path with two stars connected to the leaves which we call a Double Extended Star. We find that Pretty Good State Transfer can occur in many ways in a Double Extended Star and that Fractional Revival cannot occur in Double Extended Stars except when the length of the path within is one.
Geological And Geophysical Model Of The Sand Wash Extensional Decollement, Utah, Brigham Louis Cardon
Geological And Geophysical Model Of The Sand Wash Extensional Decollement, Utah, Brigham Louis Cardon
Theses and Dissertations
The Sand Wash Fault Zone (SWFZ) in the southern Uinta Basin is a significant extensional fault zone exhibiting complex deformation patterns. Our study integrates detailed structural analyses with a broader tectonic model to elucidate the tectonic evolution of the region. The SWFZ, extending over 34 km with a NW-SE strike, is underlain by an extensional decollement. Substantial deformation is observed in the upper layers, notably within the S2 sandstone of the Eocene Green River Formation. The deformation diminishes with depth, terminating at the oil-rich Mahogany oil shale zone, below which minimal deformation is observed. Our tectonic model, developed primarily through …
Investigating Cloth Sculpting For Simulation Control In Virtual Reality, Matthew S. Bishop
Investigating Cloth Sculpting For Simulation Control In Virtual Reality, Matthew S. Bishop
Theses and Dissertations
Artists require control and predictability over physically based simulations to create their required animation. This control can lead to reduced iteration time to get the desired simulation results. Controlling cloth simulations can require manual effort to create goal keyframes for control algorithms to match. Current techniques and research utilize a keyboard and mouse to create these goal keyframes. Other research has looked at using a virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display with controllers to improve the experience of completing similar animation tasks. However, we are not aware of any research that attempts to use VR as a tool to assist artists …
Cellular Sorting Of The Dictyostelium Discoideum Slug, Erin Flowerday
Cellular Sorting Of The Dictyostelium Discoideum Slug, Erin Flowerday
Theses and Dissertations
Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd) cells are amoeba cells that feed on soil or plant leaf matter bacteria. They divide freely in the presence of food. When starved, cell division is ended, and cells transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms initiated by a chemoattractant, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This study intricately examines cellular sorting within the Dd slug, focusing on individual cell dynamics. Represented as oriented ellipsoids, these cells maintain constant volume through a viscoelastic structure. Applying force to specific semi-axes reveals predictable deformations, highlighting the relationship between force and deformation rate. Manipulating damping coefficients and spring constants uncovers insights into cell …
Optimization Of Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods For Low-Input And Spatial Proteomics, Andikan Jones Nwosu
Optimization Of Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods For Low-Input And Spatial Proteomics, Andikan Jones Nwosu
Theses and Dissertations
Eukaryotic cells are highly heterogeneous. These cells are arranged into different compartments, carrying out separate functions and facilitating biological processes. Proteins are the effector biomolecules targeted to subcellular locations that help fulfill specific tasks in living organisms. Spatial proteomics can help unravel molecularly how protein abundance and localization are altered in cells, which is not feasible in traditional bulk-scale proteomics. To achieve this, our lab has developed a miniaturized sample processing platform called nanoPOTS, reduced separation columns' inner diameter to increase ionization efficiency and concentrate analytes for mass spectrometers and optimized data acquisition modes for increasing proteome coverage in spatial …
Striking At The Root: A Categorization Of Dns Clients, Tyler Dean
Striking At The Root: A Categorization Of Dns Clients, Tyler Dean
Theses and Dissertations
The Domain Name System (DNS) root servers have provided a useful look into the DNS and internet ecosystems for decades. We present a categorization of clients querying DNS root servers. Using two clustering algorithms on DNS traffic sampled in 2020, we can predict the structure and volume of queries originating from different types of clients. Previous research has used unsupervised techniques to better understand DNS traffic patterns, but none have, to our knowledge, considered clients beyond those driven by queries from end users. By performing clustering on IP addresses rather than on individual queries, we are able to examine the …
Strong Gelfand Pairs Of Some Finite Groups, Joseph E. Marrow
Strong Gelfand Pairs Of Some Finite Groups, Joseph E. Marrow
Theses and Dissertations
Strong Gelfand pairs describe a relation between a group and a subgroup, using a relation between inner products of their characters. We find all strong Gelfand pairs of the dihedral and dicyclic groups, and several of the sporadic groups. We provide some results for the strong Gelfand pairs of the affine linear groups, in addition to the exceptional classical groups $\mathrm{Sp}_4(q)$ for $q$ a power of $2$.
Documentation Of Norm Negotiation In A Secondary Mathematics Classroom, Michelle R. Bagley
Documentation Of Norm Negotiation In A Secondary Mathematics Classroom, Michelle R. Bagley
Theses and Dissertations
While previous mathematics education research has shown that norms can change in mathematics classrooms, little research has closely documented the struggles, concessions, and compromises involved in the negotiation process. Negotiating norms is a complex process entailing deliberate teacher moves intended to promote norms, often met with misunderstandings or resistance from students. This thesis documented the negotiation process that occurred when a teacher attempted to require conceptual explanations from students who had not previously been accustomed to doing so. I recorded six days of instruction in a 9th grade algebra unit, transcribed the class discussions, and inferred norms "at play" for …
Rigorous Verification Of Stability Of Ideal Gas Layers, Damian Anderson
Rigorous Verification Of Stability Of Ideal Gas Layers, Damian Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
In this thesis we develop tools for carrying out computer assisted proof of the stability of traveling wave solutions of the spatially one-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations with an ideal gas equation of state. In particular, we obtain rigorous, tight error bounds on a high-accuracy numerical approximation of the traveling wave profile for parameters corresponding to air, and we obtain rigorous representations in a neighborhood of positive and negative infinity of the solution to the first order ODE associated with linearizing the PDE equations about the traveling wave solution. We also develop supporting tools for rigorous verification of wave stability.
Addressing Social Inequalities Using Ai, Big Data, And Machine Learning, Erica L. Jensen, Lakell Archer, Sumaya Ali
Addressing Social Inequalities Using Ai, Big Data, And Machine Learning, Erica L. Jensen, Lakell Archer, Sumaya Ali
Journal of Nonprofit Innovation
No abstract provided.
Application And Development Of Ceragenins In Medical Device Coatings For Clinical Settings, Elliot E. Sherren
Application And Development Of Ceragenins In Medical Device Coatings For Clinical Settings, Elliot E. Sherren
Theses and Dissertations
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose a significant and increasing threat to global health. One primary cause of this threat is increasing antibiotic resistance. As traditional antibiotics continue to grow less effective, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies. This work explores the potential of ceragenins, also known as cationic steroid antimicrobials (CSAs), as a promising alternative to combat HAIs. Specifically, we investigated potential roles that CSAs can play in the context of multiple medical device coatings in healthcare settings. Ceragenins are synthetic mimic of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many common pathogens that have been …
A Nordhaus-Gaddum Type Problem For The Normalized Laplacian Spectrum And Graph Cheeger Constant, Adam Widtsoe Knudson
A Nordhaus-Gaddum Type Problem For The Normalized Laplacian Spectrum And Graph Cheeger Constant, Adam Widtsoe Knudson
Theses and Dissertations
We will study various quantities related to connectivity of a graph. To this end, we look at Nordhaus-Gaddum type problems, which are problems where the same quantity is studied for a graph $G$ and its complement $G^c$ at the same time. For a graph $G$ on $n$ vertices with normalized Laplacian eigenvalues $0 = \lambda_1(G) \leq \lambda_2(G) \leq \cdots \leq \lambda_n(G)$ and graph complement $G^c$, we prove that \begin{equation*} \max\{\lambda_2(G),\lambda_2(G^c)\}\geq \frac{2}{n^2}. \end{equation*} We do this by way of lower bounding $\max\{i(G), i(G^c)\}$ and $\max\{h(G), h(G^c)\}$ where $i(G)$ and $h(G)$ denote the isoperimetric number and Cheeger constant of $G$, respectively. We …
The Osteological Neutral Pose Of The Neck Of An Apatosaurine Sauropod Based On Virtual And Physical Models, Colin Don Boisvert
The Osteological Neutral Pose Of The Neck Of An Apatosaurine Sauropod Based On Virtual And Physical Models, Colin Don Boisvert
Theses and Dissertations
An array of sauropod taxa coexisted in Late Jurassic North America. How so many giant genera coexisted without competing for food is puzzling considering their potential metabolic requirements. One aspect of this question is neck posture, which has been much contested, both in terms of the intrinsic curvature of the neck and the resultant elevation of the head. Neck curvature is characterized by the Osteological Neutral Pose (ONP), wherein the intervertebral joints are in an undeflected state. This pose is crucial to understanding neck posture. The articulated series of presacral vertebrae 2-19 of an exceptionally well-preserved apatosaurine, BYU 18531, are …
"Vampire Plastics": An Investigation Of Poly(Olefin Sulfone) Depolymerization And Its Dust Mitigation Abilities, Alexandra Kathryn Kanani Gallion Stapley
"Vampire Plastics": An Investigation Of Poly(Olefin Sulfone) Depolymerization And Its Dust Mitigation Abilities, Alexandra Kathryn Kanani Gallion Stapley
Theses and Dissertations
The ubiquity of particulate contamination requires dust mitigation techniques to provide low-scatter surfaces and edges on sensitive optical devices in space. Poly(olefin sulfone)s have been shown to photodegrade with the assistance of a photobase generator when exposed to UV light (254 nm) and heat (120 °C). These polymers may be useful for minimizing dust on optical surfaces for space applications. However, their behavior in vacuum has not been fully characterized. We synthesized poly(2-methyl-1-pentene sulfone) (PMPS) and poly(1-hexene sulfone) (PHS) with and without a photobase generator. We studied the photodegradation (172 nm or 254 nm) of thin films in vacuum. Spectroscopic …
Procedural Pre-Training For Visual Recognition, Connor S. Anderson
Procedural Pre-Training For Visual Recognition, Connor S. Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
Deep learning models can perform many tasks very capably, provided they are trained correctly. Usually, this requires a large amount of data. Pre-training refers to a process of creating a strong initial model by first training it on a large-scale dataset. Such a model can then be adapted to many different tasks, while only requiring a comparatively small amount of task-specific training data. Pre-training is the standard approach in most computer vision scenarios, but it's not without drawbacks. Aside from the cost and effort involved in collecting large pre-training datasets, such data may also contain unwanted biases, violations of privacy, …
Zeros Of Convex Combinations Of Elementary Families Of Harmonic Functions, Rebekah Ottinger
Zeros Of Convex Combinations Of Elementary Families Of Harmonic Functions, Rebekah Ottinger
Theses and Dissertations
Brilleslyper et al. analyzed a one-parameter family of harmonic trinomials, and Brooks and Lee analyzed a one-parameter family of harmonic functions with poles. Each family was explored to find the relationship between the size of the parameter and the number of zeros of the harmonic function. In this thesis, we examine convex combinations of members of these families. We determine conditions under which the critical curves separating the sense-preserving and sense-reversing regions are circular. We show that the number of zeros of a convex combination can be greater than the maximum number of zeros of either part.
Leveraging Biological Mechanisms In Machine Learning, Kyle J. Rogers
Leveraging Biological Mechanisms In Machine Learning, Kyle J. Rogers
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis integrates biologically-inspired mechanisms into machine learning to develop novel tuning algorithms, gradient abstractions for depth-wise parallelism, and an original bias neuron design. We introduce neuromodulatory tuning, which uses neurotransmitter-inspired bias adjustments to enhance transfer learning in spiking and non-spiking neural networks, significantly reducing parameter usage while maintaining performance. Additionally, we propose a novel approach that decouples the backward pass of backpropagation using layer abstractions, inspired by feedback loops in biological systems, enabling depth-wise training parallelization. We further extend neuromodulatory tuning by designing spiking bias neurons that mimic dopamine neuron mechanisms, leading to the development of volumetric tuning. This …
Investigation Of Collision Cross Sections & Time-Resolved Structural Modification Of Biomolecules, Host-Guest Systems, & Small Molecules Using Ion Mobility & Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Noah Mismash
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis explores the structures and structural changes of supramolecular host-guest systems, proteins, and other small molecules in the gas phase, utilizing a combination of computational modeling and experimental data. The primary instruments employed were a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR-MS) and an ion mobility mass spectrometer (IM-MS). In the IM-MS experiments, the focus was on investigating the binding behavior of cyclodextrin macrocycles—specifically α, β, and γ-cyclodextrin—with per-fluoroalkane substances (PFAS), which are pervasive environmental contaminants. This investigation involved measuring ion-neutral collision cross sections and using computational modeling to determine whether PFAS compounds bind inside or outside the …
Minimal Specialization: The Coevolution Of Network Structure And Dynamics, Annika King
Minimal Specialization: The Coevolution Of Network Structure And Dynamics, Annika King
Theses and Dissertations
The changing topology of a network is driven by the need to maintain or optimize network function. As this function is often related to moving quantities such as traffic, information, etc., efficiently through the network, the structure of the network and the dynamics on the network directly depend on the other. To model this interplay of network structure and dynamics we use the dynamics on the network, or the dynamical processes the network models, to influence the dynamics of the network structure, i.e., to determine where and when to modify the network structure. We model the dynamics on the network …
Dna-Templated Nanofabrication Of Metal-Semiconductor Heterojunctions And Their Electrical Characterization, Chao Pang
Theses and Dissertations
Bottom-up nanofabrication, although still in its early stages with formidable challenges, is considered a potential alternative method to address the limitations of traditional top-down techniques by offering benefits including process simplification, cost reduction, and environmental friendliness. DNA-templated nanofabrication, one of the most powerful bottom-up methods, presents an innovative way to create advanced nanoelectronics. In this approach, nanomaterials with specific electronic, photonic, or other functions are precisely and programmably positioned on DNA nanostructures from a disordered collection of smaller parts. These self-assembled structures offer significant potential for improving many fields such as biosensing, drug delivery and electronic device manufacturing. This dissertation …
A Bilevel Approach To Resource Allocation For Utility-Based Request-Response Systems, Tanner Jack Sundwall
A Bilevel Approach To Resource Allocation For Utility-Based Request-Response Systems, Tanner Jack Sundwall
Theses and Dissertations
We present a novel bilevel programming formulation that aims to solve a resource allocation problem for request-response systems. Our formulation is motivated by potential inefficiencies in the allocation of computational resources to incoming user requests in such systems. In our experience, systems often operate with a surplus of resources despite potentially incurring unjustifiable cost. Our work attempts to optimize the tradeoff between the financial cost of resources and the opportunity cost of unfulfilled user demand. Our bilevel formulation consists of an \textit{upper} problem which has a constraint value appearing in the \textit{lower} problem. We derive efficient methods for finding global …