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Articles 1261 - 1290 of 2906

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Effects Of Protein Ratio And Concentration On Nitrogenase Catalyzed Substrate Reduction, Kyrsten Ann Crawford, Dr. Gerald D. Watt Jan 2014

Effects Of Protein Ratio And Concentration On Nitrogenase Catalyzed Substrate Reduction, Kyrsten Ann Crawford, Dr. Gerald D. Watt

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Although the earth’s atmosphere is approximately 80% nitrogen (N2) gas, this form of nitrogen is inert and must be reduced and “fixed” into a useable form of nitrogen through the process of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is an important biological process in the earth’s nitrogen cycle because it provides nutrient nitrogen for plants and animals. The enzyme responsible for conducting nitrogen fixation is nitrogenase, which is found only in certain diazotrophic microorganisms. Nitrogenase is also capable of reducing protons (H+) and small substrates that have a terminal triple bond, such as acetylene (C2H2 …


Improved Synthesis Of 2-Amino-6-Alkoxypurineribosides, Potential Co-Agents For Combination Therapy With Alkylating Anticancer Drugs, Dr. Morris J. Robins, Dr. Theodore C. Jessop Jan 2014

Improved Synthesis Of 2-Amino-6-Alkoxypurineribosides, Potential Co-Agents For Combination Therapy With Alkylating Anticancer Drugs, Dr. Morris J. Robins, Dr. Theodore C. Jessop

Journal of Undergraduate Research

2-amino-6-alkoxypurineribosides are involved in clinical testing as anticancer co-drugs (1); however, current methods for the large scale synthesis of these compounds have proven extremely difficult. The improved synthesis of 2-amino-6-alkoxypurineribosides reported herein allows easy access to these medicinally important compounds.


Reinforcement Learning Task Clustering, James Carroll, Todd Peterson Jan 2014

Reinforcement Learning Task Clustering, James Carroll, Todd Peterson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Reinforcement Learning is a process whereby actions are acquired using reinforcement signals. A signal is given to an autonomous agent indicating how well that agent is performing an action. The agent then attempts to maximize this reinforcement signal. One common method in reinforcement learning is Q-learning where the agent attempts to learn the expected temporally discounted value function for performing an action a in a state s Q(s,a). This function is updated according to:


Nature Of Calcium Carbonate Precipitate And Chemical Composition Of Water At Blue Lake Warm Spring, Utah, Benjamin R. Jordan, Dr. Eric H. Christiansen Jan 2014

Nature Of Calcium Carbonate Precipitate And Chemical Composition Of Water At Blue Lake Warm Spring, Utah, Benjamin R. Jordan, Dr. Eric H. Christiansen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Blue Lake is located in a remote area of Western Utah, about 25 km south of Wendover, Utah. The lake has a year-round temperature of 23 degrees Celsius. This is due to the lake being fed by warm springs located at a depth of 15 m within the lake. The bottom of the lake is covered with a fine carbonate mud. The multiple inflows, however, are filled with fine sand, predominately quartz, much of which is kept in constant motion by the inflowing groundwater. Contained within this sand, and located directly within the inflows, sometimes actually suspended in them, are …


Pre-Service University Math Education Programs In Japan, Vonn R. Christenson, Dr. Blake Peterson Jan 2014

Pre-Service University Math Education Programs In Japan, Vonn R. Christenson, Dr. Blake Peterson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

For years the United States has lagged behind the international community in mathematical performance at the elementary and secondary education levels. In the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), differences between the teaching style in Japan and the United States were studied, identified and recorded. Through this study, it was discovered that students in the United States “encounter mathematics that is at a lower level, is somewhat superficial, and is not as fully or coherently developed” as the mathematics in Japan.i


Calculating Cold Non-Neutral Plasma Modes Using Finite Difference Schemes In A Non-Orthogonal Coordinate System, Donald M. Cannon, Dr. Ross L. Spencer Jan 2014

Calculating Cold Non-Neutral Plasma Modes Using Finite Difference Schemes In A Non-Orthogonal Coordinate System, Donald M. Cannon, Dr. Ross L. Spencer

Journal of Undergraduate Research

A plasma is a gaseous collection of charged particles. Although the particles move relatively independently, their interactions with each other as well as with externally applied fields result in collective behavior such as waves and turbulence. The complexity of this behavior has been one of the biggest obstacles in the development of nuclear fusion as an alternative power source as scientists have tried to understand and control the plasmas formed in fusion experiments. One of the characteristics of plasma behavior is the existence of normal modes. Just as different harmonics on a vibrating string can combine to form complex wave …


Simulation Of A Quantum Algorithm On A Classical Computer, Brent Kraczek, Dr. Jean-Francois Van Huele Jan 2014

Simulation Of A Quantum Algorithm On A Classical Computer, Brent Kraczek, Dr. Jean-Francois Van Huele

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Quantum computation is a recent idea of how to use quantum mechanics to improve computer performance. Although a full quantum computer has not yet been built, a few algorithms have been developed which take advantage of different aspects of quantum mechanics. David Deutsch, one of the founders of quantum computation, claims that “classical computation” is based on the mathematics allowed by classical physics–what we experience in everyday life; quantum computation is based on the mathematics allowed by quantum mechanics [1]. My research centers on understanding the differences between classical and quantum computation through one such algorithm, Shor’s prime factorization algorithm …


Solving Laplace’S Equation On A Personal Computer, Michael Higley, Dr. Peter Bates Jan 2014

Solving Laplace’S Equation On A Personal Computer, Michael Higley, Dr. Peter Bates

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Laplace’s equation is a differential equations that describes many physical properties in steady state systems. It can be used to describe heat distributions, displacements in elastic media, or electrostatic fields. My interest is in solving an electrostatics problem where the domain—the area in which the equation has physical meaning—is irregular enough that the only way to solve the problem is to use some sort of numerical approximation.


Investigating T-Butyl-Lithium For 13.5 Nm X-Ray Source, Malcom Hicken, Dr. R. Steven Turley Jan 2014

Investigating T-Butyl-Lithium For 13.5 Nm X-Ray Source, Malcom Hicken, Dr. R. Steven Turley

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Lithography is the process of focusing light to etch a micro-circuitry pattern on silicon chips. In order to get smaller patterns, and thus more condensed computer chips, bright sources of low-wavelength light are needed. The goal of this project was to produce a bright source of 13.5 nm extremeultraviolet radiation. A paper by J. J. Rocca alerted us to the possibility of using doubly-ionized lithium, whose 2s-1s transition gives off 13.5 nm radiation.1 T-butyl-lithium was selected as a compound that has a relatively high vapor pressure at low temperatures, thus avoiding the more elaborate high-temperature experimental set-up required for obtaining …


Polymeric Monolithic Stationary Phases For Capillary Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Of Small Molecules, Kun Liu Jan 2014

Polymeric Monolithic Stationary Phases For Capillary Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Of Small Molecules, Kun Liu

Theses and Dissertations

Highly cross-linked monoliths prepared from single cross-linking monomers were found to increase surface area and stability. Therefore, seven cross-linking monomers, i.e., 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate (1,3-BDDMA), 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate (1,4-BDDMA), neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate (NPGDMA), 1,5-pentanediol dimethacrylate (1,5-PDDMA), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (1,6-HDDMA), 1,10-decanediol dimethacrylate (1,10-DDDMA), and 1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate (1,12-DoDDMA), were used to synthesize highly cross-linked monolithic columns in 75-µm i.d. capillaries by one-step UV-initiated polymerization using dodecanol and methanol as porogens for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) of small molecules. Selection of porogen type and concentration was investigated in detail. Isocratic elution of alkylbenzenes at a flow rate of 300 nL/min was conducted for all of …


Information Technology Benchmarking Survey Of Institutions Of Higher Education, Alan P. Hyatt, Dr. Eric L. Denna Jan 2014

Information Technology Benchmarking Survey Of Institutions Of Higher Education, Alan P. Hyatt, Dr. Eric L. Denna

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In the realm of higher education, learning is continually facilitated, enhanced, and improved through technology. At Brigham Young University, the summary mission of the Office of Information Technology is to support the mission and objectives of the Church Educational System and its operating units by acquiring, creating, organizing, and making available tools that (1) enhance student learning, faculty teaching, and scholarship, and (2) improve the key decision and administrative processes of the BYU entities.


The Synthesis Of Lipid A Analogs For Use In Studying The Binding Of Lipid A And Polymyxin B, Paul B. Savage, Dr. Bryce A. Harrison Jan 2014

The Synthesis Of Lipid A Analogs For Use In Studying The Binding Of Lipid A And Polymyxin B, Paul B. Savage, Dr. Bryce A. Harrison

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Gram-negative bacteria contain a toxin known as lipid A (1 in Figure 1). During bacterial infections, lipid A may be released from the bacteria and cause a condition known as septic shock, an over-response of the host immune system that may result in death (2). In fact, septic shock kills over 100,000 people annually in the U.S.1 In hopes of developing treatments for septic shock, we are researching compounds that bind and detoxify lipid A. One such compound, polymyxin B (2 in Figure 2), is itself too toxic for medicinal use; nevertheless, we want to understand how polymyxin B binds …


The Effect Of Substrate Structure On The Cleavage Efficiency Of Trna 3′ Processing Endoribonuclease, Susanna M. Geary, Dr. Roger Kaspar Jan 2014

The Effect Of Substrate Structure On The Cleavage Efficiency Of Trna 3′ Processing Endoribonuclease, Susanna M. Geary, Dr. Roger Kaspar

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Viruses insert DNA or RNA into host cells and use the cell’s resources to make proteins designed to propagate the virus. Viral proteins can cause disease, as can defective proteins from faulty or damaged genes. The enzyme, tRNA 3′ processing endoribonuclease (also called 3′ tRNase) can specifically cleave RNA that is made to resemble pre-tRNA (1). RNA heptamers can be engineered to form such pre-tRNA-resembling complexes by binding to a target RNA just downstream of a stable hairpin loop (fig. 1). Hence, pathogenic RNA could be targeted and destroyed, thereby decreasing the production of damaging proteins.


Molecular Collisional Energy Transfer Efficiency, Jeffery K. Thomson, Dr. Eric T. Sevy Jan 2014

Molecular Collisional Energy Transfer Efficiency, Jeffery K. Thomson, Dr. Eric T. Sevy

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The kinetics of unimolecular reactions are especially interesting in the manner in which they absorb or transfer energy. For a unimolecular reaction to proceed, an activation energy barrier must be overcome. This barrier can be overcome through collisions with other molecules or atoms with sufficient force that excite vibrations violent enough to break chemical bonds. It has been observed that some molecules are more efficient at transferring energy through collisions than others. The reasons why some molecules transfer energy more efficiently are not fully understood. The goal of this project is to provide a window into the events taking place …


Potential Role Of Direct Inhibition And Phosphorylation Of The Sodium-Potassium Atpase In Cataract Formation, Jason E. Wright, Dr. Steven W. Graves Jan 2014

Potential Role Of Direct Inhibition And Phosphorylation Of The Sodium-Potassium Atpase In Cataract Formation, Jason E. Wright, Dr. Steven W. Graves

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Preliminary data suggested that bovine lens epithelial cells (BLEC) are able to increase the amount of sodium-potassium ATPase (sodium pump or SP) in the plasma membrane. I set out to accomplish three objectives: (1) to continue ongoing ouabain inhibition experiments in order to confirm the preliminary data; (2) to examine BLEC’s response to peptide hormones (in other tissues the peptide hormone induced phosphorylation of SP is followed by an observable removal of SP from the membrane); and (3) to confirm our hypothesis that observations of SP redistribution are a manifestation of BLEC’s ability to compensate for the inhibitory effect of …


The Function Of Phosducin’S N-Terminus And C-Terminus Domains, Collin Driscoll, Dr. Barry M. Willardson Jan 2014

The Function Of Phosducin’S N-Terminus And C-Terminus Domains, Collin Driscoll, Dr. Barry M. Willardson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Cells use heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gabg) to transduce extracellular signals into intracellular messages. A hormone or other signal molecule binds to a seven trans-membrane receptor on the cell’s surface causing the receptor to change shape. On the inside of the cell this conformational change causes Gabg to split into a Ga subunit and a Gbg subunit complex. Both Ga and Gbg activate effector enzymes that determine the cellular response to the signal molecule. Phosducin (Pd) is a G-protein regulator that works by binding to the Gbg subunit complex and blocking Gbg function in three ways: 1) It blocks reassociation with Ga, …


Molecular Pathology Of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lipofuscin-Generated Apoptosis Of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (Rpe) Cells, Aaron Secrest, Dr. Craig Thulin Jan 2014

Molecular Pathology Of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lipofuscin-Generated Apoptosis Of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (Rpe) Cells, Aaron Secrest, Dr. Craig Thulin

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly and is currently untreatable. In the central region of the posterior retina (the macula), AMD is caused by damage to and subsequent death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and, consequently, the photoreceptors that are attached to them, leading to vision loss. The current thinking in the field of ophthalmology is that the eye cannot function efficiently after 50-60+ years of continuously repairing damage caused by exposure to high-energy photons from blue light. The increase in average human life span correlates with a higher prevalence …


Evaluation Of The Activity Of Cationic Steroid Antibiotics, David W. Swenson, Dr. Paul B. Savage Jan 2014

Evaluation Of The Activity Of Cationic Steroid Antibiotics, David W. Swenson, Dr. Paul B. Savage

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Food-borne illnesses are a continuing problem in the US [1]. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria pose significant threats to the integrity of the food supply and to the health of the public. For example, according to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control, an estimated 1 million infections and 500 deaths are associated with food-borne Salmonella infections each year [2]. Additional concern is caused by the fact that many patients who die from food-borne illnesses are infected with drug-resistant bacteria, and resistant organisms are increasingly found in the food supply [3].


Ion Chromatographic Quantification Of Trace-Level Perchlorate Concentrations Using 18-Crown-6 As A Mobile-Phase Additive, David Simpson, Dr. John Lamb Jan 2014

Ion Chromatographic Quantification Of Trace-Level Perchlorate Concentrations Using 18-Crown-6 As A Mobile-Phase Additive, David Simpson, Dr. John Lamb

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Awareness of the potential contamination issues with perchlorate ion (ClO4 -) came about in 1985 when the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first reported contamination in 14 Californian wells ranging from 0.11 to 2.6 micrograms per liter (ppm).1 In 1992 the EPA issued a provisional reference dose (RfD) of 0.14 milligrams per kilogram per day, which set a standard of 18 parts per billion (ppb) in drinking water.2 However, in January 1997 the EPA indicated that a reporting limit of at least 4 ppb would be necessary; yet, procedures to measure perchlorate ion at such low levels were unavailable.3 By March …


A Novel Method For The Preparation Of Sulfhydryl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers On Gold, Justin Gregory Peacock, Dr. Matthew R. Linford Jan 2014

A Novel Method For The Preparation Of Sulfhydryl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers On Gold, Justin Gregory Peacock, Dr. Matthew R. Linford

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Self-assembled monolayers (SAM’s) on gold have been extensively studied during the past 20 years because of their use in biochemical surface recognition, as nanotechnological structures, as nano-chemical wires and circuits in electronics, as a means of creating patterned surfaces, as sensors to monitor various chemical levels, and to attach proteins and other biomolecules to surfaces.1 In 1994 Offord et al.2 prepared series of mixed monolayers on gold using different proportions of t-butylthiol and 1-octadecanethiol. When monolayers were prepared from ethanolic solutions, anomalous surface properties were observed at intermediate t-butylthiol solution concentrations. They attributed the higher than expected thicknesses and lower …


Na,K-Atpase Expression In The Epithelial Layer Of The Lens, Karen Merrell, Dr. Steven W. Graves Jan 2014

Na,K-Atpase Expression In The Epithelial Layer Of The Lens, Karen Merrell, Dr. Steven W. Graves

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Na,K-ATPase is a multi-subunit protein that uses ATP to pump Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell. Multiple isoforms of each subunit of Na,K-ATPase have been identified, but the á subunit of Na,K-ATPase plays the most important functional role and has been the most widely studied. Within the lens, Na,K-ATPase is most concentrated in the outer epithelial layer. To study changes in Na,K-ATPase levels I cultured bovine lens epithelial cells (BLEC), and incubated them with various hormones. The abundance of the á3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase was determined by Western blot protein gel electrophoresis using specific …


Metal Ion Analysis For Use In Calculation Of Apparent Molar Volumes And Apparent Molar Heat Capacities Of Copper(Ii), Nickel(Ii), And Zinc(Ii) Nitrates, Eric Merkley, Dr. Earl M. Woolley Jan 2014

Metal Ion Analysis For Use In Calculation Of Apparent Molar Volumes And Apparent Molar Heat Capacities Of Copper(Ii), Nickel(Ii), And Zinc(Ii) Nitrates, Eric Merkley, Dr. Earl M. Woolley

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Apparent molar heat capacity, Cp,f, and apparent molar volume, Vf, are valuable thermodynamic quantities in the study of solute-solvent interactions and chemical reactions in aqueous solutions. Work in our laboratory1-3 has demonstrated that fixed-cell differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vibrating-tube densimetry can provide sensitive and accurate data for calculating Cp,f and Vf. We have recently collected data for solutions of copper(II) nitrate, nickel(II) nitrate, and zinc(II) nitrate. As for most compounds, there is a lack of Cp,f and Vf date for these heavy metal nitrates. Our measurements will allow calculation of Cp,f and Vf.


The Effect Of Salt Concentrations On A. Vinelandii Nitrogenase, Clinton R. King, Dr. Gary D. Watt Jan 2014

The Effect Of Salt Concentrations On A. Vinelandii Nitrogenase, Clinton R. King, Dr. Gary D. Watt

Journal of Undergraduate Research

We are investigating the kinetic effect of salt concentration on the reaction N2 + (6+2n)H+ + (6+2n)e- + 2(6+2n)ATP ­ 2NH3 + nH2 + 2(6+2n)Pi + 2(6+2n)ADP (1) catalyzed by nitrogenase where the spontaneous decomposition of S2O4 2- is the electron source. Under high partial pressures of N2, n has a limiting value of one, but in the absence of N2, nitrogenase simply catalyzes the reduction of protons to H2.


Antibiotic Compounds Isolated From Plant Microbes, Michael C. Haymore, Dr. Noel Owen Jan 2014

Antibiotic Compounds Isolated From Plant Microbes, Michael C. Haymore, Dr. Noel Owen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming in the early twentieth century is seen as one of the most significant medical advances in the past 100 years. Millions of people have had their lives preserved or prolonged due to the use of effective antibiotics since their discovery and wide-spread use. However, with the incredibly diverse and constantly evolving infectious diseases older antibiotics such as penicillin are becoming obsolete in the fight against infection. Thus, there remains a constant need to discover antibiotics effective against today’s diseases. Plants are a rich source of antibiotic compounds. Because plants live and compete in …


Development Of A Cellular Model Expressing Cloned Hiv Env Genes, Jeffrey S. Johnson, Dr. Gregory F. Burton Jan 2014

Development Of A Cellular Model Expressing Cloned Hiv Env Genes, Jeffrey S. Johnson, Dr. Gregory F. Burton

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a treatment that uses protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogs to block replication of HIV, has had a marked effect on decreasing the viral loads of HIV in infected individuals. However, studies have indicated that if a patient receiving HAART for long periods of time (2 to 3 years) is taken off treatment, HIV levels in the blood will increase drastically within several weeks (2). This problem indicates that reservoirs in the body harbor the virus and protect it from treatment until conditions allow the virus to replicate unchecked throughout the body. The Follicular Dendritic Cell …


Determination Of The Number Of Redox Sites In Mammalian Ferritin, Jason Kenealey, Dr. Gerald Watt Jan 2014

Determination Of The Number Of Redox Sites In Mammalian Ferritin, Jason Kenealey, Dr. Gerald Watt

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Ferritin is a protein that facilitates iron metabolism in the body. Virtually all living organisms are dependent on ferritin for iron storage. It has been found in everything including animals, plants and bacteria. Ferritin is formed from 24 subunits, which are arranged to form a sphere with a hollow center. In mammals these subunits consist of two isomers: heavy and light, which are named so due to the difference in their molecular weight. In the center the iron is stored as ferric hydroxide. The mechanism of the iron deposition into the core is not well understood. A part of this …


Regio- And Stereoselective Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Between 4-Hydroxycoumarin And Alkenes, Scott Henneman, Dr. Steven A. Fleming Jan 2014

Regio- And Stereoselective Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Between 4-Hydroxycoumarin And Alkenes, Scott Henneman, Dr. Steven A. Fleming

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Recent photochemical research has proven helpful in understanding the regio- and stereoselective mechanism of four-member ring formation. When compounds cycloadd— combine either inter- or intramolecularly to form rings—a broad assortment of isomers are generally formed. However, the regio- and stereoselectivity of the cycloaddition process—the tendency of the compounds to combine in specific ways, i.e. the preference for one product over another—can be greatly enhanced through the utilization of a tether group. This tether group can be anything used to control the reacting molecular components involved in a cycloaddition towards combination in a specific orientation. The regio- and stereoselectivity of the …


Significance Of Introduced Bias In The Utah Colleges Exit Poll, Sherstin Merx, Dr. Scott Grimshaw Jan 2014

Significance Of Introduced Bias In The Utah Colleges Exit Poll, Sherstin Merx, Dr. Scott Grimshaw

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Since 1982, Brigham Young University Departments of Statistics and Political Science have sponsored the Utah Colleges Exit Poll (UCEP) as both a research tool and as an experience in applied statistics. However, in designing the poll, UCEP routinely deals with administrative and geographic issues that make the task more difficult. For example, just collecting the necessary information from all 29 Utah counties requires the full attention of a designated “Public Relations” committee. Geography is another problem for UCEP. Certain counties are so remote that it is difficult and expensive to include them in the sample.


Destructive Testing Versus Nondestructive Evaluation: A Statistical Comparison, Geraldine Hansen, Dr. C. Shane Reese Jan 2014

Destructive Testing Versus Nondestructive Evaluation: A Statistical Comparison, Geraldine Hansen, Dr. C. Shane Reese

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Researchers and developers in manufacturing and industry are often confronted with the problem of testing component functionality. Two important testing methods used on equipment are destructive testing (DT) or nondestructive evaluation (NDE). DT implies that the part is destroyed by disassembly, or it is destroyed by utilizing the equipment to determine if the part was defective. In the case we examined, DT is like exploding a weapon. DT is very expensive and reduces valuable assets, but it is consistently very accurate. This type of testing is often referred to as obtaining a “snapshot in time” because we know at that …


Using Haptics To Assist Automobile Drivers, Kevin Alejandro Roundy, Dr. Michael A. Goodrich Jan 2014

Using Haptics To Assist Automobile Drivers, Kevin Alejandro Roundy, Dr. Michael A. Goodrich

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The purpose of this research project was to further Nissan Motor Company’s research in technologies designed to improve driver comfort and safety.