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Articles 1411 - 1440 of 2906

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Data Acquisition From Cemetery Headstones, Cameron Smith Christiansen Nov 2012

Data Acquisition From Cemetery Headstones, Cameron Smith Christiansen

Theses and Dissertations

Data extraction from engraved text is discussed rarely, and nothing in the open literature discusses data extraction from cemetery headstones. Headstone images present unique challenges such as engraved or embossed characters (causing inner-character shadows), low contrast with the background, and significant noise due to inconsistent stone texture and weathering. Current systems for extracting text from outdoor environments (billboards, signs, etc.) make assumptions (i.e. clean and/or consistently-textured background and text) that fail when applied to the domain of engraved text. Additionally, the ability to extract the data found on headstones is of great historical value. This thesis describes a novel and …

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Microfabrication, Characterization, And Application Of Carbon Nanotube Templated Thin Layer Chromatography Plates, And Functionalization Of Porous Graphitic Carbon, David S. Jensen Nov 2012

Microfabrication, Characterization, And Application Of Carbon Nanotube Templated Thin Layer Chromatography Plates, And Functionalization Of Porous Graphitic Carbon, David S. Jensen

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation contains the following sections. Chapter 1 contains a detailed description of the theory of thin layer chromatography (TLC). Chapter 2 describes the benefits and practical considerations of elevated temperatures in liquid chromatography (LC). The porous graphitic carbon (PGC) I modified as part of my work is often used in elevated temperature LC. Chapter 3 shows a thermodynamic analysis of chromatographic retention at elevated temperature, and Chapter 4 contains a closer look at the van 't Hoff equation in LC and how it can be used in retention modeling. In Chapter 5, I describe a new procedure for microfabricating …

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Algorithmically Flexible Style Composition Through Multi-Objective Fitness Functions, Skyler James Murray Nov 2012

Algorithmically Flexible Style Composition Through Multi-Objective Fitness Functions, Skyler James Murray

Theses and Dissertations

Creating a fitness function for music is largely subjective and dependent on a programmer's personal tastes or goals. Previous attempts to create musical fitness functions for use in genetic algorithms lack scope or are prejudiced to a certain genre of music. They also suffer the limitation of producing music only in the strict style determined by the programmer. We show in this paper that musical feature extractors that avoid the challenges of qualitative judgment enable creation of a multi-objective function for direct music production. Multi-objective fitness functions enable creation of music with varying identifiable styles. With this system we produced …

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A Cps-Like Transformation Of Continuation Marks, Kimball Richard Germane Nov 2012

A Cps-Like Transformation Of Continuation Marks, Kimball Richard Germane

Theses and Dissertations

Continuation marks are a programming language feature which generalize stack inspection. Despite its usefulness, this feature has not been adopted by languages which rely on stack inspection, e.g., for dynamic security checks. One reason for this neglect may be that continuation marks do not yet enjoy a transformation to the plain λ-calculus which would allow higher-order languages to provide continuation marks at little cost. We present a CPS-like transformation from the call-by-value λ-calculus augmented with continuation marks to the pure call-by-value λ-calculus. We discuss how this transformation simplifies the construction of compilers which treat continuation marks correctly. We document an …

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Deposition And Characterization Of Hydrophobic Coatings, Vipul Gupta Nov 2012

Deposition And Characterization Of Hydrophobic Coatings, Vipul Gupta

Theses and Dissertations

Hydrophobic coatings find application in various sectors of the economy including to electronics, textiles, optical devices, and in scientific and commercial equipment. These different applications demand that different hydrophobic coatings posses a range of properties that may include smoothness or roughness, thicknesses on the order of a monolayer or a micron, robustness or the ability to dissolve quickly, transparency or opacity, water resistance or water permeability, electrical conductivity, oleophobicity, etc. However, whatever the final/desired properties, deposition via dry-deposition processes offers significant advantages, including greater reproducibility, increased environmental friendliness, and cost effectiveness on an industrial scale. Herein I explore the chemical …

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Bayesian Test Analytics For Document Collections, Daniel David Walker Nov 2012

Bayesian Test Analytics For Document Collections, Daniel David Walker

Theses and Dissertations

Modern document collections are too large to annotate and curate manually. As increasingly large amounts of data become available, historians, librarians and other scholars increasingly need to rely on automated systems to efficiently and accurately analyze the contents of their collections and to find new and interesting patterns therein. Modern techniques in Bayesian text analytics are becoming wide spread and have the potential to revolutionize the way that research is conducted. Much work has been done in the document modeling community towards this end,though most of it is focused on modern, relatively clean text data. We present research for improved …

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Javalite - An Operational Semantics For Modeling Java Programs, Saint Oming'o Wesonga Nov 2012

Javalite - An Operational Semantics For Modeling Java Programs, Saint Oming'o Wesonga

Theses and Dissertations

Java is currently a widely used programming language. However, there is no formal definition of Java's semantics. Consequently, Java code does not have a universal meaning. This work discusses recent attempts to formalize Java and presents a new formalism of Java called Javalite. In contrast to common approaches to formalization, Javalite is purely syntactic in its definition. Syntactic operational semantics use the structure of the language to define its behavior. Javalite models most Java features with notable exceptions being threads, reflection, and interfaces. This work presents an executable semi-formal model of Javalite in PLT Redex. Being executable means that Javalite …

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Mechanism Of Action Studies On A New Class Of Anticancer Nucleosides, Megan E. Browning Nov 2012

Mechanism Of Action Studies On A New Class Of Anticancer Nucleosides, Megan E. Browning

Theses and Dissertations

We have completed mechanism of action studies on a new class of anticancer nucleosides typified by a novel nucleoside discovered in our lab, MAP-870. In order to study the mechanism of MAP-870, several experiments were completed on a colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, including trypan blue cell count, sulforhodamine B assays, flow cytometry of cell cycle, propidium iodide incorporation, and phosphatidylserine externalization, Caspase-Glo3/7 assays, DNA fragmentation gel, cyclophilin A release gel, PAMPA, and confocal imaging. Sulforhodamine B assays show that MAP-870 does indeed cause growth inhibition and cell death in the model tested. PAMPA assays show that MAP-870 does not …

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Insights Into The Early Transgressive History Of Lake Bonneville From Stratigraphic Investigation Of Pilot Valley Playa, Ut/Nv, Usa, Kevin A. Rey Oct 2012

Insights Into The Early Transgressive History Of Lake Bonneville From Stratigraphic Investigation Of Pilot Valley Playa, Ut/Nv, Usa, Kevin A. Rey

Theses and Dissertations

Multiple shallow sediment cores were obtained from Pilot Valley playa, a sub-basin located in the northwestern Bonneville basin. Analysis of stratigraphy, ostracodes, mineralogy, chemistry, total inorganic carbon (TIC), total organic carbon (TOC), and stable isotopes were performed to better place these sediments into proper context with respect to the Lake Bonneville cycle. Results showed Pilot Valley playa contains a nearly full sequence of Lake Bonneville deep-water marl in addition to sediments deposited before and after the Lake Bonneville cycle. Within the marl is a sequence of organic rich algal laminated marl correlated with the Stansbury oscillation. Four 14C ages ranging …

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The Role Of Case-Hardening In The Development And Preservation Of Narrow, Vertical-Walled Canyons In Adršpach-Teplice, Czech Republic, Shawn Austin Wiggins Oct 2012

The Role Of Case-Hardening In The Development And Preservation Of Narrow, Vertical-Walled Canyons In Adršpach-Teplice, Czech Republic, Shawn Austin Wiggins

Theses and Dissertations

The geomorphology at Adršpach-Teplice, Czech Republic is dominated by vertical-walled, fracture-controlled features including slot canyons, gorges and pillars. Surfaces of canyon walls in Adršpach are case-hardened and more resistant to erosion than the bulk of the sandstone, which appears to be fundamental to the formation and preservation of canyons. Core and whole rock samples from Adršpach-Teplice were analyzed in thin section, including SEM analysis with cathodo luminescence. XRF and XRD analyses indicated that silica case-hardened surfaces are chemically and mineralogically similar to the rock interior, while iron case-hardened surfaces have an increase in iron present at the surface as the …

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Motion Capture Of Character Interactions With A Rope, Bryce Zachary Porter Oct 2012

Motion Capture Of Character Interactions With A Rope, Bryce Zachary Porter

Theses and Dissertations

We present a solution to animating interactions between characters and thin, non-rigid bodies using a passive optical motion capture system. Prior work in human body motion capture can accurately recreate human motion but this work is not adequate because it does not allow for interactions with a non-rigid body. Prior work in face and cloth motion capture handles non-rigid planes but rope is better handled with a curved spline rather than a curved plane. The segmented motion is in the form of un-indexed motion capture data. After segmenting the motion of the thin, non-rigid body and the human character the …

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Long-Lived Electron Spins In A Modulation Doped (100) Gaas Quantum Well, John S. Colton, D. Meyer, K Clark, D. Craft, J. Cutler, T. Park, P. White Oct 2012

Long-Lived Electron Spins In A Modulation Doped (100) Gaas Quantum Well, John S. Colton, D. Meyer, K Clark, D. Craft, J. Cutler, T. Park, P. White

Faculty Publications

We have measured T1 spin lifetimes of a 14 nm modulation-doped (100) GaAs quantum well using a time-resolved pump-probe Kerr rotation technique. The quantum well was selected by tuning the wavelength of the probe laser. T1 lifetimes in excess of 1 Us were measured at 1.5 K and 5.5 T, exceeding the typical T2 lifetimes that have been measured in GaAs and II-VI quantum wells by orders of magnitude. We observed effects from nuclear polarization, which were largely removable by simultaneous nuclear magnetic resonance, along with two distinct lifetimes under some conditions that likely result from probing two differently localized …

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Discriminant Analysis Of Xrf Data From Sandstones Of Like Facies And Appearance: A Method For Identifying A Regional Unconformity, Paleotopography,And Diagenetic Histories, Stephen Paul Phillips Sep 2012

Discriminant Analysis Of Xrf Data From Sandstones Of Like Facies And Appearance: A Method For Identifying A Regional Unconformity, Paleotopography,And Diagenetic Histories, Stephen Paul Phillips

Theses and Dissertations

The placement of an unconformable surface within a stratal succession affects the interpreted thickness of units and sequences in contact with that surface. Unit thickness influences the interpretation of basin subsidence, paleotopography, diagenesis, and depositional style. Accurate placement of an unconformity results in true formational thicknesses for formations associated with that unconformity. True thicknesses aid in producing more precise surface to subsurface correlations, isopach maps, and paleogeographic maps. An unconformity may be difficult to identify in the stratal succession due to similar rocks above and below the unconformity and the presence of multiple candidate surfaces. Using statistical discriminant analysis of …

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Secure Browser-Based Instant Messaging, Christopher Douglas Robison Sep 2012

Secure Browser-Based Instant Messaging, Christopher Douglas Robison

Theses and Dissertations

Instant messaging is a popular form of communication over the Internet. Statistics show that instant messaging has overtaken email in popularity. Traditionally, instant messaging has consisted of a desktop client communicating with other clients via an instant messaging service provider. However, instant messaging solutions are starting to become available in the web browser–services like Google Talk, Live Messenger and Facebook. Despite the work done by researchers to secure instant messaging networks, little work has been done to secure instant messaging in the browser. We present secure browser-based instant messaging overlays as a means to enable convenient, secure communication in existing …

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Automatic Content-Based Temporal Alignment Of Image Sequences With Varying Spatio-Temporal Resolution, Samuel R. Ogden Sep 2012

Automatic Content-Based Temporal Alignment Of Image Sequences With Varying Spatio-Temporal Resolution, Samuel R. Ogden

Theses and Dissertations

Many applications use multiple cameras to simultaneously capture imagery of a scene from different vantage points on a rigid, moving camera system over time. Multiple cameras often provide unique viewing angles but also additional levels of detail of a scene at different spatio-temporal resolutions. However, in order to benefit from this added information the sources must be temporally aligned. As a result of cost and physical limitations it is often impractical to synchronize these sources via an external clock device. Most methods attempt synchronization through the recovery of a constant scale factor and offset with respect to time. This limits …

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Nanoscale Surface Patterning And Applications: Using Top-Down Patterning Methods To Aid Bottom-Up Fabrication, Anthony Craig Pearson Aug 2012

Nanoscale Surface Patterning And Applications: Using Top-Down Patterning Methods To Aid Bottom-Up Fabrication, Anthony Craig Pearson

Theses and Dissertations

Bottom-up self-assembly can be used to create structures with sub-20 nm feature sizes or materials with advanced electrical properties. Here I demonstrate processes to enable such self-assembling systems including block copolymers and DNA origami, to be integrated into nanoelectronic devices. Additionally, I present a method which utilizes the high stability and electrical conductivity of graphene, which is a material formed using a bottom-up growth process, to create archival data storage devices. Specifically, I show a technique using block copolymer micelle lithography to fabricate arrays of 5 nm gold nanoparticles, which are chemically modified with a single-stranded DNA molecule and used …

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Automatic Generation Of Music For Inducing Emotive And Physiological Responses, Kristine Perry Monteith Aug 2012

Automatic Generation Of Music For Inducing Emotive And Physiological Responses, Kristine Perry Monteith

Theses and Dissertations

Music and emotion are two realms traditionally considered to be unique to human intelligence. This dissertation focuses on furthering artificial intelligence research, specifically in the area of computational creativity, by investigating methods of composing music that elicits desired emotional and physiological responses. It includes the following: an algorithm for generating original musical selections that effectively elicit targeted emotional and physiological responses; a description of some of the musical features that contribute to the conveyance of a given emotion or the elicitation of a given physiological response; and an account of how this algorithm can be used effectively in two different …

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A Confidence-Prioritization Approach To Data Processing In Noisy Data Sets And Resulting Estimation Models For Predicting Streamflow Diel Signals In The Pacific Northwest, Nathaniel Lee Gustafson Aug 2012

A Confidence-Prioritization Approach To Data Processing In Noisy Data Sets And Resulting Estimation Models For Predicting Streamflow Diel Signals In The Pacific Northwest, Nathaniel Lee Gustafson

Theses and Dissertations

Streams in small watersheds are often known to exhibit diel fluctuations, in which streamflow oscillates on a 24-hour cycle. Streamflow diel fluctuations, which we investigate in this study, are an informative indicator of environmental processes. However, in Environmental Data sets, as well as many others, there is a range of noise associated with individual data points. Some points are extracted under relatively clear and defined conditions, while others may include a range of known or unknown confounding factors, which may decrease those points' validity. These points may or may not remain useful for training, depending on how much uncertainty they …

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Curious Growth Of A Buried Sio2 Layer, Thomas O. Mcconkie Aug 2012

Curious Growth Of A Buried Sio2 Layer, Thomas O. Mcconkie

Theses and Dissertations

Initial investigation of Moxtek wire grid polarizers composed of Al and coated with SiO2 - SiX - SiO2 (where SiX is used to indicate a Si rich layer whose complete composition is not to be disclosed for proprietary reasons) showed a growth of 3x in the inner (closest to Al) SiO2 layer after baking. Upon removing the X and varying rib composition and layering composition and geometries in 12 sets of before and after samples, no obvious growth was observed. Even baking the original unbaked sample yielded no growth. Our data suggest that the initial conclusion of buried oxide growth …

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Gas Phase Characterization Of Supramolecules Using Cross-Sectional Areas By Fticr And Sustained Off-Resonance Irradiation Collision Induced Dissociation Techniques In A Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer, Fan Yang Aug 2012

Gas Phase Characterization Of Supramolecules Using Cross-Sectional Areas By Fticr And Sustained Off-Resonance Irradiation Collision Induced Dissociation Techniques In A Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer, Fan Yang

Theses and Dissertations

In my dissertation, I use a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FTICR-MS) to investigate supramolecules. Cross-sectional areas by Fourier transform ICR (CRAFTI), a novel technique for measurements of collision cross sections by FTICR, is demonstrated for the first time. The CRAFTI method measures the total "dephasing cross section" for removal of the ions from the coherent packet in the FTICR cell, including contributions not only from momentum transfer but also from reactive collisions including those leading to collisional dissociation. Experimental CRAFTI collision cross sections correlate linearly with theoretically computed results and with results obtained using ion mobility measurements. …

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Multiple Recoding Mechanisms Produce Cyclooxygenase And Cyclooxygenase-Related Proteins From Frameshift-Containing Cox-3/Cox-1b Transcripts In Rat And Human, John Cameron Hunter Aug 2012

Multiple Recoding Mechanisms Produce Cyclooxygenase And Cyclooxygenase-Related Proteins From Frameshift-Containing Cox-3/Cox-1b Transcripts In Rat And Human, John Cameron Hunter

Theses and Dissertations

To increase diversity of enzymes and proteins, cells mix and match exonic and intronic regions retained in mature mRNAs by alternative splicing. An estimated 94% of all multi-exon genes express one or more alternatively spliced transcripts generating proteins with similar or modified functions. Cyclooxygenase is a signaling enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of diverse bioactive lipids termed prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are involved in myriad physiological and pathopysiological processes including vasoregulation, stomach mucosal maintenance, parturition, pain, fever, inflammation, neoplasia and angiogenesis and are inhibited by aspirin-like drugs known as NSAIDs. In 2002 an alternatively spliced, intron-1 retaining variant …

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Flow Valve Diagnostics For Label-Free, Quantitative Biomarker Detection: Device Fabrication, Surface Modification, And Testing, Danielle Scarlet Mansfield Aug 2012

Flow Valve Diagnostics For Label-Free, Quantitative Biomarker Detection: Device Fabrication, Surface Modification, And Testing, Danielle Scarlet Mansfield

Theses and Dissertations

Diseases are often diagnosed by detection of disease-specific biomarkers in fluid samples. However, many state-of-the-art detection methods require a lab with complex machinery, trained operators, and/or lengthy analysis time. In contrast, point-of-care (POC) devices are brought to the patient's location, they are easy to use, and results are obtained almost immediately. Many current POC devices are too difficult to be used without a skilled assistant, and although many are able to detect analytes above a threshold value, they give little or no quantitative information. This work presents the development of polymer-based microfluidic devices capable of sensing and quantifying biomarkers in …

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Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Various Derivatives Of A Broad-Spectrum Anticancer Nucleoside, Jadd R. Shelton Aug 2012

Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Various Derivatives Of A Broad-Spectrum Anticancer Nucleoside, Jadd R. Shelton

Theses and Dissertations

Recently the Peterson lab discovered a promising anticancer adenosine derivative-- 2´,3´-bis-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-5´-deoxy-5´-[N-(methylcarbamoyl)amino]-N6-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)adenosine. This compound showed selective toxicity against human colon cancer cells in vitro with LC50's = 6--10 µM. It was hypothesized that the lead compound exerted its cytotoxic effects by interacting with a protein kinase. A systematic Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) was undertaken in an attempt to increase the kinase-binding affinity of the lead compound. Many regions of the lead compound were examined: the N6-phenyl urea moiety, the 5´-N-methyl urea group, the 2´,3´-bis-O-TBS groups, the nucleobase, and the ribose sugar. Results of these studies produced some promising new derivatives. In …

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Quantum Dynamics Using Lie Algebras, With Explorations In The Chaotic Behavior Of Oscillators, Ryan Thomas Sayer Aug 2012

Quantum Dynamics Using Lie Algebras, With Explorations In The Chaotic Behavior Of Oscillators, Ryan Thomas Sayer

Theses and Dissertations

We study the time evolution of driven quantum systems using analytic, algebraic, and numerical methods. First, we obtain analytic solutions for driven free and oscillator systems by shifting the coordinate and phase of the undriven wave function. We also factorize the quantum evolution operator using the generators of the Lie algebra comprising the Hamiltonian. We obtain coupled ODE's for the time evolution of the Lie algebra parameters. These parameters allow us to find physical properties of oscillator dynamics. In particular we find phase-space trajectories and transition probabilities. We then search for chaotic behavior in the Lie algebra parameters as a …

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Self-Organizing Fluid Flow Patterns In Crystalline Rock: Theoretical Approach To The Hydrothermal Systems In The Middle Fork Of The Boise River, Scott A. Himes Jul 2012

Self-Organizing Fluid Flow Patterns In Crystalline Rock: Theoretical Approach To The Hydrothermal Systems In The Middle Fork Of The Boise River, Scott A. Himes

Theses and Dissertations

The thermal springs along the Middle Fork of the Boise River (MFBR) within the Atlanta lobe of the Idaho batholith discharge in discrete locations that appear to be part of self-organizing flow systems. Infiltrating water flows through Basin and Range fractures to depth where it is heated and ultimately discharged at the intersection of trans-Challis oriented faults along the MFBR. Isotopic compositions of the thermal waters have a linear trend with elevation suggesting that the recharge locations are near each thermal spring and the hydrothermal system is not one large interconnected system, but rather multiple individual hydrothermal systems. Water chemically …

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Array-Based Characterization Of Military Jet Aircraft Noise, David William Krueger Jul 2012

Array-Based Characterization Of Military Jet Aircraft Noise, David William Krueger

Theses and Dissertations

Since the 1950s the jet aeroacoustics community has been involved in predicting and measuring the noise distribution in jets. In this work, cylindrical and planar Fourier near-field acoustical holography are used to investigate radiation from a full-scale, installed jet engine. Practical problems involving measurement aperture and the highly directional nature of the source are addressed. Insights from numerical simulations reveal usable reconstruction regions. A comparison of cylindrical and planar NAH for the respective measurement apertures shows cylindrical NAH outperforms planar NAH on reconstructions both towards and away from the source.

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An Integrated Screening And Optimization Strategy, Nathaniel Jackson Rohbock Jul 2012

An Integrated Screening And Optimization Strategy, Nathaniel Jackson Rohbock

Theses and Dissertations

Within statistical methods, design of experiments (DOE) is well suited to make good inference from a minimal amount of data. Two types of designs within DOE are screening designs and optimization designs. Traditionally, these approaches have been necessarily separated by a gap between the objectives of each design and the methods available. Despite being so separated, in practice these designs are frequently connected by sequential experimentation. In fact, from the genesis of a project, the experimentor often knows that both designs will be necessary to accomplish his objectives. Due to advances in the understanding of experimental designs with complex aliasing …

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Geologic Map Of The Deer Point Quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah, Nicholaus D. Driscoll Jul 2012

Geologic Map Of The Deer Point Quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah, Nicholaus D. Driscoll

Theses and Dissertations

A new geologic map of the Deer Point 7.5' quadrangle located in the southern region of Capitol Reef National Park in south-central Utah provides stratigraphic and structural detail not previously available. The Deer Point quadrangle was mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 and is the fourth geologic map completed at this scale in Capitol Reef National Park. Twelve Quaternary units and eighteen bedrock formations and members are exposed in the Deer Point quadrangle. Bedrock formations range in age from Triassic to Cretaceous. The details not available on previous geologic maps include: four alluvial terrace units, two lacustrine units, two mass …

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Analog Feedback Control Of Broadband Fan Noise, Cole Victor Duke Jul 2012

Analog Feedback Control Of Broadband Fan Noise, Cole Victor Duke

Theses and Dissertations

Active noise control (ANC) has been implemented using analog filters to reduce broadband noise from a small axial cooling fan. Previous work successfully attenuated narrow-band, tonal portions of the noise using a digital controller. The practical performance limits of this system were reached and it was desirable to attenuate the noise further. Additional research, therefore, sought to attenuate broadband noise from the fan using a digital controller, but performance was limited by the group delay inherent in the digital signal processor (DSP). Current research attempts to further attenuate broadband noise and improve performance of the system by combining the tonal …

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Mineral Chemistry Of Basalts Recovered From Hotspot Snake River Scientific Drilling Project, Idaho: Source And Crystallization Characteristics, Richard W. Bradshaw Jul 2012

Mineral Chemistry Of Basalts Recovered From Hotspot Snake River Scientific Drilling Project, Idaho: Source And Crystallization Characteristics, Richard W. Bradshaw

Theses and Dissertations

Mineral chemistry and petrography of basalts from the Kimama drill core recovered by Hotspot: Snake River Scientific Drilling Project, Idaho establish crystallization conditions of these lavas. Twenty-three basalt samples, from 20 individual lava flows were sampled from the upper 1000 m (of the 1912 m drilled) core drilled on the axis of the Snake River Plain, and represent approximately 3 m.y. of volcanism (rocks at the bottom of the hole are ~6 Ma). Rock from the upper 1000 m are typically fresh, while those lower in the core are more altered and are less likely to preserve fresh phenocrysts to …

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