Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Amid The Vipers: Establishing Malware's Position Within The Information Ecosystem, Shawn Louis Everett Robertson

Computer Science and Software Engineering

The paper consists of a detailed examination of malware broken down into three main sections.

1. Introduction: Malware in the World Today. Begins with a definition of terms, examination of the types of malware, research into historical pieces of malicious code, a detailed analysis of the attackers, why malware is so prevalent, and why it is so hard to defend against. This section finishes with a comparison of reasons to create and not to create malware.
2. Background: "Good" Pieces of Malware. Examination of what makes malware effective. Analysis of the existing CVSS standard and proposal of the alternative VIPERS classification system. …

Regional Scale Monitoring Of Methane Production By Dairy Farm Ungulates; A Proposal To The National Science Foundation (Nsf) And The National Ecological Observatory Network (Neon, Inc.), Lindsey Anne Peterson

Biological Sciences

No abstract provided.

Exposing Students To The Idea That Theories Can Change, Chance Hoellwarth, Matthew J. Moelter

Physics

No abstract provided.

Search For Β+/Ec Double Beta Decay Of 120Te, E. Andreotti, C. Arnaboldi, F.T. Avignone Iii, M. Balata, I. Bandac, M. Barucci, J.W. Beeman, F. Bellini, C. Brofferio, A. Bryant, C. Bucci, L. Canonica, S. Capelli, L. Carbone, M. Carrettoni, M. Clemenza, O. Cremonesi, R. J. Creswick, S. Di Domizio, M.J. Dolinski, L. Ejzak, R. Faccini, H. A. Farach, E. Ferri, E. Fiorini, L. Foggetta, A. Giachero, L. Gironi, A. Giuliani, P. Gorla, E. Guardincerri, T.D. Gutierrez, E. E. Haller, K. Kazkaz, S. Kraft, L. Kogler, C. Maiano, R.H. Maruyama, C. Martinez, M. Martinez, S. Newman, S. Nisi, C. Nones, E.B. Norman, A. Nucciotti, F. Orio, M. Pallavicini, V. Palmieri, L. Pattavina, M. Pavan, M. Pedretti, G. Pessina, S. Pirro, E. Previtali, L. Risegari, C. Rosenfeld, C. Rusconi, C. Salvioni, S. Sangiorgio, D. Schaeffer, N. D. Scielzo, M. Sisti, A. R. Smith, C. Tomei, G. Ventura, M. Vignati

Physics

We present a search for β⁺/EC double beta decay of ¹²⁰Te performed with the CUORICINO experiment, an array of TeO₂ cryogenic bolometers. After collecting 0.0573 kg · y of ¹²⁰Te, we see no evidence of a signal and therefore set the following limits on the half-life: T^{0v _1/2} > 1.9 · 10²¹ y at 90% C.L. for the 0v mode and T^2v_1/2 > 7.6 · 1019 y at 90% C.L. for the 2v mode. These results improve the existing limits by almost three orders of magnitude (four in the case of 0v mode).

Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis For Reverse Faults And Surface Rupture Scale Invariance, Zachary E. Ross

Master's Theses

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A methodology is presented for evaluating the potential surface fault displacement on reverse faults in a probabilistic manner. This methodology follows the procedures put forth for Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis (PFDHA). Empirical probability distributions that are central to performing a PFDHA are derived from field investigations of reverse faulting events. Statistical analyses are used to test previously assumed properties of scale invariance with respect to magnitude for normalized displacement. It is found that normalized displacement is statistically invariant with respect to magnitude and focal mechanism, allowing for the …

Evaluation Of Stain Blocking Primer Coatings With Low Volatile Organic Compound (Voc) Content And Effects Of Drying Conditions On The Properties Of Water Reducible Coatings For Polypropylene, Megan Alexandra Hart

Master's Theses

The California Air Resources Board (CARB) plans to reduce the volatile organic compound (VOC) limit of specialty primers, sealers, and undercoaters (SPSU), also referred to as stain blocking primers, from 350 g/L to 100 g/L in January of 2012. These coatings are primarily used as stain blocking primers over a variety of substrates, such as wood and drywall. Currently the stain blocking primers that are considered most effective are solvent based primers that contain VOC levels much higher than 100 g/L. The goal of this study is to determine if primers on the market today with a VOC content of …

Culture-Independent Characterization Of A Novel, Uncultivated Magnetotactic Member Of The Nitrospirae Phylum, Christopher T. Lefevre, Richard B. Frankel, Fernanda Abreu, Ulysses Lins, Dennis A. Bazylinski

Physics

A magnetotactic bacterium, designated strain LO-1, of the Nitrospirae phylum was detected and concentrated from a number of freshwater and slightly brackish aquatic environments in southern Nevada. The closest phylogenetic relative to LO-1 is Candidatus Magnetobacterium bavaricum based on a 91.2% identity in their 16S rRNA gene sequence. Chemical and cell profiles of a microcosm containing water and sediment show that cells of strain LO-1 are confined to the oxic–anoxic interface and the upper regions of the anaerobic zone which in this case, occurred in the sediment. This microorganism is relatively large, ovoid in morphology and usually biomineralizes three braid-like …

Utilization Of Geographic Information System For Research, Management, And Education In The Natural Resources Management Department At California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, David In Yun

Master's Theses

Geographic Information System (GIS) is “an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information” (ESRI, 1997a). The Natural Resources Management Department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, hereafter NRM, was one of the early users of GIS technology. Although GIS was primarily used as an educational tool, it was also used for cataloging and displaying resource information for management planning and research projects. As the computing technology advanced, GIS became more powerful and easier to use. NRM faculty and …

Efficient Access To Non-Sequential Elements Of A Search Tree, Lubomir Stanchev

Computer Science and Software Engineering

This article describes how a search tree can be extended in order to allow efficient access to predefined subsets of the stored elements. This is achieved by marking some of the elements of the search tree with marker bits. We show that our approach does not affect the asymptotic logarithmic complexity for existing operations. At the same time, it is beneficial because the modified search tree can now efficiently support requests on predefined subsets of the search elements that it previously could not.

Efficient Access To Non-Sequential Elements Of A Search Tree, Lubomir Stanchev

Computer Science and Software Engineering

This article describes how a search tree can be extended in order to allow efficient access to predefined subsets of the stored elements. This is achieved by marking some of the elements of the search tree with marker bits. We show that our approach does not affect the asymptotic logarithmic complexity for existing operations. At the same time, it is beneficial because the modified search tree can now efficiently support requests on predefined subsets of the search elements that it previously could not.

A Local Baseline Of The Black Hole Mass Scaling Relations For Active Galaxies. I. Methodology And Results Of Pilot Study, Vardha Nicola Bennert, Matthew W. Auger, Tommaso Treu, Jong-Hak Woo, Matthew A. Malkan

Physics

We present high-quality Keck/LRIS long-slit spectroscopy of a pilot sample of 25 local active galaxies selected from the SDSS (0.02 ≤z ≤ 0.1; M _BH>10⁷ M _☉) to study the relations between black hole mass (M _BH) and host-galaxy properties. We determine stellar kinematics of the host galaxy, deriving stellar-velocity dispersion profiles and rotation curves from three spectral regions (including CaH&K, MgIb triplet, and Ca II triplet). In addition, we perform surface photometry on SDSS images, using a newly developed code for joint multi-band analysis. BH masses are estimated from the width of the …

How Long Does A Santa Barbara Divorce Take?, Samuel J. Frame, Brian H. Burke

Statistics

There has been considerable research about the amount of time the psychological grief process requires when couples divorce. However, there has been little research on the time the actual process of divorce requires. To address this, we obtained free and publicly available information on divorce cases from Santa Barbara County. We are able to offer some insight about the relationship among the length of divorce, marriage length, and having minor children. Our results are consistent with those found in other literature that focuses on the length of the grief process, and our results are consistent with our experiences in family …

Book Review Of Graphics For Statistics And Data Analysis With R By Kevin J. Keen, Samuel J. Frame

Statistics

No abstract provided.

Generation Of Mid-Ir Wavelengths, Deborah Robinson, Robert Hartsock, Kelly Gaffney

STAR Program Research Presentations

Generation of mid-IR wavelengths

Deborah Robinson, Robert Hartsock, and Kelly Gaffney

Abstract

Research to determine basic molecular properties utilizing pump/probe experiments is an on going effort at SLAC. Here we have been given the task to generate mid-IR laser pulses and commission a mid-IR detector for said experiments and research. The mid-IR pulses will be used to probe the changes in molecular properties induced by exciting the electrons in molecules with visible pump pulses. In order to accomplish this, an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) has been set-up and aligned. The pump beam for the OPA is a 40 femtosecond 800nm …

Another Proof Of The Existence A Dedekind Complete Totally Ordered Field, James F. Hall, Todor D. Todorov

Mathematics

We describe the Dedekind cuts explicitly in terms of non-standard rational numbers. This leads to another construction of a Dedekind complete totally ordered field or, equivalently, to another proof of the consistency of the axioms of the real numbers. We believe that our construction is simpler and shorter than the classical Dedekind construction and Cantor construction of such fields assuming some basic familiarity with non-standard analysis.

Spatial Interactions Between Humans And Assistive Agents, Franz J. Kurfess, Greg Flanagan, Mehul Bhatt

Computer Science and Software Engineering

While computers assist humans with tasks such as navigation that involve spatial aspects, agents that can interact in a meaningful way in this context are still in their infancy. One core issue is the mismatch in the representation of spatial information a computer-based system is likely to use, and the one a human is likely to use. Computers are better suited for quantitative schemes such as maps or diagrams that rely on measurable distances between entities. Humans frequently use higher-level, domain-specific conceptual representations such as buildings, rooms, or streets for orientation purposes. Combined with the person-centric world view that we …

Surface Reconstruction Of Maltese Cisterns Using Rov Sonar Data For Archeological Study, C. Forney, J. Forrester, B. Bagley, W. Mcvicker, J. White, T. Smith, J. Batryn, A. Gonzalez, J. Lehr, T. Gambin, C. M. Clark, Zoë J. Wood

Computer Science and Software Engineering

We present a methodology and algorithm for the reconstruction of three dimensional geometric models of ancient Maltese water storage systems, i.e. cisterns, from sonar data. This project was conducted as a part of a four week expedition on the islands of Malta and Gozo. During this expedition, investigators used underwater robot systems capable of mapping ancient underwater cisterns and tunnels. The mapping included probabilistic algorithms for constructing the maps of the sonar data and computer graphics for surface reconstruction and visualization. This paper presents the general methodology for the data acquisition and the novel application of algorithms from computer graphics …

An Approach To Point Based Approximate Color Bleeding With Volumes, Christopher J. Gibson, Zoë J. Wood

Computer Science and Software Engineering

Achieving realistic or believable global illumination in scenes with participating media is expensive. Light interacts with the particles of a volume, creating complex radiance patterns. This paper introduces an explicit extension to the commonly used point-based color bleeding technique which allows fast, believable in- and out-scattering effects building on existing data structures and paradigms. The proposed method achieves results comparable to that of existing Monte Carlo integration methods, that is realistic looking renders of scenes which include volume data elements, obtaining render speeds between 10 and 36 times faster while keeping memory overhead under 5%.

Better Biomolecule Thermodynamics From Kinetics, Kiran Girdhar, Gregory Scott, Yann R. Chemla, Martin Gruebele

Chemistry and Biochemistry

Protein stability is measured by denaturation: When solvent conditions are changed (e.g., temperature, denaturant concentration, or pH) the protein population switches between thermodynamic states. The resulting denaturation curves have baselines. If the baselines are steep, nonlinear, or incomplete, it becomes difficult to characterize protein denaturation. Baselines arise because the chromophore probing denaturation is sensitive to solvent conditions, or because the thermodynamic states evolve structurally when solvent conditions are changed, or because the barriers are very low (downhill folding). Kinetics can largely eliminate such baselines: Relaxation of chromophores, or within thermodynamic states, is much faster than the transition over activation …

Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices: From Pocket To Paper-Based Elisa, Andres W. Martinez

Chemistry and Biochemistry

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs) began as a simple idea with an ambitious goal. The idea was to make microfluidic devices out of paper instead of plastic or glass. The goal was to develop low-cost and portable paper-based diagnostic devices to improve healthcare in developing countries. Over the past 6 years, many developments have been made in the emerging field of paper-based microfluidic devices. Reviewing the development of these devices in the Whitesides group at Harvard University (Cambridge, MA, USA) can provide some insight into the future of the field and encourage scientists from a variety of backgrounds to contribute …

Multi-Wavelength Observations Of The Flaring Gamma-Ray Blazar 3c 66a In 208 October, A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, K. Bechtol, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, R. D. Blandford, E. Bonamente, A. W. Borgland, A. Bouvier, J. Bregeon, A. Brez, M. Brigida, P. Bruel, R. Buehler, S. Buson, G. A. Caliandro, R. A. Cameron, P. A. Caraveo, S. Carrigan, J. M. Casandjian, E. Cavazzuti, C. Cecchi, Ö. Çelik, E. Charles, A. Chekhtman, C. C. Cheung, J. Chiang, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, J. Cohen-Tanugi, J. Conrad, L. Costamente, S. Cutini, D. S. Davis, C. D. Dermer, F. De Palma, S. W. Digel, E. Do Couto E Silva, P. S. Drell, R. Dubois, D. Dumora, C. Favuzzi, S. J. Fegan, P. Fortin, M. Frailis, L. Fuhrmann, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, D. Gasparrini, N. Gehrels, S. Germani, N. Giglietto, P. Giommi, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, T. Glanzman, G. Godfrey, I. A. Grenier, J. E. Grove, L. Guillemot, S. Guiriec, D. Hadasch, M. Hayashida, E. Hays, D. Horan, R. E. Hughes, R. Itoh, G. Jóhannesson, A. S. Johnson, T. J. Johnson, W. N. Johnson, T. Kamae, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, J. Knödlseder, M. Kuss, J. Lande, L. Latronico, S.-H. Lee, F. Longo, F. Loparco, B. Lott, M. N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, A. Makeev, M. N. Mazziotta, J. E. Mcenery, J. Mehault, P. F. Michelson, T. Mizuno, A. A. Moiseev, C. Monte, M. E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I. V. Mosalenko, S. Murgia, T. Nakamori, M. Naumann-Godo, I. Nestoras, P. L. Nolan, J. P. Norris, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, A. Okumura, N. Omodei, E. Orlando, J. F. Ormes, M. Ozaki, D. Paneque, J. H. Panetta, D. Parent, V. Pelassa, M. Pepe, M. Pesce-Rollins, F. Piron, T. A. Porter, S. Rainò, R. Rando, M. Razzano, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, L. C. Reyes, J. Ripken, S. Ritz, R. W. Romani, M. Roth, H. F.-W. Sadrozinski, D. Sanchez, A. Sander, J. D. Scargle, C. Sgrò, M. S. Shaw, P. D. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, M. S. Strickman, D. J. Suson, H. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, J. B. Thayer, J. G. Thayer, D. J. Thompson, L. Tibaldo, D. F. Torres, G. Tosti, A. Tramacere, T. L. Usher, J. Vandenbroucke, V. Vasileiou, N. Vilchez, V. Vitale, A. P. Waite, P. Wang, B. L. Winer, K. S. Wood, Z. Yang, T. Ylinen, M. Ziegler, V. A. Acciari, E. Aliu, T. Arlen, T. Aune, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, M. Bottcher, D. Boltuch, S. M. Bradbury, J. H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, K. Byrum, A. Cannon, A. Cesarini, J. L. Christiansen, L. Ciupik, W. Cui, I. De La Calle Perez, R. Dickherber, M. Errando, A. Falcone, J. P. Finley, G. Finnegan, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, N. Galante, D. Gall, G. H. Gillanders, S. Godambe, J. Grube, R. Guenette, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, C. M. Hui, T. B. Humensky, A. Imran, P. Kaaret, N. Karlsson, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, A. Konopelko, H. Krawczynski, F. Krennrich, M. J. Lang, S. Lebohec, G. Maier, S. Mcarthur, A. Mccann, M. Mccutcheon, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, D. Pandel, J. S. Perkins, A. Pichel, M. Pohl, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, P. T. Reynolds, E. Roache, H. J. Rose, M. Schroedter, G. H. Sembroski, G. D. Senturk, A. W. Smith, D. Steele, S. P. Swordy, G. Tešić, M. Theiling, S. Thibadeau, A. Varlotta, V. V. Vassiliev, S. Vincent, S. P. Wakely, J. E. Ward, T. C. Weekes, A. Weinstein, T. Weisgarber, D. A. Williams, S. Wissel, M. Wood, M. Villata, C. M. Raiteri, M. A. Gurwell, V. M. Larionov, O. M. Kurtanidze, M. F. Aller, A. Lähteenmäki, W. P. Chen, A. Berduygin, I. Agudo, H. D. Aller, A. A. Arkharov, U. Bach, R. Bachev, P. Beltrame, E. Benitez, C. S. Buemi, J. Dashti, P. Calcidese, D. Capezzali, D. Carosati, D. Da Rio, A. Di Paola, C. Diltz, M. Dolci, D. Dultzin, E. Forne, J. L. Gómez, V. A. Hagen-Thorn, A. Halkola, J. Heidt, D. Hiriart, T. Hovatta, H.-Y. Hsiao, S. G. Jorstad, G. N. Kimeridze, T. S. Konstantinova, E. N. Kopatskaya, E. Koptelova, P. Leto, R. Ligustri, E. Lindfors, J. M. Lopez, A. P. Marscher, M. Mommert, R. Mujica, M. G. Nikolashvili, K. Nilsson, N. Palma, M. Pasanen, M. Roca-Sogorb, J. A. Ros, P. Roustazadeh, A. C. Sadun, J. Saino, L. A. Sigua, A. Sillanää, M. Sorcia, L. O. Takalo, M. Tornikoski, C. Trigilio, R. Turchetti, G. Umana, T. Belloni, C. H. Blake, J. S. Bloom, E. Angelakis, M. Fumagalli, M. Hauser, J. X. Prochaska, D. Riquelme, A. Sievers, D. L. Starr, G. Tagliaferri, H. Ungerechts, S. Wagner, J. A. Zensus

Physics

The BL Lacertae object 3C 66A was detected in a flaring state by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and VERITAS in 2008 October. In addition to these gamma-ray observations, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, PAIRITEL, MDM, ATOM, Swift, and Chandra provided radio to X-ray coverage. The available light curves show variability and, in particular, correlated flares are observed in the optical and Fermi-LAT gamma-ray band. The resulting spectral energy distribution can be well fitted using standard leptonic models with and without an external radiation field for inverse Compton scattering. It is found, however, that only the model with an external …

Polarization-Dependent Atomic Dipole Traps Behind A Circular Aperture For Neutral-Atom Quantum Computing, Katharina Gillen-Christandl, Bert D. Copsey

Physics

The neutral-atom quantum computing community has successfully implemented almost all necessary steps for constructing a neutral-atom quantum computer. We present computational results of a study aimed at solving the remaining problem of creating a quantum memory with individually addressable sites for quantum computing. The basis of this quantum memory is the diffraction pattern formed by laser light incident on a circular aperture. Very close to the aperture, the diffraction pattern has localized bright and dark spots that can serve as red-detuned or blue-detuned atomic dipole traps. These traps are suitable for quantum computing even for moderate laser powers. In particular, …

Energy And Environment Chronology, David Hafemeister

Physics

No abstract provided.

Python Modeling Of Heat Flow In A Thermal Storage Device, Tim Hider

Physics

A parabolic dish that concentrates sunlight into a thermal storage device may comprise an inexpensive, environmentally benign, clean cooking technology appropriate for developing countries. A Scheffler Solar reflector was constructed and a thermal storage device built to eventually be coupled with the Scheffler. We tested the heat flow in the thermal storage device with an electric heater, and wrote Python code that solves the heat diffusion in 1D and 2D in order to model heat flow in the thermal storage device.

Supporting Introductory Test-Driven Labs With Webide, Thomas C. Dvornik

Master's Theses

WebIDE is a new web-based development environment for entry-level programmers with two primary goals: minimize tool barriers to writing computer programs and introduce software engineering best practices early in a student's educational career. Currently, WebIDE focuses on Test-Driven Learning (TDL) by using small iterative examples and introducing lock-step labs, which prevent the student from moving forward until they finish the current step. An initial set of labs and evaluators were created as examples of how to use WebIDE and were used in a pilot study in a CS0 course where students were split into two groups, one that used WebIDE …

Dual Inhibition Of Sodium-Mediated Proton And Calcium Efflux Triggers Non-Apoptotic Cell Death In Malignant Gliomas, William Harley, Candace Floyd, Tamara Dunn, Xiao-Dong Zhang, Tsung-Yu Chen, Manu Hegde, Hasan Palandoken, Michael H. Nantz, Leonardo Leon, K.L. Carraway Iii, Bruce Lyeth, Fredric A. Gorin

Chemistry and Biochemistry

Malignant glioma cells maintain an elevated intracellular pH (pH_i) within hypoxic–ischemic tumormicroenvironments through persistent activation of sodium–proton transport (McLean et al., 2000). Amiloride has been reported to selectively kill human malignant glioma cell lines but not primary astrocytes (Hegde et al., 2004). While amiloride reduces pH_i of malignant gliomas by inhibiting isoform 1 of sodium–proton exchange (NHE1), direct acidification was shown to be cytostatic rather than cytotoxic. At cytotoxic concentrations, amiloride has multiple drug targets including inhibition of NHE1 and sodium–calciumexchange. Amiloride's glioma cytotoxicity can be explained, at least in part, by dual inhibition of NHE1 and …

Like Mother Like Child: An Investigation Of Mother Characteristics And Child Temperaments, Tempus Fugitt

Statistics

Much research has gone into what biological and social factors raise the risk of children developing cognitive, social, or behavioral problems. This project looks at what characteristics of the mother are significantly associated with different temperaments in the child which may predict problems developed in the child later in life. These characteristics include mother’s age, her education level, household income, parenting attitudes, involvement with the child, and drug and alcohol use. Data was used from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study conducted by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University. Cumulative logistic regression was used to analyze the …

Completeness Of Ordered Fields, James Forsythe Hall

Mathematics

The main goal of this project is to prove the equivalency of several characterizations of completeness of Archimedean ordered fields; some of which appear in most modern literature as theorems following from the Dedekind completeness of the real numbers, while a couple are not as well known and have to do with other areas of mathematics, such as nonstandard analysis. Continuing, we study the completeness of non-Archimedean fields, and provide several examples of such fields with varying degrees of properties, using nonstandard analysis to produce some relatively "nice" (in particular, they are Cantor complete) final examples. As a small detour, …

Projection Of Diffraction Patterns For Use In Cold-Neutral-Atom Trapping, Katharina Gillen-Christandl, Glen D. Gillen

Physics

Scalar diffraction theory is combined with beam-propagation techniques to investigate the projection of near-field diffraction patterns to spatial locations away from the aperture for use in optically trapping cold neutral alkali-metal atoms. Calculations show that intensity distributions with localized bright and dark spots usually found within a millimeter of the diffracting aperture can be projected to a region free from optical components such as a cloud of cold atoms within a vacuum chamber. Calculations also predict that the critical properties of the optical dipole atom traps are not only maintained for the projected intensity patterns but also can be manipulated …

Digital And Printed Magazines’ Effects On The Environment, Jeannie Nguyen

Graphic Communication

The purpose of this study was to show how printed magazines affect the environment with their use of paper and how digital magazines affect their environment with their electricity use from servers hosting the digital magazines. It is also to find how the printed magazine industry is reducing their paper use and how digital magazines are reducing the amount of electricity used by servers hosting the digital magazines.

Results show that printed magazines use a massive amount of paper to produce millions of magazines and that the process of getting paper produces a large amount of carbon dioxide which is …