Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Helium-4 Solid-Liquid Interface Mobility And Ultrasonic Energy Absorption Mechanisms, M. B. Manning, Matthew J. Moelter, C. Elbaum

Physics

The first measurements of acoustic reflection, together with acoustic transmission at the solid-liquid interface of ⁴He, are used to determine the total relative acoustic energy absorption at the interface as a function of temperature. Based on these results, a new mechanism for the temperature dependence of the kinetics of growth and interface mobility is proposed.

A Chronology Of Energy Conservation And Production, David W. Hafemeister

Physics

No abstract provided.

Energy Conservation In Large Buildings, A. Rosenfeld, David W. Hafemeister

Physics

As energy prices rise, newly energy aware designers use better tools and technology to create energy efficient buildings. Thus the U.S. office stock (average age 20 years) uses 250 kBTU/ft² of resource energy, but the guzzler of 1972 uses 500 (up × 2), and the 1986 ASHRAE standards call for 100–125 (less than 25% of their 1972 ancestors). Surprisingly, the first real cost of these efficient buildings has not risen since 1972. Scaling laws are used to calculate heat gains and losses of buildings to obtain the ΔT(free) which can be as large as 15–30 °C (30–60 °F) for …

Physics Of Some Environmental Aspects Of Energy, David W. Hafemeister

Physics

Approximate numerical estimates are carried out on the following environmental effects from energy production and conservation: (1) The greenhouse effect caused by increased CO₂ in the atmosphere; (2) Loss of coolant accidents in nuclear reactors; (3) Increased radon concentrations in buildings with very low air infiltration rates; (4) Acid rain from the combustion of fossil fuels; and (5) Explosions of liquified natural gas (LNG).

Equipartitioning Common Domains Of Non-Atomic Measures, Theodore P. Hill

Research Scholars in Residence

No abstract provided.

Emerging Technologies For Verification Of Arms Control Treaties, David W. Hafemeister

Physics

Progress in the technical means of monitoring to verify compliance to arms control treaties is discussed in the following areas: Real-time surveillance with charge-coupled devices in the visible and infrared; image enhancement with digital 1 image processing and with adaptive optics; imaging with radars based on satellites and on the ground; seismic monitoring with high frequency discrimination and with unattended in-country seismic stations; and nuclear weapons test monitoring with the global positioning satellite system.

Reduction Of Mammalian Ferritin, G. D. Watt, Richard B. Frankel, G. C. Papaefthymiou

Physics

Mammalian ferritin from horse spleen undergoes an electrochemical or chemical reduction reaction in which each iron atom present is reduced by one electron (2300 electrons per ferritin molecule containing 2300 Fe³⁺ ions). Midpoint potentials of -190 mV, -310 mV, and -416 mV were determined at pH 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0. This variation of potential with pH indicates that ≈ 2 H⁺ are transferred to the core for each Fe³⁺ reduced to Fe²⁺. Mössbauer measurements of partially reduced ferritin give spectra that consist of a ferric quadrupole doublet with a superposed ferrous quadrupole doublet. The relative …

Wood Of Giant Sequoia: Properties And Unique Characteristics, Douglas D. Piirto

Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences

Wood properties of giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea [Lindl.] Decne.) were compared with those for other coniferous tree species. Wood properties such as specific gravity, various mechanical properties, extractive content, and decay resistance of young-growth giant sequoia are comparable to or more favorable than those of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens [D. Don] Endl.). It is recommended that giant sequoia be considered for planting stock in managed production forests to increase future supplies of wood having the characteristics so highly valued in coast redwood and other decay-resistant species

A Birefringence Relaxation Determination Of Rotational Diffusion Of Magnetotactic Bacteria, Charles Rosenblatt, Richard B. Frankel, Richard P. Blakemore

Physics

The orientational relaxation of the magnetotactic bacterium Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum is observed by the decay of the optical birefringence upon switching off an aligning magnetic field. The data yield a rotational diffusion constant D_r ≅ 0.13 s¹ and information about cell sizes that is consistent with optical microscopy data.

Soil-Saprolite Profiles Derived From Mafic Rocks In The North Carolina Piedmont: I. Chemical, Morphological, And Mineralogical Characteristics And Transformations, T. J. Rice, S. W. Buol, S. B. Weed

Earth and Soil Sciences

The chemical, morphological and mineralogical properties of two Enon sandy loam (fine, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs) soilsaprolite profiles, one formed on gabbro and the other on metagabbro, are compared. Clay skins are scarce and stress cutans common in the argillic horizons of these soils. Iron-manganese concretions are concentrated in soil horizons immediately above the argillic horizons. The high shrink-swell capacities and slow permeabilities of the argillic horizons result in relatively shallow depths to paralithic contact with saprolite. The parent rock from the Enon profile near Albemarle, Stanly County, North Carolina is a medium-grained metagabbro with chlorite, hornblende, quartz, and calcic …

Soil-Saprolite Profiles Derived From Mafic Rocks In The North Carolina Piedmont: Ii. Association Of Free Iron Oxides With Soils And Clays, T. J. Rice, S. B. Weed, S. W. Buol

Earth and Soil Sciences

The association of free Fe oxides with soils and clays from two Enon sandy loam (Ultic Hapludalfs, fine, mixed, thermic) soilsaprolite profiles was studied. Goethite was the dominant Fe oxide identified. Lepidocrocite was detected in trace amounts in some samples. FeCBD/clay ratios were highest in the epipedons of these soils suggesting the concentrating of Fe oxides as a result of aluminosilicate mineral weathering. External (BET-N2) surface area measurements of non-deferrated and deferrated clays were analyzed in conjunction with electron micrographs of selected clay fractions to determine the association of free Fe oxides with aluminosilicate clays as a function of depth …

On The Notion Of Precohomology, Goro Kato

Mathematics

ABSTRACT. For a cochain complex one can have the cohomology functor. In this paper we introduce the notion of precohomology for a cochain that is not a complex, i. e., d^q+1 o d^q may not be zero. Such a cochain, with objects and morphisms of an abelian category A, is called a cochain precomplex whose category is denoted by Pco (A). If a cochain precomplex is actually a cochain complex, then the notion of precohomology coincides with that of cohomology, i. e., precohomology is a gene¬ralization of cohomology. For a left exact functor F from an abelian category …

Asymptotic Functions As Kernels Of The Schwartz Distributions, Todor D. Todorov

Mathematics

Using a version of the sequential method we introduce a class of generalized functions called here "asymptotic functions''. This class contains kernels of all Schwartz distributions and is equipped with a correctly defined multiplication operation. So, in a sense, one solves the problem of "multiplication of Schwartz distributions" although the solution refers to the class of the asymptotic functions and not to the Schwartz distributions themselves. The paper is a continuation of a series of works [1-10] but here only part of the results of [5], [6] and [8] will be needed.

The Products Δn2(X), Δ(X). X-N, ϴ(X). X-N, Etc. In The Class Of The Asymptotic Functions, Todor D. Todorov

Mathematics

Several products like δⁿ(x), δ(x)ϴ(x), δ^(m)(x). X^-n, ϴ(x). X^-n, etc., where δ(x), ϴ(x), X^-n, etc., are kernels of the corresponding Schwartz distributions, are studied in the framework of the class of the asymptotic functions F₀ introduced in a previous paper [11]. In some particular cases many formulae are derived and several examples are presented. The work is of mathematical type but its motivations lie in some problems in quantum theory. It is closely …

Mossbauer Spectroscopy Of Iron Biomineralization Products In Magnetotactic Bacteria, Richard B. Frankel, Georgia C. Papaefthymiou, Richard P. Blakemore

Physics

No abstract provided.

Advances In Verification Technology, David W. Hafemeister

Physics

The alleged limits of verification techniques have been used to justify lack of action at the negotiating table, but advances in computer science and optics should help dispel doubts about the verifiability of treaties

Microaerobic Conditions Are Required For Magnetite Formation Within Aquaspirillum Magnetotacticum, R. P. Blakemore, K. A. Short, D. A. Bazylinski, Charles Rosenblatt, Richard B. Frankel

Physics

The amount of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) within magnetosomes of the microaerophilic bacterium Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum varies with oxygen and nitrogen supply. The development of optical methods for directly measuring cell magnetism in culture samples has enabled us to quantitate bacterial Fe₃O₄ yields. We measured final cell yields, average cell magnetic moments, and magnetosome yields of growing cells. Cultures were grown with NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, or both, in sealed, unshaken vials with initial headspace Po₂ values ranging from 0 (trace) to 21 kPa.

More than 50% of cells had detectable …

Statement Of Dr. David Hafemeister Regarding The Need To Convert Domestic Research Reactors From Highly Enriched To Low-Enriched Uranium Fuels, David W. Hafemeister

Physics

No abstract provided.

Structure, Morphology And Crystal Growth Of Bacterial Magnetite, Stephen Mann, Richard B. Frankel, Richard P. Blakemore

Physics

Recent high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies of the structure and morphology of bacterial magnetite (Fe₃O₄) crystals isolated from a magnetotactic coccus¹ and from an unidentified bacterium extracted from sediment² have shown the crystals to be well ordered single-domain particles with a morphology based on a hexagonal prism of {011} faces truncated by specific low index planes. We report here a HRTEM study of intact magnetite crystals (magnetosomes) in the microaerophilic bacterium Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum, grown in pure culture^3,4. Our aim has been to investigate the structure, morphology and crystal growth of …

On Maximizing The Average Time At A Goal, S. Demko, Theodore P. Hill

Research Scholars in Residence

In a decision process (gambling or dynamic programming problem) with finite state space and arbitrary decision sets (gambles or actions), there is always available a Markov strategy which uniformly (nearly) maximizes the average time spent at a goal. If the decision sets are closed, there is even a stationary strategy with the same property.Examples are given to show that approximations by discounted or finite horizon payoffs are not useful for the general average reward problem.

Magnetosome Dynamics In Magnetotactic Bacteria, S. Ofer, I. Nowik, E. R. Bauminger, G. C. Papaefthymiou, Richard B. Frankel, Richad P. Blakemore

Physics

Diffusive motions of the magnetosomes (enveloped Fe₃O₄ particles) in the magnetotactic bacterium Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum result in a very broad-line Mössbauer spectrum (T ~ 100 mm/s) above freezing temperatures. The line width increases with increasing temperature. The data are analyzed using a bounded diffusion model to yield the rotational and translational motions of the magnetosomes as well as the effective viscosity of the material surrounding the magnetosomes. The results are <θ²>^l/2 < 1.5° and <x²>^1/2 < 8.4 Å for the rotational and translational motions, respectively, implying that the particles are fixed in whole cells. The effective viscosity is 10 cP at 295 K and increases with decreasing temperature. Additional Fe³⁺ material in the cell is shown to be associated with the magnetosomes. Fe²⁺ material in the cell appears to be …

Magnetic Guidance Of Organisms, Richard B. Frankel

Physics

No abstract provided.

Basidiomycete Fungi Reported On Living Or Dead Giant Sequoia Or Coast Redwood, Douglas D. Piirto, John R. Parmeter, Jr., W. Wayne Wilcox

Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences

No abstract provided.

Precipitation Of Fe3O4 In Magnetotactic Bacteria, Richard B. Frankel, Richard P. Blakemore

Physics

The magnetotactic bacterium A. magnetotacticum contains ferrous ions, a low density hydrous ferric oxide, a high density hydrous ferric oxide (ferrihydrite) and Fe₃O₄, which is precipitated by partial reduction of the ferrihydrite precursor.

Causes Of Uprooting And Breakage Of Specimen Giant Sequoia Trees, Douglas D. Piirto, W. Wayne Wilcox, John R. Parmeter, Jr., David L. Wood

Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences

A study of the causes of uprooting and stem failure in old-growth giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea [Lindl.] Decne) indicated many factors, depending upon the type of failure (by root, stem, or earth). Advanced decay and fire scars were the most frequently associated with failure. In 21 of 33 study trees, one-third or more of the roots were judged too decayed to provide support. Twenty-seven study trees possessed basal fire scars, and 26 fell toward the scarred side. Nine Basidiomycetes, including Fomes annosus, Poria albipellucida, Poria incrassata, and Armillaria mellea, were associated with decayed wood. Carpenter ants were found …

Enumeration Of Permutations By Descents, Idescents, Imajor Index, And Basic Components, Don Rawlings

Mathematics

Multivariable extensions of classic permutation cycle structure results are obtained by counting permutations by descents, idescents, imajor index, and basic components.

Hydrogeochemical Aspects Of Surface Mine Reclamation In The Northern Great Plains, Gerald H. Groenewold, Robert D. Koob

Office of the Provost Scholarship

Studies of several coal-mining sites in western North Dakota have resulted in the development of a hydrogeochemical model which accounts for the observed chemical characteristics of subsurface water in undisturbed settings. Critical hydrogeochemical processes include sulfide oxidation, gypsum precipitation and dissolution, carbonate mineral dissolution and cation exchange.

In the semi-arid climate of western North Dakota, the near-surface several meters of the landscape is constantly subjected to alternate wetting/drying. This mechanism is the key to hydrogeochemical evolution of both pore water in the rooting zone and subsurface water that eventually reaches the water table.

Recent refinements in the hydrogeochemical model have …

The Feasibility Of The X-Ray Laser Pumped With A Nuclear Explosion, David W. Hafemeister

Physics

Recent reports have indicated that an x-ray laser pumped with a nuclear explosion at a wavelength of 1.4nm (0.9 keV) has made some initial progress. It has been proposed to extend the development of this device to establish it as part of a layered ballistic missile defensive system to protect the United States against a nuclear attack. This paper will discuss the following aspects on the feasibility of this system: (1) Conditions affecting the efficiency of the X-ray laser; (2) Angular resolution and size of.the laser rods; (3) Energy on targets; (4) Basing Modes; (5) Countermeasures; and (6) Legal constraints.

Biomineralizationof Fe3O4 In Bacteria, R. B. Frankel, G. C. Papaefthymiou

Physics

No abstract provided.

Magnetic Phase Transition, Aggregate Formation, And Electrical Conductivity In Fecl3-Doped Polyacetylene, E. K. Sichel, M. F. Rubner, J. Georger, Jr., G. C. Papaefthymiou, S. Offer, Richard B. Frankel

Physics

Both Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions occur in FeCl₃-doped polyacetylene. At low dopant levels (2+ and Fe³⁺ ions are paramagnetic down to 4.2 K. At dopant levels >0.01 mole fraction, there is evidence from Mössbauer spectroscopy that Fe²⁺ ions associate into aggregates which are magnetically ordered below 25 K. Aggregate formation appears to correlate with high electrical conductivity.