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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Cooperative Task Assignment Simulation Of Multi-Uavs In Dynamic Environments, Tizhou Qiao, Xinping Guo, Yawei Li, Wenjun Zhang, Zhongyi Yin Aug 2020

Cooperative Task Assignment Simulation Of Multi-Uavs In Dynamic Environments, Tizhou Qiao, Xinping Guo, Yawei Li, Wenjun Zhang, Zhongyi Yin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to address the problem of cooperative task assignment for multiple UAVs, a parallel simulation framework was proposed for cooperative task planning based on HLA/RTI simulation through UAV aerodynamic simulations and flight control simulation, which could be more real and effective algorithm validation. The paths were optimized to account for randomization and threats in the environment by modeling the probability of UAV loss. By coupling the failure probabilities of each UAV to the missions of the other UAVs, reality of cooperation was improved significantly. In order to achieve the desired objectives, the stochastic simulation models were used to …


Real-Time Visualization Method For Log Data Stream, Li Hui, Hongqian Chen, Qianyu Yang, Chen Yi Aug 2020

Real-Time Visualization Method For Log Data Stream, Li Hui, Hongqian Chen, Qianyu Yang, Chen Yi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To discover the network cheating behavior in the online examination room in real time, a log data flow visualization method was proposed. The monitoring log data flow was used as the data source of the method. The candidates, the examination machine and other information were extracted according to the rules of the log. The correct candidate/machine corresponding relationship was established according to the first related log record information. The main information elements were mapped to the visual elements for each log data. All students' status and behavior were presented in the same visual result. A clear reminder …


Improved Itti Visual Saliency Detection Based On Multi-Scale Tensor Space, Shimin Wang, Jihua Ye, Bailiang Cheng, Mingwen Wang Aug 2020

Improved Itti Visual Saliency Detection Based On Multi-Scale Tensor Space, Shimin Wang, Jihua Ye, Bailiang Cheng, Mingwen Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of internal dense uniform and clear borders image, through the saliency detection the target boundary is vague, so that the target object is not connected. In order to solve this problem, an improved Itti visual saliency detection method based on multi-scale tensor space was proposed. The method introduced the tensor space features, which preserved the original image spatial structure and correlation features, that could extract internal dense uniform image features, which made the target object connect, combining with saliency detection algorithm to finish feature extraction and target detection. Experimental results show that the proposed method can …


Point Cloud Modeling Based On Compactly Supported Radial Basis Function Under Kd Tree Index Strategy, Li Jia, Duan Ping, Yehua Sheng, Haiyang Lü, Siyang Zhang Aug 2020

Point Cloud Modeling Based On Compactly Supported Radial Basis Function Under Kd Tree Index Strategy, Li Jia, Duan Ping, Yehua Sheng, Haiyang Lü, Siyang Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Modeling constructed by Compactly Supported Radial Basis Function (CSRBF) and visualization will fail. The main reason is that exhaustive search results in out of memory. KD tree can void exhaustive search due to the advantage of quickly searching. CSRBF combined KD tree was used to construct point cloud model. Modeling approach of CSRBF based on KD tree was proposed. KD tree index of the point cloud was constructed. CSRBF interpolation method was used to construct implicit function model of point cloud. Marching Cubes algorithm was to display model in 3D manner. The experimental results with rabbit point cloud show …


Image Resizing Method Based On Gradient And Visual Saliency, Xingquan Cai, Buni Honghao, Yuqing Qiao, Jinghua Liu, Fengxia Li Aug 2020

Image Resizing Method Based On Gradient And Visual Saliency, Xingquan Cai, Buni Honghao, Yuqing Qiao, Jinghua Liu, Fengxia Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to delete the image region without obvious features, and not damage the main features of the target for mobile applications, the image resizing method was provided based on gradient and visual saliency. The original image was grayed, and the gradient energy matrix from the gradient of neighborhood pixels was obtained. The complex energy matrix was obtained by weighted sum of visual saliency energy and image gradient energy matrix. The cumulative energy matrix and minimal energy trajectory matrix were calculated, and the minimal energy seam of image was got. The image resizing was completed by deleting the minimal …


Color-Texture Image Segmentation Approach Designed By Integrating Geodesic Active Contour Model And Multilayer Graph Cut Model, Yang Yong, Liangren Zheng, Guo Ling, Yangdong Ye Aug 2020

Color-Texture Image Segmentation Approach Designed By Integrating Geodesic Active Contour Model And Multilayer Graph Cut Model, Yang Yong, Liangren Zheng, Guo Ling, Yangdong Ye

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An approach of color-texture image segmentation was proposed based on geodesic active contour model and multilayer graph cut model. As the clustering centers were commonly descripted with constant densities, the two phase Chan-vese model was extended to multiphase geodesic active contour model by using the Gaussian distribution to describe the changing density for each phase, and meanwhile the geodesic active contour was added into the proposed model, so that the presented approach could capture out the concave edge. For the minimization of the proposed energy function, a corresponded multilayer graph cut model was designed for resolving global approximated …


Self-Adaptive Simplification Algorithm For Suggestive-Contours Preserving, Zhou Wen, Jinyuan Jia Aug 2020

Self-Adaptive Simplification Algorithm For Suggestive-Contours Preserving, Zhou Wen, Jinyuan Jia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: It is important that features quickly extract in large-scale model retrieval. The preprocessing of 3D model simplified the mesh, not changed the contours. Based on the data structure of the cross linked list, a framework for self-adaptive algorithm was proposed, according to mesh structure, it automatically selected the rate to simplify. Besides, by computing the related mesh principal curvatures, the edge that some condition was met, were put in the structure of heap for simplification operating. In the experiment, the models were divided into the complex model and the common model. The program could simplify the operation …


Survey On Pedestrian Detection Based On Statistical Classification, Li Wei, Pengjie Wang, Haiyu Song Aug 2020

Survey On Pedestrian Detection Based On Statistical Classification, Li Wei, Pengjie Wang, Haiyu Song

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: As one of the most important areas of research in the domain of computer vision and intelligent tranffic, pedestrian detection has attacted extensive interest from the research community in recent years. Because the detection based on statistical classification method is efficient, it has been widely applied. Pedestrian detection method was focused based on statistical classification. Standard dataset for evaluation of human detection was reviewed, studying the statistics about these dataset. Extracted features and the improvement on them were summarized. The main classifier for pedestrian detection was summarized. The present problems and future research trends in pedestrian detection were proposed.


Private Face Detection Based On Random Sub-Images In Cloud, Yuan Peng, Jin Xin, Xiaodong Li, Zhao Geng, Yaming Wu, Mingxin Ma, Yulu Tian, Yingya Chen Aug 2020

Private Face Detection Based On Random Sub-Images In Cloud, Yuan Peng, Jin Xin, Xiaodong Li, Zhao Geng, Yaming Wu, Mingxin Ma, Yulu Tian, Yingya Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to detect faces of terminal face image in the cloud at the same time protect both privacy of data,a method of face images privacy detection based on random sub-Images representation was proposed. Terminal divided original image into 2 value sub-images weighted sum based on random sub-images generation algorithm and randomly arranges weights of sub-images. Terminal sent sub-images according to the weights of random sequence to the cloud server. Cloud server detected sub-images with its face detection algorithm. Terminal merges test results based on random sub were exploded. Two random vectors were leveraged to protect the parameters …


New Evaluating Algorithm Of The Single Ship Track When Inward/Outward Port Based On Ship-Handling Simulator Training, Fang Cheng, Hongxiang Ren, Yicheng Jin Aug 2020

New Evaluating Algorithm Of The Single Ship Track When Inward/Outward Port Based On Ship-Handling Simulator Training, Fang Cheng, Hongxiang Ren, Yicheng Jin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The simulating navigation evaluation of the single ship when inward/outward port was a basic kind of examination type in maritime safety administration’s ship maneuvering ability test question system. In order to evaluate the track of the single ship when inward/outward port based on ship-handling simulator training. Constructed the track of evaluation index system by the investigation and analysis, established a comprehensive evaluation model of the single ship’s track when inward/outward port. In order to quantitative evaluate the score of unevaluated track by compared with the evaluated track score, a new evaluating cloud similarity algorithm of the single ship …


Algorithm Of Simulation Of Cutting Mouse’S Ovary Based On Leap Motion, Li Hao, Yang Meng, Hu Jie, Jiao Hao, Zhai Ying, Qie Wei, Yang Gang Aug 2020

Algorithm Of Simulation Of Cutting Mouse’S Ovary Based On Leap Motion, Li Hao, Yang Meng, Hu Jie, Jiao Hao, Zhai Ying, Qie Wei, Yang Gang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A cutting algorithm was proposed for Mouse’s ovary model based Leap Motion. The realistic data of the main mouse organs were collected. These data were deeply analyzed. The models of mouse and organs were imported into Unity3D to create a virtual environment and an interface between Leap Motion and Unity3D. It realized the cutting on mouse’s ovary model through a cutting algorithm which created a plane formed by the collision points and the camera, and it realized the deformation of the mouse’s ovary model through a deformation algorithm based kinematic formula. The results show that the cutting algorithm can …


Embedded Face Recognition Combined Mutual Information With Log-Gabor Feature, Jihua Ye, Qingping Lan, Changhong Liu, Shimin Wang Aug 2020

Embedded Face Recognition Combined Mutual Information With Log-Gabor Feature, Jihua Ye, Qingping Lan, Changhong Liu, Shimin Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Log-Gabor functions have extended tails at the high frequency end, can effectively improve the shortcoming of ordinary Gabor functions which would over-represent the low frequency components and under-represent the high frequency components, and Log-Gabor filter has no DC components, the bandwidth is not limited, so Log-Gabor filter is more suitable than Gabor filter to extract the face feature. After extracting features of a face image by a Log-Gabor filter bank which is composition of four scales and six orientations, the amount of data is 24 times of the original, but the embedded equipment resources are limited, it is difficult …


Layered Electro-Magnetic Refreshablebraille Display With Haptic Rendering, Xinli Wu, Panfei Zhu, Wenzhen Yang, Zhongzheng Jin, Jianqiang Xuan, Xu Yan, Zhichao Zhu Aug 2020

Layered Electro-Magnetic Refreshablebraille Display With Haptic Rendering, Xinli Wu, Panfei Zhu, Wenzhen Yang, Zhongzheng Jin, Jianqiang Xuan, Xu Yan, Zhichao Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Refreshable braille display is an important application of haptic rendering in virtual reality.Aprototype of a layered electro-magnetic refreshablebraille displaywas developed, which has complex mechanical structures and a control system, and coulddynamical display of20braille words. By designing the layered and dislocatedbraille driving mechanism, this refreshablebraille displayrealizedthe arrangement of 120 braille points. By switchingthe current of the electromagnetic coils, the control system of this refreshablebraille displayrealizedthe movement control of these braille points. This prototype has the advantages of small volume, low cost, high refresh rate, and can generate enough supporting forcefor fingertip haptic reading braille.


Stereo Matching Based On Pyramid Transform Cross-Scale Cost Aggregation, Yao Li, Zhukui Liu, Bingfeng Wang Aug 2020

Stereo Matching Based On Pyramid Transform Cross-Scale Cost Aggregation, Yao Li, Zhukui Liu, Bingfeng Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Human visual system processes the received visual signals on different scales, however, the traditional stereo matching algorithms get the disparity map from the original image in the biggest scale, which will lead to high stereo matching error rate in the area of low-texture, texture-less area. Simulation of the human visual system in stereo matching on multiple scales can reduce error rate. A stereo matching method based on the Gaussian pyramid cross-scale transform was improved, by adding the Laplace Pyramid Transform to the original cross-scale framework and adding the weighted joint bilateral filter in the disparity refinement stage. The …


Model And Method Of Space Objects Multi-Scale Expression, Qunshan Shi, Chaozhen Lan, Liang Jing, Wanjie Lu, Wang Dong Aug 2020

Model And Method Of Space Objects Multi-Scale Expression, Qunshan Shi, Chaozhen Lan, Liang Jing, Wanjie Lu, Wang Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To allow users to acquire accurately and efficiently information, which they need, from vast amounts of space situational information, the thought of multi-scale expression was used, on the basis of analysis of various factors, which influenced space objects expression, multi-scale expression models were established, space objects multi-scale expression was achieved combined with the construction of the voronoi diagram. The experiments were done to verify the validity of the model and methods, the results show that: this method can largely control the amount and level of detail of information, can meet the requirements of clarity and legibility of space situational …


Research On Autonomous Intercept Method For Ucav Based On Lead Attack Aiming, Huaxing Wu, Huang Wei, Fengju Kang, Hongbao Mao Aug 2020

Research On Autonomous Intercept Method For Ucav Based On Lead Attack Aiming, Huaxing Wu, Huang Wei, Fengju Kang, Hongbao Mao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the problem of autonomous intercepting moving target with air-to-air missiles for an unmanned combat air vehicle, autonomous guiding method based on lead attack aiming errors was studied. The aiming errors were computed by building the motion model of UCAV and the model of lead attack aiming. Then to meet the goal of decreasing the aiming errors during flight control, two maneuver strategies based on model predictive control approach were presented: one used proportional navigation method and the other employed simulated annealing particle swarm optimization algorithm. The simulation result shows that both strategies can implement autonomous intercept for targets …


Face Recognition Algorithm Based On Mixed Multiple Distance Image And Linear Discriminant Analysis, Yaling Cheng, Aiping Tan, Zhang Min Aug 2020

Face Recognition Algorithm Based On Mixed Multiple Distance Image And Linear Discriminant Analysis, Yaling Cheng, Aiping Tan, Zhang Min

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The existing face recognition algorithms used in intelligent monitoring system are mainly applied to short distance images, which still have the problem of low face recognition rate when being applied to long distance images because the image quality decreases as the distance grows. To improve the face recognition accuracy in long distance images, a novel face recognition algorithm was proposed based on using mixed multiple different distance images and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The proposed algorithm used mixed images extracted from multiple different distances to train images, and used bilinear interpolation method to normalize the image set, and then …


Object Detection In Rgb-D Image Based On Annet, Cai Qiang, Liwei Wei, Haisheng Li, Cao Jian Aug 2020

Object Detection In Rgb-D Image Based On Annet, Cai Qiang, Liwei Wei, Haisheng Li, Cao Jian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The wide spread of depth images acquisition devices makes object detection in RGB-D images a hotspot in the field of computer vision. In order to make the features extracted by CNN more robust and to improve the detection accuracy, an improved CNN called ANNet was designed. To enhance the model discriminability of local patches within the receptive field, some linear convolutional layers in the AlexNet with nonlinear convolutional layers were replaced which contained multilayer perceptron against the linear feature between convolution filter and underlying data patch. The experiment result shows that the detection accuracy is improved by 3% in …


Kinematic Calibration Of Stewart Platform Based On Relative Visual Pose, Ma Jin, Guofeng Zhang, Shuling Dai, Zeng Rui Aug 2020

Kinematic Calibration Of Stewart Platform Based On Relative Visual Pose, Ma Jin, Guofeng Zhang, Shuling Dai, Zeng Rui

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To improve the control accuracy of flight simulator motion system, a kinematic error analysis and calibration based on relative visual pose measurement of electric Six-DOF Stewart platform were proposed. Considering the structural characteristic of Stewart platform, a rotary compensation algorithm was concerned firstly to raise the control accuracy. Then kinematic error model and optimal calibration algorithm were established, according to kinematic equations and vector closed-loop characteristic. Latterly, pose data was achieved using Basler industrial camera and ID marker featured by CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and FEC (Forward Error Correction). Finally, measurements and experiment results supported the validity of the …


Research Of Display Accuracy Improvement In Multi-Scale 3d Scene, Pengfei Li, Zhou Yang, Jiwei Xu, Xiaofei Hu, Xianguang Xue Aug 2020

Research Of Display Accuracy Improvement In Multi-Scale 3d Scene, Pengfei Li, Zhou Yang, Jiwei Xu, Xiaofei Hu, Xianguang Xue

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the multi-scale 3D scene, the single reference coordinate system has much application limitation due to the large spatial scale change, so the target will appear wobble phenomenon when the camera observes the target in a large distance from the reference coordinate. Due to the fact that the position and attitude of a spatial object change all the time under the unified time datum, the target will appear wobble phenomenon when the camera following a target observes a certain area near the target. A setting method of reference coordinate system based on the observation of the inertial coordinate system …


Smt Bounded Constrained Non Centralized Automaton Web Service Model Checking, Wei Rong, Xibing Shen, Yang Yi Aug 2020

Smt Bounded Constrained Non Centralized Automaton Web Service Model Checking, Wei Rong, Xibing Shen, Yang Yi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In model checking for web services applications, the combination of traditional finite state machine cannot guarantee the correctness of web service composition, a method of non centralized automaton model for web service detection algorithm was put forward,based on which could meet of mode theory (satisfiability modulo of the nanocomposite, SMT). The SMT was used to detect the bounded model of timed automata, and the time automaton was directly converted into SMT identifiable logic formula and was solved; using the SMT timed automata theory, implementation of employee travel arrangements for composite web service was modeled and verified. Through …


Zenithal Pedestrian Detection Using Multiple Feature Fusion In Monocular Vision, Chunhui Tang Aug 2020

Zenithal Pedestrian Detection Using Multiple Feature Fusion In Monocular Vision, Chunhui Tang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: There were extensive literatures on pedestrian detection, mostly supposed that visible humans were observed in flat view. Sometimes pedestrian detection from another perspective should be considered. The pedestrian detection with a vertical view camera was taken into account, which was usually used to count the pedestrian number. A method is put forward for zenithal pedestrian detecting based on rectangular partition features, in which the pedestrian head detection takes place of the body detection. It is by the exhaustive scanning to find targets in an image and so all the candidates are put into a series of rectangular feature …


Research On Anchor Handling Simulation System, Zhongxian Zhu, Yin Yong, Helong Shen Aug 2020

Research On Anchor Handling Simulation System, Zhongxian Zhu, Yin Yong, Helong Shen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Anchor handling simulator (AHS) can provide a good visualization platform for the researchers and the anchor handling trainees, and has important significance on improving the working environment and efficiency. To build the anchor handling simulation platform, the mooring system's dynamics model was established based on Lumped Mass Method(LMM), and the offshore platform and anchor handling vessel's mathematical models were introduced based on the existing technologies in marine simulator. By utilizing the OpenSceneGraph(OSG) scene management engine and applying a series of visualization technologies, realized the simulation of the anchor handling operations, a real-time …


Virtual Reality In Transportation: A Survey, Zhaohui Wu, Guo Yu, Wang Hui, Xiuna Miao Aug 2020

Virtual Reality In Transportation: A Survey, Zhaohui Wu, Guo Yu, Wang Hui, Xiuna Miao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The state-of-the-art of virtual reality application in the field of transportation was focused on. The novel virtual reality applications were summarized from the following six aspects: traffic simulation, accident simulation, virtual driving system, transportation achievements exhibition, behavior and psychology of traffic, virtual design and maintenance, and so on. The existing problems were discussed in the virtual reality application of transportation. The trends of virtual reality were proposed to try to solve the real traffic problems based on the transportation status of China.


Aesthetic Assessment For Digital Portrait Photos, Zeen Tao, Yuanyuan Pu, Xu Dan, Yiwei Liu Aug 2020

Aesthetic Assessment For Digital Portrait Photos, Zeen Tao, Yuanyuan Pu, Xu Dan, Yiwei Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Computational aesthetic evaluation is a challenging research. With the widespread use of digital products, it needs to improve the intelligence of digital products. How are these photos judged good or bad? The traditional photo aesthetic quality evaluation mainly is done based on subjective judgment or experts or the photographer's understanding for beauty. It is not only slow, but also with highly subjective. The results of face detect and eye detect were used to calculate visual balance of digital portrait based on face proportion and other features for aesthetic assessment of digital portrait photo were extracted too. The computer aesthetic …


Regional Credible Fusion Based Color-Texture Image Segmentation Approach, Yang Yong, Guo Ling, Wenzheng Dai, Yangdong Ye Aug 2020

Regional Credible Fusion Based Color-Texture Image Segmentation Approach, Yang Yong, Guo Ling, Wenzheng Dai, Yangdong Ye

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An approach is proposed based on the combined color information and texture information for color-texture image segmentation. The compacted multi-scale texture information is extracted by using singular value decomposition and principal component analysis dimension reduction under decomposing the multi-scale structure tensor, and then it is integrated with scale information and color information for improving the description ability to color-texture. To avoid the phenomenon such as over-segmentation and error segmentation appeared, the regional credible fusion degree is computed by combining four kinds of region information, such as region adjacency relationship, region size, common edge between regions, and J-divergence distance. Meanwhile, …


Multi-Agent Path Planning Maco Algorithm In Web3d Mountain Scene, Fengting Yan, Jinyuan Jia Aug 2020

Multi-Agent Path Planning Maco Algorithm In Web3d Mountain Scene, Fengting Yan, Jinyuan Jia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: There is amount of data in a mountain scene, and the path planning algorithm in it is very complex, so it is not impossible to be shown detailed in Web. Usually the common potential path planning using contours can not find an optimal path because the path is easily cut under the cliff. To solve the above problems, a mACO (mountain ACO) path planning algorithm was addressed for the Web3D application, a planar grid ACO path planning algorithm and a A* path planning were completed in Web3D environment. Then a typical battle scene case was used for the …


Virtual Viewpoint Synthesis Based On Grid Mapping, Yao Li, Qiongying Wu, Xu Hui Aug 2020

Virtual Viewpoint Synthesis Based On Grid Mapping, Yao Li, Qiongying Wu, Xu Hui

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Due to imperfect depth maps, occlusion and the illumination difference between reference images, annoying artifacts, such as holes and ghost edges, appearing in the rendering image by DIBR, holes filling being time-consuming, triangle mesh based on the depth contour and maps mesh triangles with energy constrains were created. Image fusion algorithm merged different viewpoint images and got final virtual viewpoint image. While DIBR warped the image with pixels, triangles were mapped with. Compared with the traditional DIBR, the proposed algorithm has a faster processing speed than the traditional pixel based processing method in the same image quality.


Algorithm For Rgbd Point Cloud Denoising And Simplification Based On K-Means Clustering, Benyue Su, Jinyu Ma, Yusheng Peng, Sheng Min Aug 2020

Algorithm For Rgbd Point Cloud Denoising And Simplification Based On K-Means Clustering, Benyue Su, Jinyu Ma, Yusheng Peng, Sheng Min

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem that the point cloud data scanned by Kinect or other depth camera have a huge number and more noise, a feature preserving method for point cloud denoising and simplification was proposed. This algorithm classified the point cloud rapidly by K-D tree; find The corresponding surface curvature values were obtained using curvature estimation algorithm; The K-means clustering algorithm for point cloud clustering was used. For each point in the cluster, the Euclidean distance was depended on between the point and center of the cluster and the change of the near points curvature to determine whether …


3d Skull Surface Completion Method Based On Multi-Exemplars, Reziwanguli Xiamixiding, Guohua Geng, Gulisong Nasierding, Qingqiong Deng, Dilinuer Keyimu, Zulipiya Maimaitiming, Wanrong Zhao, Zheng Lei Aug 2020

3d Skull Surface Completion Method Based On Multi-Exemplars, Reziwanguli Xiamixiding, Guohua Geng, Gulisong Nasierding, Qingqiong Deng, Dilinuer Keyimu, Zulipiya Maimaitiming, Wanrong Zhao, Zheng Lei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to repair the damaged skulls, a skull completion method based on multiple exemplars was proposed. A 3D skull model database was constructed, and all the exemplars within the database were registered with a standard skull model. Each exemplar was then divided into a missing part and a remaining part according to the given damaged skull. After that, the relationship between the missing part and the remaining part was obtained by a regression algorithm. This relationship was used to calculate the missing part of the given skull, and a complete skull could be obtained by merging the two …