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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Research Of Super-Resolution Processing Of Invoice Image Based On Generative Adversarial Network, Xinli Li, Changming Zou, Guotian Yang, Liu He Jun 2021

Research Of Super-Resolution Processing Of Invoice Image Based On Generative Adversarial Network, Xinli Li, Changming Zou, Guotian Yang, Liu He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Automatic identification of invoices can effectively improve financial efficiency. But low-resolution invoice image reduces the accuracy of automatic identification, an ESRGAN (Encoder Super-resolution Generative Adversarial Network) network for super-resolution processing of invoice images is proposed. The ESRGAN network is based on a conditional generative adversarial network. An auxiliary encoder is designed to guide the network to generate a more realistic super-resolution image. Based on the actual invoice image, the ESRGAN network and the conventional image processing, SRCNN (Super-resolution Convolutional Neural Networks) network and SRGAN (Super-resolution Generative Adversarial Network) network. The model is evaluated through two evaluation indicators of peak …


Research On Digital Protection System Of Intangible Cultural Heritage Based On Mobile Augmented Reality Technology, Shouming Hou, Ge Qian, Yanyan Liu Jun 2021

Research On Digital Protection System Of Intangible Cultural Heritage Based On Mobile Augmented Reality Technology, Shouming Hou, Ge Qian, Yanyan Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of the single form and poor interaction of intangible cultural heritage protection, a non-heritage digital online display system is designed and implemented based on mobile augmented reality technology. Taking clay sculpture non-heritage protection as an example, the main functional modules of the system cloud and mobile terminal are designed. Based on a combination of 3D scanning and iterative mesh simplification, a fast modeling method is proposed. ORB-FV and optical flow tracking algorithm are used for online recognition and tracking registration of images. The system is developed based on Unity3D. The test results show that, …


Fault Diagnosis Of Mechanical Equipment Based On Ga-Svr With Missing Data In Small Samples, Jingjing Wei, Qinming Liu, Chunming Ye, Guanlin Li Jun 2021

Fault Diagnosis Of Mechanical Equipment Based On Ga-Svr With Missing Data In Small Samples, Jingjing Wei, Qinming Liu, Chunming Ye, Guanlin Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of the equipment fault diagnosis with small and missing sample data, a method of missing data filling based on support vector regression optimized by genetic algorithm is proposed to improve the accuracy of equipment fault diagnosis. The support vector regression optimized by genetic algorithm was trained by other data values of missing data, and univariate prediction results were obtained. The training set was reconstructed through correlation analysis, so as to obtain the multivariate prediction results. Dynamic weights were established to combine univariate prediction results and multivariate prediction results to fill in the missing data. The …


Active Learning Intelligent Soft Sensor Based On Probability Selection, Xuezhi Dai, Weili Xiong Jun 2021

Active Learning Intelligent Soft Sensor Based On Probability Selection, Xuezhi Dai, Weili Xiong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at lack of tag samples and high cost of sampling tags in complex industrial processes, an active learning algorithm based on probability selection is proposed. Firstly, unlabeled samples are performed subspace integration by using the principal component analysis. Then, the information of unlabeled samples is evaluated by the uncertainty, which is calculated based on the out put of all sub learners. And the most valuable samples are selected to mark manually. Finally, the function of unlabeled samples and labeled samples are analyzed, and the termination conditions are designed by introducing the performance index of training set. Through simulations …


Technical Characteristics Of Digital Twins And Application Prospects In The Field Of Flight Testing, Liu Yu, Xie Qiang Jun 2021

Technical Characteristics Of Digital Twins And Application Prospects In The Field Of Flight Testing, Liu Yu, Xie Qiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the application of digital twins in flight tests, the connotation and technical characteristics of digital twins were studied and analyzed. Six flight test digital twins typical application scenarios, such as the requirements development and overall planning of flight test, the flight test mission designing, the integrated testing and modification of flight test, the flight test organization and implementation, the fast maintenance and support and the training of flight test engineers have been designed by mapping the behavior and performance of flight test objects. The synchronize updates, parallel validation and spiral evolution were achieved between the digital models …


Research On The Offset Of Elliptical Quiet Zone In Catr Of Multiple Feed, Liu Yong, Liwei Guo, Wangyang Song, Jiang Xing, Simin Li, Peng Lin Jun 2021

Research On The Offset Of Elliptical Quiet Zone In Catr Of Multiple Feed, Liu Yong, Liwei Guo, Wangyang Song, Jiang Xing, Simin Li, Peng Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Electromagnetic target simulator based on CATR of the quiet zone movement,which adopt the multi-feed source CATR RF signal feeding by reflecting to get the quiet zone movement of simulated far field. It can be used in simulation of seekers in a multi-target mobile environment. The phase of the feeds of the 1×4 horn array is changed to realize the movement of the quiet zone in the CATR. The phase consistency of the millimeter wave quiet zone of the target simulation system determines the target simulation accuracy. The amplitude and phase characteristics of the array feeding with different beam …


Research On Time Performance Simulation And Analysis Technology Of Aviation Complex Embedded System, Lingsha Zheng, Jiang Bing, Zhe Zhao, Zhaoxu Yang Jun 2021

Research On Time Performance Simulation And Analysis Technology Of Aviation Complex Embedded System, Lingsha Zheng, Jiang Bing, Zhe Zhao, Zhaoxu Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: As a core member of an embedded system, the embedded computer's time performance plays a key role in the comprehensive performance of the system's functional performance. However, as the complexity of aviation products continues to increase, traditional system development methods are facing the challenge for verification. In order to improve the accuracy of time performance analysis for the complex embedded system, find the potential hazards in the design of scheduling early, and avoid the system comprehensive stage design iteration caused by the time system defects, the methodology of the construction of the model and the analysis method of the …


Prediction Method For Health Degree Of Front Bearing Of Wind Turbine Generator And Implementation, Yin Shi, Guolian Hou, Chi Yan, Linjuan Gong, Xiaodong Hu Jun 2021

Prediction Method For Health Degree Of Front Bearing Of Wind Turbine Generator And Implementation, Yin Shi, Guolian Hou, Chi Yan, Linjuan Gong, Xiaodong Hu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the deterioration trend of front bearing of doubly-fed wind turbine generator, a new combined modeling method is proposed to predict health degree of front bearing of generator. The GMM is used to identify operating conditions of wind turbines. The temperature model of front bearing based on ELM is established respectively in each sub-condition. Combining with temperature residual characteristics and time-frequency characteristics of vibration signal, the health degree of front bearing is calculated. Based on attention mechanism, the Bi-LSTM neural network is proposed to model and predict health degree of front bearing. The result shows that the …


Research On Description Specification Of Extensible Simulation Scenario, Xiangzhong Xu, Xiong Jun, Fengwei Shen Jun 2021

Research On Description Specification Of Extensible Simulation Scenario, Xiangzhong Xu, Xiong Jun, Fengwei Shen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Simulation scenario description specification is of great significance to speed the Simulation Scenario Data (SSD) preparation, to improve the quality and to promote the reuse of the SSD. An in-depth comparison between simulation scenario and military scenario is made. The composition and application process of military scenario based on the description specification are designed, above which, the design scheme of the description specification is discussed. The extensible military scenario description specification is proposed from the following two aspects, that is, the basic elements including time and coordinate system, and the data interchange format. Series of scenario instances are produced. …


Approximate Method Of Spares Demand Prediction For Weibull Distribution Items Based On Piecewise Function, Songshi Shao, Zhihua Zhang, Xiaojie Mo Jun 2021

Approximate Method Of Spares Demand Prediction For Weibull Distribution Items Based On Piecewise Function, Songshi Shao, Zhihua Zhang, Xiaojie Mo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Demand prediction model for spare parts with Weibull distribution involves multiple infinite series, therefore, spares demand calculation is a difficult issue. The approximate calculation method generally used is often subject to large errors. According to the principle of renewal function, the approximated demand calculation method for spares of Weibull distribution using piecewise function to approximate the renewal function is proposed. It effectively avoids the issue of computational complexity for spares demand prediction. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed approximated algorithm ensures the calculation result of spares demand is less than that of engineering approximation algorithm. According to the given …


Pathfinder Algorithm For Green Pipeline Scheduling With Limited Buffers, Hu Rong, Yuming Dong, Bin Qian Jun 2021

Pathfinder Algorithm For Green Pipeline Scheduling With Limited Buffers, Hu Rong, Yuming Dong, Bin Qian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A Hybrid Pathfinder Algorithm (HPFA) is proposed for solving the green flow shop scheduling problem with limited buffers and energy threshold constraints (GFSSP_LBET). The optimization criteria are to minimize the total energy consumption and the makespan. In order to enhance the global search ability of HPFA, a distance-based selection scheme is designed to determine each pathfinder's followers to ensure that the near regions of any pathfinder can get a certain search. A self-learning search strategy integrating multiple operations is designed to perform multi-neighborhood search on the updated pathfinders, which can improve the local exploitation ability of HPFA. Simulation experiments …


Research On Intrusion Detection Based On Stacked Autoencoder And Long-Short Memory, Lin Shuo, An Lei, Zhijun Gao, Shan Dan, Wenli Shang Jun 2021

Research On Intrusion Detection Based On Stacked Autoencoder And Long-Short Memory, Lin Shuo, An Lei, Zhijun Gao, Shan Dan, Wenli Shang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: As network attacks increasingly hidden, intelligent and complex. Simple machine learning cannot deal with attacks timely. A deep learning method based on the combination of SDAE and LSTM is proposed. Firstly, the distribution rules of network data are extracted intelligently layer by layer by SDAE, and the diverse anomaly features of high-dimensional data ate extracted by using coefficient penalty and reconstruction error of each coding layer. Then, LSTM’ s memory function and the powerful learning ability of sequence data are used to classify learning depth. Finally, the experiments are carried out with the UNSW-NB15 data set, which is analyzed …


Virtual Training System For Spacecraft Maintenance Based On Desktop Virtual Reality, Shisong Wei, Zhengdong Zhou, Xuling Zhang, Mao Ling, Junshan Jia, Chuanle Liu Jun 2021

Virtual Training System For Spacecraft Maintenance Based On Desktop Virtual Reality, Shisong Wei, Zhengdong Zhou, Xuling Zhang, Mao Ling, Junshan Jia, Chuanle Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to shorten the training period of aerospace maintenance personnel and improve their operation proficiency, a spacecraft maintenance simulation system based on the desktop virtual reality technology is designed and developed. It is superior to the head-mounted display, which is bulky, isolated from the real world, easy to make users dizzy and hard to be shared. The assembly management scheme based on XMind and SqlServer database is proposed to realize the visualization of assembly rule editing, which makes assembly and disassembly flexible and convenient.


Development Of Semi-Physical Simulation Platform For Monitoring Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process, Aijun Yan, Xia Heng, Xizhi Liu Jun 2021

Development Of Semi-Physical Simulation Platform For Monitoring Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process, Aijun Yan, Xia Heng, Xizhi Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to research and test the modeling, control and optimization of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) incineration process, a semi-physical simulation platform with three-layer structure by combining the physical control system with the virtual object is developed. The physical control system of the platform is composed of an intelligent control optimization layer and basic control layer; and the virtual object layer includes simulated instrument, actuator and incineration process model. The software for man-machine interface with OPC (Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) for Process Control), equipment/parameter monitoring, and incineration process model are developed. The functions of intelligent control optimization layer …


Yard Layout Optimization For General Cargo Terminal, Zhixiong Liu, Dong Yu, Chunjun Zhang Jun 2021

Yard Layout Optimization For General Cargo Terminal, Zhixiong Liu, Dong Yu, Chunjun Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Yard layout is an important component of the port yard allocation decision which affects the cargo storage capacity and through capacity for the port yard. As to the general cargo yard, combined with the cargo type and the yard storage strategy, the yard layout optimization model for the general cargo terminal is presented based on the statistical analysis for the production data when the optimization aim is minimizing the total horizontal transport distance of the trailer. The yard layout optimization results are employed by the mathematical tool Gurobi for different storage strategies, and the yard layout optimization results are …


Design Of Lvc Simulation Test Middleware For Saas, Du Nan, Yaxin Tan Jun 2021

Design Of Lvc Simulation Test Middleware For Saas, Du Nan, Yaxin Tan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: LVC (Live-Virtual-Constructive) technology provides a new technical means for equipment test. In view of the large number of heterogeneous simulation resource objects and complex interaction in the LVC system test, which can not meet the test task requirements of quick response of the weapon system, the middleware and application model framework is reformed according to the remote method invocation based on TENA. The functional modules of LVC simulation middleware including model running component, publishing and ordering component, message processing component and real-time running component are designed to provide efficient real-time communication mechanism for LVC simulation and support the application …


Dynamic Control Of Twin-Workshop Model Of Circuit Breaker Considering Takt Time Constraints, Shu Liang, Zhang Jie, Yanfang Yang, Yang Miao, Ziran Wu Jun 2021

Dynamic Control Of Twin-Workshop Model Of Circuit Breaker Considering Takt Time Constraints, Shu Liang, Zhang Jie, Yanfang Yang, Yang Miao, Ziran Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The production takt time greatly impact on the twin system modeling of assembly line. A dynamic control method of the twin workshop model is proposed, which considers the takt time constraints is proposed. Detecting the motion of the circuit breaker unit and the assembly line system, and the dynamic motion model of the circuit breaker twins are developed based on the takt time calculation. Through driving force loading, motion logic script controlling and switching, the twin mapping of the assembly line system is realized with fixed and flexible takt time as well. The circuit breaker’s directional bounding boxes and …


Energy Management Of Marine Current Power Generation System Based On Fuzzy Logical Control, Jingang Han, Li Xu Jun 2021

Energy Management Of Marine Current Power Generation System Based On Fuzzy Logical Control, Jingang Han, Li Xu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The fluctuation of marine current velocity leads to the fluctuation of power generation. The hybrid energy storage system composed of vanadium redox flow battery and super capacitor is used to improve the power quality and smooth the marine current power generation. With the research and commercialization of large scale power marine current power generation system, the capacity of energy storage system has been increasing. To reduce the rated capacity of super capacitor banks in energy storage system, an energy management strategy based on low-pass filter optimization algorithm of fuzzy control is proposed and the simulation model of 3 MW …


Deep Peak-Shaving Transformation Planning Of Thermal Power Units Based On Approximate Dynamic Programming, Weiqing Sun, Song He, Han Dong, Kunpeng Tian Jun 2021

Deep Peak-Shaving Transformation Planning Of Thermal Power Units Based On Approximate Dynamic Programming, Weiqing Sun, Song He, Han Dong, Kunpeng Tian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The generation of renewable energy has great randomness. The lack of flexibility of thermal power unit leads to the problem of peak adjustment. Three reformation schemes for thermal power units, including the thermal power unit internal transformation, configurating energy storage, and joint transformation of the two are proposed. Taking into account the additional cost of thermal powerunit in the deep peak regulation, the planning model of thermal power units depth peak-shaving transformation considering the unit combination is proposed, and the strategy iteration approximate dynamic programming algorithm to decouple the model is presented. The “curses of dimensionality” can be avoided …


Review On Key Technologies Of Industrial Control System Security Simulation, Bailing Wang, Hongri Liu, Yaofang Zhang, Sicai Lü, Zibo Wang, Qimeng Wang Jun 2021

Review On Key Technologies Of Industrial Control System Security Simulation, Bailing Wang, Hongri Liu, Yaofang Zhang, Sicai Lü, Zibo Wang, Qimeng Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to cope with the increasingly serious industrial internet security problems, simulation is viewed as a critical backboned technology for drilling of network attack and defense, tracking back and analyzing of security incidents, as well as validating of pre-research technology. On the basis of summarizing the studies of three types of typical industrial control system security simulation platform, the key technologies used in industrial control cyber range and industrial control honeynets are highlighted. Technologies are summarized, such as the virtualization technology of industrial control network and industrial control components, the construction technology of industrial control target field dominated …


Multi-View Human Action Recognition Based On Deep Neural Network, Zhao Ying, Lu Yao, Zhang Jian, Qidi Liang, Long Wei Jun 2021

Multi-View Human Action Recognition Based On Deep Neural Network, Zhao Ying, Lu Yao, Zhang Jian, Qidi Liang, Long Wei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A novel deep neural network named CNN+CA(Convolutional Neural Network plus Context Attention) model is constructed and a new recognition algorithm based on sequence matching is presented to improve the recognition accuracy of MVHAR (Multi-view Human Action Recognition). A CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) is designed to automatically learn multi-view fusion features; the CA (Context Attention) module is introduced to selectively focus on the parts of the features that are relevant for the recognition task; the proposed recognition algorithm based on sequence matching is used to realize MVHAR. The experimental results on the IXMAS dataset and the i3DPost dataset …


An Artificial Emotion Model For The Mutual Mapping Between Discrete State And Dimensional Space, Zhihang Tian, Xiaming Chen, Dazhi Jiang Jun 2021

An Artificial Emotion Model For The Mutual Mapping Between Discrete State And Dimensional Space, Zhihang Tian, Xiaming Chen, Dazhi Jiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Emotional intelligence is an important component and development direction of machine intelligence. The purpose of artificial emotion model is to construct emotion models for machines to develope systematic ability of emotion understanding and expression. However, the existing methods are still insufficient in artificial emotion modeling ability. Aiming at the key factor of personalization in the construction of artificial emotion model, this paper proposes a method of mutual mapping between discrete emotion state and dimension space state, and constructs a machine personalized artificial emotion model based on Big Five personality model and emotion state transfer model. The relevant experimental results …


Discussing Digital Twin From Of Modeling And Simulation, Zhang Lin, Lu Han Jun 2021

Discussing Digital Twin From Of Modeling And Simulation, Zhang Lin, Lu Han

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The development and evolution of modeling and simulation technology, and its importance in scientific and technological progress are briefly reviewed. The intrinsic relation between digital twin and modeling and simulation is revealed by analyzing the background and concept of digital twin. The way to build and evaluate a digital twin based on modeling and simulation theoretical methods is discussed. to ensure the credibility.


Time-Varying Ocean Channel Modeling Method, Yuehua Pei, Su Wei, Jincheng Tao, Xialin Jiang Jun 2021

Time-Varying Ocean Channel Modeling Method, Yuehua Pei, Su Wei, Jincheng Tao, Xialin Jiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the ocean channel with extremely complicated situation, an underwater acoustic channel modeling algorithm which can reflect the sparsity, time-varying and space-varying characteristics is proposed. Based on the prior information obtained from the sea trials in a specific sea area, the statistical characteristics of the channel impulses response structure with time and space are obtained. According to the obtained channel sparsities and non-zero position vectors’ statistics, a time-varying underwater acoustic channel model match the real environment is generated. Based on the measured data of marine communication in specific sea area, the simulation results show that the proposed …


Performance Analysis Of Cognitive Cooperative Systems Based On Quadrature Spatial Modulation, Guo Hui, Xuejiao Guo, Ting Qiao, Liu Meng Jun 2021

Performance Analysis Of Cognitive Cooperative Systems Based On Quadrature Spatial Modulation, Guo Hui, Xuejiao Guo, Ting Qiao, Liu Meng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The cognitive cooperative communication system based on quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) is proposed to solve the problems of inter-channel interference and inter-antenna synchronization. The mean power allocation algorithm is used to analyze performance of the system. In addition, the relay nodes and the destination node decode their received signals with the maximum likelihood detection algorithm. The exact closed expressions of outage probability under random relay selection (RRS), suboptimal relay selection (SRS) and optimal relay selection (ORS) are derived respectively. The approximate outage probabilities in the high signal-to-noise ratio region are derived, and the diversity gains of three relay …


Multi-Objective Optimization Of Multi-Task Parallel Motorcycle Suspension System Parameters, Xiansheng Ran, Yang Jing, Luo Ling, Chen Kai Jun 2021

Multi-Objective Optimization Of Multi-Task Parallel Motorcycle Suspension System Parameters, Xiansheng Ran, Yang Jing, Luo Ling, Chen Kai

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the comprehensive problem of wobble of front suspension system and weave of rear suspension system of large displacement motorcycle at medium and high speed, a multi-objective optimization scheme based on sensitivity analysis and approximate modeling is proposed. The motorcycle model is established and the dynamics simulation is carried out. The lateral acceleration of front wheel's centroid position, the yaw rate and roll rate of whole vehicle's centroid position, which characterize the wobble and weave are the targets. The sensitivity analysis of suspension system parameters and the approximate modeling are carried out. Based on the analysis results, …


Simulation And Experimental Verification Of Precision Grinding Of Micro-Groove Structure, Haoyang Cao Jun 2021

Simulation And Experimental Verification Of Precision Grinding Of Micro-Groove Structure, Haoyang Cao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to study the influence of micro-groove structure precision grinding, based on grinding wheel dressing and grinding kinematics, a grinding simulation model for the micro-groove structural surface is established. The influence of dressing, grinding parameters and pitch length on the profile of micro-groove structure was analyzed systematically, the grinding conditions for forming complete or interfering micro-groove profile are described, the profile and size of micro-groove are predicted, and the grinding test is carried out on carbon steel. The test results are consistent with the trend of the simulation model. The profile and size of the micro-groove …


Spatial Knowledge Representation Model Of Simulation Scenario Based On Ontology, Zhu Jie, Hongjun Zhang Jun 2021

Spatial Knowledge Representation Model Of Simulation Scenario Based On Ontology, Zhu Jie, Hongjun Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Military simulation scenario has abundant spatial knowledge and is closely related to various models of combat simulation. In view of the lack of uniform specification for the description of simulation scenario knowledge, it is necessary to construct a spatial knowledge representation model in line with spatial thinking to effectively analyze the spatial entities and their interrelationships in simulation scenario. The ontology method is used to establish spatial knowledge domain ontology and form the formal description specification of spatial knowledge concept; the spatial knowledge structure is described hierarchically by using the method of concept knowledge tree, clarifying the semantic logic …


Rapid Development Technology Of Virtual Maintenance Training Simulation Model For Aviation Equipment, Rongqiang Li, Aibing Wen, Bin Hua, Jiajun Li, Jiang Bing Jun 2021

Rapid Development Technology Of Virtual Maintenance Training Simulation Model For Aviation Equipment, Rongqiang Li, Aibing Wen, Bin Hua, Jiajun Li, Jiang Bing

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Taking the practical application of the aircraft virtual maintenance training as the demand, the basic development process and technical means of the aircraft virtual maintenance training simulation model are analyzed, which solves the technical bottleneck in the popularization and application of the large-scale engineering. Aiming at the crucial problems such as the low efficiency in the development of maintenance training simulation model and the difficulties in updating the model, a rapid development process to support the large-scale engineering applications is proposed. The principles and implementation ways of three key technologies supporting the rapid development of virtual maintenance training simulation …


Development And Prospect Of Simulation Research In China, Xiaogang Qiu, Duan Hong, Xie Xu, Mengna Zhu Jun 2021

Development And Prospect Of Simulation Research In China, Xiaogang Qiu, Duan Hong, Xie Xu, Mengna Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: It is important to treat modeling and simulation (M&S) as a discipline to advance its development. In China, M&S has been researched and applied over 40 years, and is gradually becoming an independent discipline. Modeling and simulating the complex systems are the challenge, however, this also brings grand opportunity for M&S to widen and improve itself. Since 1980s, the M&S community in China has realized the broad applications of M&S, comprehended M&S from multiple perspectives, conducted extensive research on basic questions, and discussed the composition of the basic simulation theory. By summarizing these achievements, the future works that have …