Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

The Fecal Coliform/Fecal Streptococci Ratio (Fc/Fs) And Water Quality In The Bluegrass Region Of Kentucky, Mark S. Coyne, J. M. Howell

Soil Science News and Views

In the mid 70' s, someone noticed that the ratio of two indicator bacteria in fecal wastes - fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) - was characteristic of particular animal wastes. In human wastes, the fecal coliform/fecal streptococci ratio (FC/FS ratio) was greater than 4. In domesticated animals, like cattle, the ratio was between 0.1 and 4.0. In wild animals, the ratio was less than 0.1. Since that time, many attempts have been made to use the ratio to determine the source of fecal bacteria in contaminated ground water.

Trapping Fecal Bacteria And Sediment In Surface Runoff From Cropland Treated With Poultry Litter, Mark S. Coyne, R. A. Gilfillen, Robert L. Blevins

Soil Science News and Views

Between 1991 and 1994 the broiler population exploded in Kentucky as the poultry industry began to expand. The Kentucky Department of Agriculture predicts that within four years annual broiler production could exceed 275 million birds. This may be good for Kentucky's economy but it carries some important environmental consequences. If expansion continues as anticipated, the estimated waste production from broilers for processing could reach 300,000 tons per year (assuming each broiler house produces 150,000 birds per year and the yearly manure and litter production per house is approximately 160 tons).

Control Of Rodents In No-Till Corn, Lloyd W. Murdock

Soil Science News and Views

The prairie vole is probably the primary rodent that reduces no-till crop plant stands in Kentucky. Because the vole requires a full canopy cover for protection from predators, established grass or legume sod fields and field borders (including wheat or rye stubble, set-aside and cover crop seedings) provide an ideal habitat.

Production And Nutrient Content Of Broiler Litter, Monroe Rasnake, Mike Williams

Soil Science News and Views

How much litter is produced in a broiler house in one year? How much nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is present in broiler litter? These are questions that concern broiler producers and others who have an interest in the use and safe disposal of broiler litter. A project was initiated with support of the Tennessee Valley Authority and the cooperation of several broiler producers in Carlisle County to help answer these questions.

Field Test Of "Farm For Profit®" Burley Tobacco Production Program, Kenneth L. Wells, Mark Reese

Soil Science News and Views

Considerable interest exists among local farmers in Scott County, Kentucky, about a "Farm For Profit^®" tobacco production program being advocated by the representative of a product supplier as a means of improving burley tobacco production. Because of this interest, we conducted a field test of this program in 1993. The objective was to compare yield results from this "program" with those from two, more conventional practices.

An Estimate Of The Source And Uptake Of Nitrogen In Continuous No-Till Com Grain Production, Kenneth L. Wells

Soil Science News and Views

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a maximum nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) content of 10 parts per million (ppm) for safe drinking water. Because of this, the effect of commercial nitrogen (N) fertilizers in agricultural production as a contributor of NO₃-N to surface and groundwater is now being widely examined. Since corn production in the US is the largest single source of fertilizer N use, averaging perhaps 100-150 lbs N/A on the 70-80 million acres of corn produced annually, an understanding of N utilization and losses in corn production is helpful in determining the role …

Impact Of Riparian Grass Filter Strips On Surface-Water Quality, Alex W. Fogle, Daniel I. Carey, Billy J. Barfield, Robert L. Blevins, Vasilios P. Evangelou, Cora E. Madison, Shreeram P. Inamdar

Information Circular--KGS

The effectiveness of natural riparian grass filter strips in removing sediment and agricultural chemicals from surface runoff was studied using no-tillage and conventional-tillage erosion plots. Runoff from the tillage plots was directed onto 4.57, 9.14, and 13.72 m (15, 30, and 45 ft.) length filter strips, where the inflow and outflow concentrations and sediment size distributions were measured. Trapping efficiencies for sediment and agricultural chemicals typically ranged near or above 90 percent, mainly because of high infiltration rates. The filters also significantly reduced peak discharge concentrations, which reduced the impact of sediment and agricultural chemicals on receiving surface waters.

Chemical And Statistical Analysis Of A Sampled Interval In The Camp Nelson Limestone (Upper Ordovician) Madison County, Central Kentucky, Garland R. Dever Jr., Warren H. Anderson, Henry E. Francis, O. Barton Davidson, Mark F. Thompson

Information Circular--KGS

The Camp Nelson Limestone of the High Bridge Group (Upper Ordovician) is mined at seven sites in central and north-central Kentucky for industrial, construction, and agricultural uses. As part of a regional investigation of its chemical characteristics, a 67-foot section in the upper Camp Nelson, which is being mined at Boonesborough, Madison County, was sampled for major-element analysis.

The upper Camp Nelson in the Boonesborough Mine consists of two zones (23 and 30 feet thick) of low-silica stone (4 percent or less total SiO₂) separated by a 14-foot section of slightly argillaceous limestone with an average silica content …

Limestone And Lime For So2 And Pollutant Control In The Ohio Valley, James C. Cobb, Garland R. Dever Jr.

Information Circular--KGS

The purpose of this conference is to emphasize the importance of limestone resources for controlling SO₂ emissions from coal-fired power plants. We have brought together experts from utilities to describe important factors in limestone performance in scrubbers and from the stone industry to describe important factors in limestone and lime production. Conference speakers include also representatives from research institutes, equipment manufacturers, government agencies, and geological surveys.

Available Coal Resources Of The Salyersville South 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Magoffin County, Kentucky, Robert E. Andrews, Gerald A. Weisenfluh, John K. Hiett, Richard E. Sergeant

Information Circular--KGS

Coal resources available for mining have been estimated for the Salyersville South Quadrangle, which is located in the Licking River Coal Reserve District of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field. Nine coal beds within the quadrangle are potentially mineable and constitute the basis of these resource estimates. Seven of these beds have been commercially developed, but only five have produced more than 1 million tons: from youngest to oldest, the Skyline A, Lower Broas, Lower Peach Orchard, Middle Peach Orchard, and Upper Peach Orchard. A computerized Geographic Information System was used to calculate estimates of original, mined-out, and remaining resources, as …

Ground Water In The Kentucky River Basin, Daniel I. Carey, James C. Currens, James S. Dinger, James A. Kipp, David R. Wunsch, Philip G. Conrad

Information Circular--KGS

Most private wells in the Kentucky River Basin are in unconfined or semi-confined bedrock aquifers. Within these aquifers, high-yield zones are irregularly distributed. The most productive wells are drilled into fractured bedrock and alluvium along the Kentucky River floodplain. The data indicate that ground water acts as a buffer to peak and low flows in Kentucky River Basin streams. At current withdrawal rates, ground-water usage does not seem to have an adverse impact on the Kentucky River. Privately owned ground-water sources supply approximately 135,000 people living in the basin-approximately 19 percent of the total population and 36 percent of the …

Sand And Gravel Resources Along The Ohio River Valley In Boone, Gallatin, And Carroll Counties, Kentucky, Eugene J. Amaral

Report of Investigations--KGS

Glacial outwash sand and gravel from three northern Kentucky counties in the Ohio River Valley have been analyzed in order to characterize their particle size, composition, morphology, and surface alteration and to determine the geologic significance of lateral and stratigraphic variations in these sediment properties. The late Wisconsinan-age deposits, actively mined in terraces along the Ohio River, are composed of moderately sorted sand and a poorly sorted, bimodal mixture of sand and gravel. A systematic pattern of regional grain-size variation was found to be associated with the confluence of the Great Miami River, a major meltwater sluiceway entering the Ohio …

Bituminous Fly Ash Release Potential Modeling And Remediation Of Arsenic, Boron And Heavy Metals, V. P. Evangelou

KWRRI Research Reports

In Kentucky, approximately 3 million tons of coal fly ash are produced annually at a disposal cost around $20 per ton. Moreover, disposal is becoming a major issue because of the ash's potential to contaminate surface and groundwater with arsenic, boron, heavy metals, etc. Knowledge on the chemistry of fly ash is essential in developing a methodology that can predict release rate(s) and concentration(s) of chemical constituents of environmental concern (pollutants). Currently, there is major concern in the state how to dispose of safely the fly ash generated from the combustion of coal by electrical generating plants. Safe disposal of …

Research Reports From Status Report: Identification Of Appropriate Standards For Corrective Action For A Release From Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks, G. Blomquist, Lyle V. A. Sendlein, Thomas Tobin, T. W. Struttmann, James S. Dinger, Paul M. Mcginley, Burl Naugle, Robert Guthries, Ralph R. Huffsey

KWRRI Research Reports

This document is a collection of research reports:

• Cost of Closure and Remediation for Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks
• Assessment of Number and Distribution of USTs
• Analysis of Potable Water Sources in Kentucky
• Analysis of Well Data and Soil Parameters as Related to the STATSGO Kentucky General Soil Map
• Petroleum Products: Chemical Composition, Tocxicological and Environmental Data
• Health Risk Analysis for Selected Petroleum Compounds
• Summary of Analytical Methods
• Soil Volume Calculations for UST Installations
• Generic Organic Containment Pathway Analysis for Components of Petroleum in Soil and Groundwater

Pathway Analysis Of Contaminant Fate And Transport For Generic Soil Standards And Application To Kentucky Underground Storage Tanks, Paul M. Mcginley

KWRRI Research Reports

A generic contaminant migration pathway was used to develop concentration adjustment factors relating soil contamination levels to concentrations in migrating media. These concentration adjustments are based on relatively simple models and parameter values from the literature. The methodology is a screening level tool and is not designed to be used in the site specific analysis where additional information on the source of contamination and the local conditions is available.

The results demonstrate that contaminant concentrations can be very sensitive to the processes which occur during the migration of contaminants.Because the rates of these processes may be site specific it is …

Kentucky Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge Survey, J. Keeling, Paul M. Mcginley

KWRRI Research Reports

A survey of solids removal from municipal wastewater treatment plants in Kentucky was conducted by the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Kentucky. The survey was made using both a mailed form and a followed up phone communication through a period from June, 1993 to April, 1994. The results of that survey were compiled using a spreadsheet program and are available on diskette from the authors. The results of the survey are also presented in the eight Tables herein.

Evaluation Of Solids Generation In Lagoon Treatment Systems: Application To Bardstown, Kentucky, Paul M. Mcginley

KWRRI Research Reports

This report summarizes the results of a study which investigated the sludge accumulation in lagoon systems through both literature review and evaluation of the Bardstown wastewater treatment plant. Much of the information in this report has been presented in more detail in the Master's thesis of Jon Keeling (Keeling, 1994).

Kentucky Municipal Wastewater Sludge: Generation, Management And Pathogen Reduction, C. Oligee, J. Keeling, Paul M. Mcginley

KWRRI Research Reports

This document was prepared as part of an investigation into sludge quantities and pathogen reduction. It has been written as an introduction and reference for operators, municipal officials, engineers and regulators as they assess their sludge management options.

Municipal Wastewater Sludges: Solids Generation And Pathogen Reduction, C. Oligee, J. Keeling, Paul M. Mcginley

KWRRI Research Reports

The qualities of sludge generated and the variations in potential processing technologies for pathogen reduction pose a challenge to those evaluating sludge management. Some of the key factors that should be considered when evaluating sludge management options include:

• Land requirements
• Equipment requirements
• Availability of Required additives
• Desired product end use

The extent to which these factors influence the implementation of a particular processing technology will vary, but in all cases, they will influence the cost and application of any of the technologies.

Estimated Nutrient Content And Uptake By Kentucky's Crops, Kenneth L. Wells, William O. Thom

Soil Science News and Views

A commonly asked question by crop producers is, "how many pounds of plant nutrients do my crops take up?" While the absolute answer to this varies by yield and soil fertility, useful estimates can be made from research data to enable a producer to have a "ballpark" value for nutrient up-take by some of the major crops of Kentucky. The following tables contain estimates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),and potassium (K) contained in certain crops and the amount of N, phosphate (P₂O₅), and potash (K,O) taken up by tobacco, corn, soybeans, wheat, alfalfa hay, clover grass …

Detection Of Alzheimer's Disease And Other Diseases Using An Improved Photoaffinity Labeling Method, Boyd E. Haley

Chemistry Faculty Patents

A method for diagnosing a neurological disease comprising detecting a neurological disease-specific biochemical marker macromolecule within a sample of extracted cerebral spinal fluid is disclosed. In particular, a radioactively labeled photoaffinity probe is used to diagnose a neurological disease. For instance, Alzheimer's disease can be diagnosed by detecting a disease-specific protein having a molecular weight of about 42,000 daltons, i.e., glutamine synthetase.

The Chemical Evolution Of Qsos And The Implications For Cosmology And Galaxy Formation, Fred Hamann, Gary J. Ferland

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We examine the chemical evolution of QSO broad-line gas by applying spectral synthesis and chemical enrichment models to the N V/C IV and N V/He II emission-line ratios. The models indicate that BLR metallicities are typically ~1 to perhaps ≳10 times solar. The enrichment must occur in ≲1 Gyr for sources where the redshift is ≳3 (if q₀ = ½). The higher metallicity QSOs require star formation favoring massive stars (compared to the Galactic disk). These results imply that extensive evolution usually occurs before the QSOs become observable. Our models of the evolution are equivalent to models proposed for …

Chloroform Contamination In The Louisville Aquifer: An Investigation Of Its Occurrence And Propagation, Sergio E. Serrano

KWRRI Research Reports

This report presents the main results of an investigation on the nature and propagation of an accidental spill of chloroform in the Louisville aquifer, Kentucky. Much of the effort is concentrated on the development of mathematical models to either reconstruct the history of evolution of the plume, or forecast its propagation in the future. Chloroform is a dense halogenated solvent which exhibits a special migration pattern in porous media: Because of this and the relative absence of a conceptual theory on its hydrodynamics in porous media, meaningful predictive models will have to deal with many unresolved theoretical aspects of contaminant …

A Masing [Fe Xi] Line, Gary J. Ferland

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

I draw attention to a maser which occurs within the ground term of Fe¹⁰⁺. In many photoionized environments, infrared fine-structure lines and the [O I] λ6300 line become optically thick but maser amplification of ionic fine-structure lines is unusual. During the course of development of a code designed to simulate gas under radiative-collisional equilibrium, the radiative transfer of roughly 500 ionic/atomic emission lines was treated using escape probabilities. Nearly all forbidden lines can become optically thick under extreme conditions, but the ³Pj = 1, 0 [Fe XI] 6.08 μm transition is the only line …

The Narrow-Line Region Of High-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei, Beverley J. Wills, H. Netzer, M. S. Brotherton, Mingsheng Han, D. Wills, J. A. Baldwin, Gary J. Ferland, I. W. A. Browne

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We have made high signal-to-noise spectroscopic observations of seven radio-loud quasars with the Faint Object Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope and from the ground at McDonald Observatory and at Kitt Peak National Observatory. The resolution is 300-400 km s^-1 over the wavelength range 1000-8500 Å, enabling us to separate the broad and narrow components of the emission lines. This is the first study of the optical and UV narrow lines in such high-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs).

The most important and striking observational result is the relative weakness of the narrow ultraviolet lines, assuming that they have …

The Dynamics Of Stellar Outflows Dominated By Interaction Of Dust And Radiation, Nathan Netzer, Moshe Elitzur

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

Wind outflow around a late-type star driven by radiation pressure on dust grains is investigated in detail. The equation of motion for the outflow coupled with the equation of radiative transfer is solved treating the circumstellar envelope, which consists of gas and dust, as a two-component fluid. Because of the drift of the dust particles through the gas, the dust-to-gas ratio varies with distance even if grain formation is a prompt process. The coupling between dust and gas weakens as the mass-loss rate decreases until finally the rate of momentum transfer to the gas is insufficient to overcome gravity when …

Producing And Marketing Kentucky Hay - A Challenge, Ed Logsdon

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Many of you probably are aware that Kentucky's commodity organizations are working with UK, the Agriculture Department and Farm Bureau in developing a plan to improve farm income in the state. This is a very ambitious project involving more than 40 farm organizations, including the Kentucky Forage and Grassland Council. This group has set a lofty goal of attempting to raise gross farm sales in the state from its current $3 billion level to around $5 billion by the turn of the century.

Alfalfa For Hay And Grazing In Tennessee, Joe Burns

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa has truly had its "ups and downs" in terms of acreage in Tennessee for the last 30 years. Just as the effect of a good fertilizer-lime-soil testing program was increasing the alfalfa acreage, the alfalfa weevil appears and begins to destroy the crop. With the aid of the insecticide heptachlor sprayed on the fertilizer, farmers continued to fertilize the alfalfa and kill the weevil at the same time.

Grazing Alfalfa — National Perspective, Warren C. Thompson

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

The production of alfalfa specifically for grazing is a fairly new practice. But now, farmers all around the USA are beginning to look toward alfalfa for a long living legume to increase yield, quality, and reliability all during the growing and grazing seasons. They also are looking for ways to reduce the cost of harvest, equipment, and storage costs, as well as weather-related harvest losses, and in time, reduced fertilizer costs.

Grazing Alfalfa — State Perspective, W. Roy Burris, Garry D. Lacefield

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa has been grown in Kentucky for many years, but in the last decade, its acreage has increased dramatically- from 208,000 in 1978 to 350,000 in 1981 (Ky. Agri. Statistics Service). Alfalfa is generally thought of as a hay crop but the practice of grazing alfalfa has received considerable attention recently. Much of this interest was generated by "Graze-More-Beef" demonstrations which have been conducted in the state. Demonstrations in which alfalfa was grazed averaged 791 pounds per acre during 1986-1988. Alfalfa's ability to withstand dry weather and its excellent nutritional qualities make it an attractive grazing alternative to fescue - …