Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Studies On The Role Of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation In "Natural" Water Purification By Aquatic Ecosystems, John Calkins, Jeanne A. Barcelo, Perry Grigsby, Stephen Martin

KWRRI Research Reports

The possibility that pollution might deplete the stratospheric ozone layer and intensify solar UV at the earth's surface focuses attention on the role of solar UV in the various ecosystems at the earth's surface. Previous studies suggested that solar UV might contribute to bacterial die off in wastewater and the studies reported here were directed toward elucidating the action of solar UV in "natural" waters.

It has been assumed that solar UV action on aquatic ecosystems can be evaluated (using proper models) on the basis of the following four independently measurable quantities: I) the intensity of solar UV at the …

Hydrology And Water Quality In The Central Kentucky Karst: Phase Ii Part A: Preliminary Summary Of The Hydrogeology Of The Mill Hole Sub-Basin Of The Turnhole Spring Groundwater Basin, James F. Quinlan, Donald R. Rowe

KWRRI Research Reports

Water from upland areas flows to small ephemeral and perennial springs that feed sinking streams that are tributary to low-order cave streams. These cave streams, also recharged by diffuse percolation, are part of a dendritic network in which intermediate-order streams join high-order streams that flow to major trunk streams. The trunk in the Mill Hole Sub-basin flows across the bottom of a large karst window, Mill Hole, and joins the trunk of the Patoka Creek Sub-basin. Their combined discharge bifurcates, flows around the collapsed central core of a larger karst window, Cedar Sink, and re-joins to flow as one to …

Hydraulic Resistance Of Grass Media On Shallow Overland Flow, David K. Tao, Billy J. Barfield, Austin E. Lyons

KWRRI Research Reports

Simulated dense vegetation with random blade arrangements and different blade flexibilities were used to determine the hydraulic properties of flow of small, non-submerging depths. With the water flowing among the randomly patterned vegetation blades, drag resistance becomes the dominant force that retards the flow. An equation of flow was established based on the momentum balance in the system. Experimental results were used to determine the coefficient of blade resistance, R_D, and plotted in terms of blade width and flow depth Reynolds number respectively.

Assessment Of The Water Quality In The Salt River Prior To Its Impoundment In Anderson And Spencer Counties, Kentucky, Andrew C. Miller, Louis A. Krumholz, Stuart E. Neff, Darly E. Jennings, Patricia B. Olmes, David S. White

KWRRI Research Reports

Monthly water samples were taken and analyzed to determine the water quality of the Salt River in Anderson and Spencer counties Kentucky prior to the river's impoundment. Sediments from the area watershed were analyzed to total acid digestion, barium chloride extraction, and aqueous extraction methods. Rainwater and runoff water were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions from two sites in the watershed.

The Salt River at Taylorsville is characterized by hard water with high levels of calcium (33.5-74.8 mg/1), bicarbonate (136-236 mg/l), specific conductance (200-535 μmhos/cm), and sulfate (16.5-71.5 mg/l). Nitrates (0.6-5.7 mg/l), phosphates (0.2-2.4 mg/l), sodium (3.2-20.3 …

Stochastic Models For Precipitation, Peter Purdue, Z. Govindarajulu

KWRRI Research Reports

In this project a stochastic model, using Semi-Markov Processes, was developed to simulate daily rainfall patterns in Kentucky. This model contains many of the currently used models as special cases and is applicable at any station in Kentucky as well as elsewhere.

For use in Kentucky an 8 state Semi-Markov Process is developed and the parameters of the model are determined from historical rainfall data. The model is tested at 4 different stations in Kentucky and the simulated and actual rainfall processes are found to be in good agreement. Finally some long run probabilities are calculated as well as mean …

Optimal Systems Of Storm Water Detention Basins In Urban Areas, D. K. Mynear, C. T. Haan

KWRRI Research Reports

Flood retention basins are commonly used in urban areas to reduce the impact of urbanization on downstream flooding. When more than a few acres are developed, systems of retention basins are often required. A procedure has been developed whereby the optimum (least cost) system of basins can be determined to meet a given downstream flow requirement. The method considers several design options including basins on all subwatersheds, basins on only some of the subwatersheds, basins of various sizes and basins with various stage-discharge characteristics. The procedure has been developed in the form of a computer program to aid the designer …

Simulation Of The Sedimentology Of Sediment Detention Basins, A. J. Ward, C. T. Haan, B. J. Barfield

KWRRI Research Reports

Sediment detention basins are a widely used means of controlling downstream sediment pollution resulting from stripmining and construction activities. A mathematical model for describing the sedimentation characteristics of detention basins has been developed. This model requires as inputs the inflow hydrograph, inflow sediment graph, sediment particle size distribution, detention basin stage-area relationship and detention basin stage-discharge relationship. Based on this information the model routes the water and sediment through the basin. In this routing process the outflow sediment concentration graph, the pattern of sediment deposition in the basin and the sediment trapping efficiency are estimated. Comparison of predicted results with …

Vertical Drainage In Field Cores, Larry G. Wells, R. W. Skaggs

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Embryopathic Effects Of Waterborne And Sediment-Accumulated Cadmium, Mercury And Zinc On Reproduction And Survival Of Fish And Amphibian Populations In Kentucky, Wesley J. Birge, Jeffrey A. Black, Albert G. Westerman, Paul C. Francis, Jarvis E. Hudson

KWRRI Research Reports

Fish and amphibian egg cultures were used to determine the embryopathic effects of cadmium, mercury, and zinc released from natural and metal-enriched sediments, and to develop egg culture bioassay procedures suitable for monitoring bottom sediments for hazardous contaminants. Eggs of the narrow-mouthed toad (Gastrophryne carolinensis), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnei) were cultured in contaminant-free water added to natural and metal-enriched sediments. Exposure was initiated after fertilization (toad, goldfish) or at 10 days prehatching (trout) and maintained continuously through 4-10 days posthatching. Sediments were enriched with 0.1-100 ppm cadmium and mercury and …

Effects Of Stream Channel Improvements On Downstream Floods, Yang H. Huang, Ronald K. Gaynor

KWRRI Research Reports

This report presents a self-calibrating watershed model for predicting the effect of channel improvements on downstream floods. The model is called MOPSET because it is a modified version of OPSET developed several years ago at the University of Kentucky. OPSET is a computerized procedure for determining an optimum set of parameter values by matching synthesized flows with recorded flows. Major modifications include the replacement of the modified Muskingum method of channel routing by a kinematic finite difference method, the division of the watershed into a number of segments, and the inclusion of a storage routing procedure to take care of …

Hydrology And Water Quality In The Central Kentucky Karst: Phase 1, James F. Quinlan, Donald R. Rowe

KWRRI Research Reports

Study of springs and cave streams has shown that heavy metal-rich effluent from a wastewater treatment plant can be traced to Hidden River Cave (beneath the city of Horse Cave) and thence 4 to 5 miles north to a group of 39 springs at 14 locations along a 5-mile reach of Green River. Nickel, chromium, copper and zinc in these effluent-bearing springs are in concentrations of as much as 30 times greater than other springs upstream and downstream from this reach, 20 times greater than the Green River, and 60 times greater than in shallow domestic wells between Horse Cave …

Biological And Chemical Evaluation Of The Aquatic Environment Of Selected Undeveloped Kentucky Lake Embayments, Marshall Gordon, Morgan E. Sisk

KWRRI Research Reports

This report describes research involving biological and chemical analysis of two undeveloped embayments on Kentucky Lake, namely Anderson and Vickers Bays. Field and laboratory studies were made to assess current biotic standing crops, limnological conditions, levels of inorganic and organic pollutants in the embayments.

Enteric Virus Survival In Package Plants And The Upgrading Of The Small Treatment Plants Using Ozone, Lois S. Cronholm, James R. Mccammon, Marvin Fleischman, Jerry R. Perrich, Valerie Reisser, William Harris, Ronald R. Vanstockum, Khosrow Jaberizadeh, Michael J. Wahl

KWRRI Research Reports

Post-chlorinated effluent collected with a portable viral concentrator from four treatment plants in Jefferson County, Kentucky, yielded infective viral particles from three plants from spring through late fall. The pH, ,chlorine, turbidity, and coliform levels of these effluents indicated that viral persistence was correlated with inefficient processing which produced effluent environments that inhibited disinfection by chlorine. The disinfection potential of ozone was tested on secondary effluent and finished water seeded with poliovirus and Esaheriahia coli. Low doses of ozone inactivated viruses and bacteria in treated water, but not in effluent. The inactivation of bacteria by ozone does not appear …

Dams And People: Geographic Impact Area Analysis, Vance E. Arnett, Sue Johnson

KWRRI Research Reports

This report attempts to determine the efficacy of using geographic impact areas as analytical sub-groups for the assessment of the impact of multi-purpose reservoir projects on target communities. The impact areas utilized are: the take area; the below-the-dam area; the urban area; and, the adjacent area. Each area is described in detail and each is analyzed for differences in knowledge, previous experience, and perception of impact on community and family.

Data for this study originated from structured and open-ended interviews in Johnson County, Kentucky. Information was collected during two field efforts, the first in February, 1974, the second in August …

Legal Institutions For The Allocation Of Water And Their Impact On Coal Conversion Operations In Kentucky, Richard C. Ausness, Gary W. Callahan, Steven W. Dills, Bill H. Flynn, John S. Gillig

KWRRI Research Reports

The conversion of coal into other types of fuel through gasification and liquefaction has been proposed as a means of coping with America's increasing energy needs. Coal conversion plants require large quantities of water for cooling purposes and for use as a raw material.

There are three types of water allocation presently used in the United States, riparianism, prior appropriation, and administrative permit systems. The common law riparian system is undesirable because under it water rights are insecure and subject to locational use restrictions. Prior appropriation is better, but the permanent water right created under this system results in excessive …

Statistical Models For Precipitation, Z. Govindarajulu, Peter Purdue, Frank Cioch

KWRRI Research Reports

The available data consists of daily rainfall for the past 24 years (1948-1972) for Lexington, Louisville and Paducah. However, for Ashland, the data is available for the period of 40 years (1932-1972). The problem is to find an appropriate family of distributions indexed by a suitable number of parameters that fits the maximum daily rainfall. Further, there might be seasonal variations. The following seasons were considered: (i) Dry Convective season: August 1-0ctober 30; (ii) Early Convective season: May 1-July 31; (iii) Late Convective season: November 1- April 30. After extracting the yearly maximums for each of these seasons (see Appendix …

Hydrodynamic Separation Of Solids From Solid-Liquid Mixtures, Harry J. Sterling Jr., Don J. Wood

KWRRI Research Reports

Several schemes for separating solid pollutants from water flowing in a closed conduit were examined. Separation based on the momentum differential between the solids and liquids and the centrifugal movement of a conveying liquid were both examined under turbulent flow conditions. The study indicated these processes to have limited applications, primarily due to the difficulties in withdrawing a significant fraction of separated flow and the deleterious effects of turbulent mixing. However, utilization of the differential momentum of solid particles and water when flowing laminarly through a pipe was found to be a viable separation scheme. Significant experimental separations (greater than …

Some Of The Effects Of Domestic Sewage Discharged Into Hickman And Jessamine Creeks In Jessamine County, Kentucky, Henry H. Howell, Mike W. Jones, Robert A. Kuehne

KWRRI Research Reports

A 6-week study was made in the summer of 1971 as an initial effort to determine the extent of pollution that the three sewage disposal plants in Jessamine County, Kentucky, are contributing to its streams. With the rapid population increase in Lexington and nearby municipalities, this study should furnish a basis of comparison for future investigations. Eighteen collecting stations were established in riffle areas of Hickman and Jessamine Creeks, and coliform bacteria, macro-invertebrate populations, fish populations and chemical water quality of each riffle area were studied.

Hickman Creek's flow was augmented by approximately 3,100,000 gallons/day (11,735 -m³/day) from …

Upward Water Movement In Field Cores, Larry G. Wells, R. W. Skaggs

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Facility Costs Of Centralized Grain Storage Systems Utilizing Computer Design, Otto J. Loewer Jr., Thomas C. Bridges, Douglas G. Overhults

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

The item considered most often when estimating the cost of a grain storage facility is capacity. Of equal or greater importance is daily harvest rate. Other important considerations include drying method, materials handling equipment, energy cost, facility arrangement, labor requirements, grain quality and management ability. Only through a comparison of facilities which offer similar capacity, capability and convenience can the purchaser obtain his best system.

Computer Layout And Design Of Grain Storage Facilities, Otto J. Loewer Jr., Thomas C. Bridges, Douglas G. Overhults

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Supply And Demand In Water Planning: Streamflow Estimation And Conservational Water Pricing, D. I. Carey, C. T. Haan

KWRRI Research Reports

Recent studies indicated the need for development of surface water supplies in Kentucky. Rising resource costs make economically efficient reservoir designs increasingly important. This study was undertaken to provide methods in water supply reservoir design that increase system benefits.

Two major factors influencing reservoir design were studied: estimated future streamflow into the reservoir and demands placed on the reservoir. Standard reservoir sizing methods rely on historical streamflow data. This data is frequently limited and uncertainty in required storage estimates may result. To assess the reliability of a design, the use of mathematical models in simulation studies was proposed. Existing stochastic …

Sensitivity Of Vertebrate Embryos To Heavy Metals As A Criterion Of Water Quality: Phase Iii: Use Of Fish And Amphibian Eggs As Bioindicator Organisms For Evaluating Water Quality, Wesley J. Birge, Albert G. Westerman, Jeffrey A. Black

KWRRI Research Reports

Fish and amphibian eggs, embryos and early posthatched (larval) stages were evaluated as bioindicator organisms with which to monitor the quality of natural water resources. Eggs of 9 species were cultured in water collected from each of 11 Inner Bluegrass rivers and streams. The latter were chosen to represent water sources varying in quality from extremely poor to good. Selection was based on the sources and magnitude of pollution, and the diversity and density of piscine populations. Cultures were maintained in vitro, using 12-hour changes of water.

Averaging data for all 9 animal species, egg hatchability (embryonic survival) ranged …

Analysis Of The Sediment Filtering Action Of Grassed Media, Billy J. Barfield, David T. Y. Kao, E. W. Tollner

KWRRI Research Reports

The movement of sediment in non-submerged flow through a rigid grass media was studied experimentally by simulating the media with cylindrical nails. Models of sediment movement were developed from probablistic reasoning and from the use of existing parameters describing total bed material in open channel flow. In the probability analysis, the percent sediment trapped was found to be a power function of the number of potential fall paths, N_f,a particle could make from the surface to the bed while traveling through the filter media. The percent trapped was also found to be an inverse power function of the …

Tertiary Treatment Of Wastewater Using Oxidation Ponds, Robert A. Lauderdale, John R. Moeller, Raymond D. Hamilton

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of the project was to determine the value of using lagoons as a supplemental process for treating the effluent from an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant.

Only tentative conclusions can be suggested since the project was not carried to completion. It appears that lagoons will have only minimal effect on the amounts of total nitrogen and phosphate in the plant effluent, although conversion of a portion of the ammonia to nitrate can be expected. However, the concentration of ammonia was never lower than that required by EPA guidelines. Some reduction of soluble BOD appears to occur, perhaps through …

Rural Residential Water Demand In Kentucky: An Econometric And Simulation Analysis, Orlen C. Grunewald, C. T. Haan, David L. Debertin, D. I. Carey

KWRRI Research Reports

This study proposed that demand management through pricing policies can be used in conjunction with supply management to solve water supply problems in Kentucky. Economic principles were shown to apply to rural residential water use. From the economic model, a hyperbolic demand function was theorized. The mathematical form of this function used quantity of water as a function of price, income, value of residence, evaporation, and persons per residence. This function was estimated using ordinary least squares regression. A log-linear model was found to be a satisfactory representation of the demand function. Price was the only independent variable which was …

Response Of Saturated Sands To Cyclic Shear At Earthquake Amplitudes, Vincent P. Drnevich, John P. Jent

KWRRI Research Reports

Both quasi-static and resonant cyclic shear tests were performed on hollow cylindrical specimens of saturated sands at various densities and confining stresses. Shear moduli measured at nondestructive amplitudes were shown to be independent of frequency for the range of 0.1Hz to 50Hz. Application of cyclic shear at larger amplitudes caused effective stresses to decrease and failure. The number of cycles to failure was related to ratio of cyclic shear stress to maximum drained shear stress. Effective confining stress reduces approximately linearly with number of cycles. Shear modulus and shear damping.can be described by the Hardin-Drnevich equations if change in effective …

The Law Of Water Allocation In Kentucky, Richard C. Ausness, Bill H. Flynn

KWRRI Research Reports

This study discusses navigability concepts, consumptive rights to surface and ground waters, the disposal of diffused surface waters and the administration of Kentucky's statutory water allocation system.

Federal regulatory powers are based on navigability as is state ownership of submerged lands. Kentucky uses the ebb-and-flow test of navigability to determine title to submerged lands but uses a navigability-in-fact test to determine the scope of state regulatory authority. Consumptive uses of water in Kentucky are governed by the riparian landowner to use as much water as he needs as long as his use does not interfere with the legitimate uses of …

Evaluation Of Recovery In A Polluted Creek After Installation Of New Sewage Treatment Procedures, Robert A. Kuehne

KWRRI Research Reports

Response of Hickman Creek near Lexington, Kentucky to alleviation from serious sewage pollution was studied from January, 1973 through July, 1974. Wastes are now handled from an efficient secondary treatment facility and four sequential polishing lagoons before chlorination and discharge to West Hickman branch.

Physico-chemical tests gave no strong indication of residual pollution effects at the start of the study, approximately six months after the treatment facility opened. At low flow a slight oxygen sag, probably associated with algal growth in the lagoons, persists downstream from the outfall. Mean values for turbidity, nitrates and COD are somewhat higher at the …

Process Control Of Activated Sludge Treatment, Phase Ii, Richard I. Kermode, Robert W. J. Brett, Joseph D. Pault Jr.

KWRRI Research Reports

Material balances on substrate and microorganisms were derived in conjunction with various mixing configurations thought to accurately describe the activated sludge process. These models include the completely mixed with bypass, plug flow, and plug flow with bypass. Two sets of kinetic mechanisms for substrate utilization and bacterial growth were employed.

A feed forward controller was designed from linear approximations of the material balances derived in the completely mixed with bypass mixing model. Utilizing frequency response methods, the controller was found essentially identical to a completely mixed modeled controller developed in a prior investigation.

Through computer simulation the controller's effectiveness was …