Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Location Of Solution Channels And Sinkholes At Dam Sites And Backwater Areas By Seismic Methods: Part I, Vincent P. Drnevich, S. R. Smith, E. P. Cleveland

KWRRI Research Reports

The basic concepts associated with the sledge hammer seismic refraction survey are reviewed and a modified version called down hole shooting is discussed. The latter method has distinct advantages for rock surface profiling. These include: calibration at the end points of the survey, measurement of vertical wave propagation velocities directly, and having a refracted wave ray path for almost the entire survey length.

The down hole shooting seismic refraction survey has been simulated with the digital computer. The method can handle any shaped rock surface profile and generates corresponding travel time curves for the forward and reverse profile surveys. This …

X-Ray Irradiation Apparatus In Which An X-Ray Source Is Energized Upon The Recording Of Irradiation Dosage Data, George S. Hurst, Norbert Thennard, Karl A. Schneider

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Patents

Apparatus for use in examining or treating patients with X-radiation or the like requires the making of a permanent record of the radiation applied. The operation of the radiation source is controlled in dependence upon the making of the record and the to radiation, or dose exposure is limited to a predetermined amount. A method is disclosed for safeguarding the patient and for producing a tangible record of the dose to which the patient is subjected.

Hydraulic And Sediment Transport Studies In Relation To River Sediment Control And Solid Waste Pollution And Economic Use Of The By-Products, Bruce R. Moore, Michael R. Short

KWRRI Research Reports

The distribution of sediments and conditions of transport were studied in the Kentucky, Big Sandy and Ohio Rivers. The sand and coal were in transport at different flow velocities for the rivers and the deposition of these sediments was a direct function of the flow conditions at a particular locality.

The flow conditions of transport of the sediments were studied in flumes as were the hydraulic conditions in model dredge holes to determine the feasibility of trapping sediment. The conditions of scour and fill were also established and compared with known conditions in a dredge hole in the Ohio River. …

Impact Of A Proposed Reservoir On Local Land Values, Philip Drucker, Charles R. Smith, Allen C. Turner

KWRRI Research Reports

This project was designed to study the impact of private preconstruction land acquisition in a Central Kentucky area in which a flood-control dam and reservoir impoundment is planned. The research design was built around use of anthropological concepts and research techniques. By these means it was possible to analyze the perceived values of land to traditionalist residents, among which social and economic security concepts are paramount. Recent land purchases, locally believed to have been made chiefly by "outsiders," (urbanites from nearby Louisville), at prices out of line in terms of local agricultural worth, has been extremely unsettling contributing to the …

Electrical Sensor Of Plane Coordinates, George S. Hurst, James E. Parks

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Patents

An inexpensive electrical sensor of plane coordinates employs juxtaposed sheets of conducting material having electrical equipotential lines extending across each sheet and arranged normal to each other. A probe upon touching each sheet at a selected intersection of the equipotential lines causes separate signals to be applied to one or more conventional information-indicating units.

Digital Computer Modeling Of Limestone Groundwater Systems, John Thrailkill, David P. Beiter

KWRRI Research Reports

Because limestone groundwater flows mainly In discrete openings, limestone aquifers are fundamentally different from aquifers In granular rocks. A digital computer program which simulates flow in a limestone aquifer as a pipe network was written and compared with the Sinkhole Plain aquifer of west-central Kentucky.

A reasonably good fit between observed parameters of the aquifer and those calculated were obtained under assumed conditions of both laminar and turbulent now In the aquifer. The Indicated gross permeablllty of the aquifer is 5600 melnzers with an assumed aquifer thickness of 100 feet. The location and discharge of springs along the streams bounding …

Carbon And Nitrogen As Regulators Of Algal Growth In Treated Sewage, Edward G. Foree, Charles Reece Scroggin

KWRRI Research Reports

Continuous flow algal cultures were grown under three different growth conditions using secondary sewage treatment plant effluent as the growth medium. The only variable within each run was the hydraulic residence time. The concentrations of growth regulating nutrients were varied between the runs so comparisons of the algal mass, composition, nutrient uptake, and genera could be made. The importance of CO₂ availability for algal growth was also studied. A kinetic theory which based algal growth on cellular nutrient concentration was verified. The second phase of the study was a batch culture study in which the same growth medium was …

A Perspective On Economic Impact, L. Douglas James, Donald M. Soule, William O. Thompson, John L. Fulmer, John C. Redman, Robert C. Tussey, John M. Higgins, Claude M. Vaughan, David H. Rosenbaum, Billy R. Prebble, Charles O. Dowell, John E. Sirles, Michael B. Hargrove, Clyde T. Bates, Kenneth G. Holbrook, Dennis H. Bianchi, John P. Breaden, Kenneth R. Harman

KWRRI Research Reports

The institutions responsible for water resources management in the United States have originated as political responses to major social issues. Each agency institutionalized a procedure for structuring and comparing alternatives in the formulation of its total program. Each agency originally sought to promote effective resolution of its social issue (flood control, development of arid lands, soil erosion, etc.), but more recent efforts have sought better coordination among agency practices through a common procedure largely derived from economic theory. Any procedure, however, varies in application with the interpretation and judgment of individual planners. Today, public pressures have brought political directives requiring …

Determination Of Trace Elements In Water Utilizaing Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Measurement, Gary D. Christian, J. Preston Miles Iii, Ronald Sensmeier, Melvin Sensmeier, Loraine Craig, Lynn Phibrick, Sudarshan Lal

KWRRI Research Reports

A variety of flameless atomic absorption methods have been investigated for the possible determination of trace elements in water. The general applicability of each technique was determined and where applicable, procedures have been developed for the determination of trace elements in natural waters.

Metals were preconcentrated by electrodeposition on a wire. The metals were then atomized for atomic absorption measurement by resistive heating of the wire. As little as 0.01 part per million (ppm) of mercury could be determined in this way.

A mercury cold vapor cell was constructed in which the sample is treated with a reducing agent to …

Degradation Of Riparian Leaves And The Recycling Of Nutrients In A Stream Ecosystem, Louis A. Krumholz, Roger G. Lambert, Charles R. Liston, Harry H. Woodward

KWRRI Research Reports

Leaves collected at 4 stations in the upper 5 km of Doe Run, Meade County, Kentucky, indicated an annual accumulation within the stream of 354 g/m²/year (17,700 kg). Leaves of sycamore (23.6%), red oak (21.7%), sugar maple (9.7%), beech (9.6%), white oak (7.1%), and hickory (6.0%) trees were most abundant, and leaves from 14 other kinds made up the remaining 22.3%. About a third of the annual leaf fall occurred during the last half of October and about two-thirds in the last 3 months of the year.

Calorific equivalents for different kinds of leaves ranged from 3,789 cal/g …

Factors Regulating The Growth Of Algae In Continuous Culture In Diluted Secondary Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent And Subsequent Biodegradability, Edward G. Foree, Caroline P. Wade

KWRRI Research Reports

Heterogeneous algal cultures were grown in laboratory continuous culture in continuous flow, completely mixed chemostats in secondary sewage treatment plant effluent diluted to give an ammonia nitrogen concentration of 10 mg/1. Variables were lighting, pH, carbon dioxide availability, and hydraulic residence time.

Optimum growth occurred under pH 7.0, excess CO₂, and continuous lighting conditions. The availability of artificially supplied excess CO₂ greatly increased the mass (standing crop) at steady-state over that produced under otherwise identical conditions for all residence times studied. For the case of excess CO₂ availability, the nitrogen concentration in the algal cells regulated …

Metabolic Role Of Sulfates And Sulfides Producing Bacteria In Pollution Of Waters, M. I. H. Aleem

KWRRI Research Reports

Cytochrome transport particles from Nitrobacter catalyzed nitrite, ascorbate as well as NADH oxidation with concomitant phosphate esterification yielding P/0 ratios of 1.0, 0.6 and 2.0 respectively. Phosphorylation coupled to nitrite oxidation was not effected by rotenone, amytal or antimycin while 50 and 70% inhibition of the NADH-linked phosphorylation was observed in the presence of HOQNO and rotenone respectively. Cell-free extracts from Nitrobacter also catalyzed an energy-dependent reduction of NAD⁺ by nitrite. The reduction of cytochrome c by NŌ₂ was energy-dependent which involved the reversal of electrons from cytochrome a₁. The subsequent energy-linked reduction of the flavoproteins …

Capillary-Diffusion And Self-Diffusion Of Liquid Water In Unsaturated Soils, Ronald E. Phillips, V. L. Quisenberry Jr.

KWRRI Research Reports

Capillary-diffusion coefficients were measured by use of inflow and outflow methods. With both methods the capillary-diffusion coefficients decreased very rapidly with decreasing water content. The lighter textured soils were found to have the higher diffusion coefficients over the entire moisture content range studied, 0 to 1 bar tension.

Self-diffusion coefficients were measured over a moisture content range from air dryness to saturation using ³H as a tracer of water. Each of the soils gave the same diffusion characteristics when the self-diffusion coefficients were expressed as a function of either water content or average number of water layers on the …

A Preliminary Ecological Study Of Areas To Be Impounded In The Salt River Basin Of Kentucky, Louis A. Krumholz, Stuart E. Neff, Edmond J. Bacon, Jerry S. Parsons, John D. Woodling

KWRRI Research Reports

This report includes work that is an extension of Project No. B-005-KY as reported in Research Report No. 43 of the University of Kentucky Water Resources Institute. That project was initiated in April 1968 as Project No. A-019-KY with principal emphasis on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the main stem of the Salt River upstream from the proposed damsite for Taylorsville Lake, an impoundment of about 3, 600 acres at seasonal pool. The report includes descriptions of an additional 13 stations along the stream, bringing to 38 the number of permanent collecting sites.

Values for dissolved oxygen ranged from …

Detection And Identification Of Molecular Water Pollutants By Laser Raman Spectroscopy, Eugene B. Bradley, Charles A. Frenzel, John Reeves, Robert Mcconnell, Kay Lane

KWRRI Research Reports

Laser Raman spectroscopy is evolving into a primary tool for the Identification of molecular water pollutants. This study pushes the limits of detectivity of carbon disulfide and benzene to ~ 20 ppm in water solutions using a high-resolution Raman spectrometer, cooled detectors, and photon counting techniques. The primary limiting factors were found to be the low throughput and the scattered light performance of the monochromator as well as insufficient laser energy.

An optomized design for a pollution-measuring instrument is suggested, and a prototype has been built which is useful with any value of excitation energy short of sample degrading. The …

A Preliminary Ecological Study Of Areas To Be Impounded In The Salt River Basin Of Kentucky, Louis A. Krumholz

KWRRI Research Reports

This report covers work that is an extension of Project No. A-019-KY. A series of 25 sampling stations was established in the mainstream and tributaries of the Salt River that extend from the source of the stream in Boyle County to a few miles below the site of Taylorsville Darn in Spencer County. Sampling for water chemistry and biota was carried out semimonthly. Data on temperature, oxygen, depth, and discharge, along with analyses for cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) and anions (PO₄, NO₃, NO₂, CO₃, HCO₃) have been accumulated and …

Unsteady Flow Toward Partially Penetrating Artesian Wells, Y. H. Huang

KWRRI Research Reports

A numerical method programmed for a high-speed computer was developed for determining the drawdown around an artesian well. A salient feature of the program is that it can be used for both fully and partially penetrating wells in either infinite or finite aquifers. The method Involves the application of finite difference equations to the well-known heat equation using a graded network. A comparison of the finite difference solutions with those obtained from the close-form formulas of Muskat, Theis, and Hantush indicates the validity of the method. A comparison between the finite difference solutions and the drawdowns measured on a sand …

Measuring The Intangible Values Of Natural Streams, Part I, John A. Dearinger, George M. Woolwine

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to apply the "uniqueness concept" to the quantification of the intangible values of natural streams. The methodology is based on procedures developed by Luna B. Leopold and Maria O. Marchand of the U.S. Geological Survey. It involves the evaluation of a set of characteristics or factors for selected stream sites. Each factor is rated for each site on a numerical scale indicative of the range of possible "values" for that factor. An "uniqueness ratio" (the reciprocal of the number of stream sites sharing a given category rating) is then computed for each stream for …

Procedures For Trace Analysis Of Dissolved Inorganic And Organic Constituents In Water, Gary D. Christian, Charles E. Matkovich, W. Lynn Schertz

KWRRI Research Reports

A study of different solvent systems for the atomic absorption determination of cobalt revealed that acetone results in best sensitivity. Acetone is the solvent of choice for the sensitive measurement of several metals. Hence, methods were investigated for the separation of acetone from water by salting out so that possible solvent extraction of metal chelates into this solvent could be performed. About two-thirds saturated calcium chloride proved to be the best system for salting out of the acetone. It is essentially a neutral salt and is in general a weakly complexing salt, resulting in minimum interference in solvent extractions. Solvent …

The Generation Of Flood Damage Time Sequences, John P. Breaden

KWRRI Research Reports

There is a need in water resources planning to develop a procedure for determining the time pattern in which flood damages occur as a function of the rise and fall of the flood hydrograph. The widely-used approach for estimation of flood damages does not take into account the fact that the frequency of the annual flood peak may not be the same as the frequency of the total annual flood damages. As examples, several small storms during the year may do more damage than a single larger storm, or flood damages may be reduced by a reduction in flood duration …

Algal Growth And Decomposition: Effects On Water Quality, Phase Ii, Edward G. Foree, Ronald L. Barrow

KWRRI Research Reports

The decomposition and associated nutrient regeneration of three unialgal cultures and one mixed culture containing an indigenous population of bacteria and microscopic animals were studied under dark, constant temperature laboratory conditions. After periods of nutrient-deficient growth ranging from O to 30 days, these cultures were inoculated with decomposer populations and subjected to anaerobic and aerobic environments for the decomposition studies. The extend of decomposition was determined from the percentage volatile suspended solids and percentage particulate COD remaining after 200 days of decomposition. The average extent of decomposition was greater for aerobic than for anaerobic conditions. However, significant portions of the …

Algal Growth And Decomposition: Effects On Water Quality, Edward G. Foree, John S. Tapp Jr.

KWRRI Research Reports

The chemical composition of algae grown in batch culture depends mainly on environmental conditions, nutrient availability, presence of predators, cell age, and species. The effects of nutrient availability and cell age on the composition of three unialgal cultures (algae + bacteria) and one hetergeneous culture (algae + bacteria + microscopic animals) were evaluated. The cultures were grown in batch culture under both nutrient-abundant and nutrient deficient conditions and the changes in compositions were observed. Luxurious uptake where nutrients are incorporated into cellular protoplasm at levels greater than those necessary for growth, and super-luxurious uptake, where some nutrients are stored rather …

Factors Affecting Relocation In Response To Reservoir Development, Rabel J. Burdge, Richard L. Ludtke

KWRRI Research Reports

The focus of this paper is on the question of how rural people anticipate forced moves as a result of flood control projects and how they change their life in accepting separation from familiar surroundings.

A model of faced migration is presented which sees the variables of socioeconomic status, knowledge of reservoir projects, vested interests and the degree of identification with place of affected persons as producing differential apprehension over moving. Differential apprehension is then seen as producing different attitudes toward the project which will influence the type of migration plans.

To test this model of forced migration, data were …

Evaluation Of The Social Impact Of Reservoir Construction On The Residential Plans Of Displaced Persons In Kentucky And Ohio, Richard L. Ludtke, Rabel J. Burdge

KWRRI Research Reports

The states of Kentucky and Ohio have numerous reservoir projects at various stages of planning and construction. Each of the projects produces substantial social impact for the residents of the area and particularly for those persons affected by a loss of property and homes. This impact is not uniform in that people respond differently to displacement and the methods of adjusting relocation are known to differ among people.

This research was initiated to develop and test a model for explaining migration under such conditions. The model includes a consideration of people's potential for transferring existing statuses to new residences, the …

Analysis Of Solutions For Surface Active Agents, Henry H. Bauer

KWRRI Research Reports

The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of surfactants in aqueous solutions at electrodes. With this understanding it should be possible to design electrochemical methods for the detection, identification, and quantitative determination of such substances. This study was concerned primarily with the influence of extraneous salts on the behavior of surface active agents when these are examined by the electrochemical technique known as tensammetry.

The tensammetric method consists essentially of the measurement of the electrical impedance of an electrochemical cell. This impedance is characteristically increased in the presence of surfactants at those potentials …

An Evaluation Of Relationships Between Streamflow Patterns And Watershed Characteristics Through The Use Of Opset, L. Douglas James, William O. Thompson, Glendon Allen Ross, Earnest Y. Liou

KWRRI Research Reports

Selection among alternative flood control measures would be better informed if better information could be obtained on the marginal change in flood hazard associated with land use and other changes in the tributary watershed. Hydrologic modeling is the most promising approach to answering this question; however, the use of existing models is hampered by the absence of information correlating model parameters with physical characteristics of the watershed.

To deal with this situation, a method was developed for estimating the parameter values for the Stanford Watershed Model which best match recorded with simulated streamflows. Physical characteristics were measured for 17 rural …

Part I - Controlling The Soil Moisture Environment Of Transpiring Plants, Part Ii - Prediction Of Leaf Temperature Under Natural Atmospheric Conditions, Charles T. Haan, Billy J. Barfield, Robert Edling

KWRRI Research Reports

Part I

A technique for controlling the soil moisture potential in the root zone of transpiring plants was developed. The method uses the principles of unsaturated flow through a porous media to develop the desired moisture potential. In the case of non-steady state transpiration, the maximum possible fluctuation in the soil moisture potential can be determined by the techniques presented.

Part II

Two implicit leaf temperature prediction equations were derived from the energy balance approach. The equations define sensible and latent heat transfer from a plant population as a two step process:

1. Transfer between the plant leaf and the canopy …

Anticipations Of Change: A Socio-Economic Description Of A Kentucky County Before Reservoir Construction, Charles Robert Smith

KWRRI Research Reports

In the past the construction of large reservoirs in the United States has been evaluated largely in terms of the economic benefit they bring to the area where they are constructed and to the nation. Where human populations are involved, however, a host of social changes occur, many of which fundamentally alter the way of life of a people.

This report is part of a larger study which aims at analyzing the social costs and benefits of reservoir construction. The project is long range in that studies are to be carried out before, during, and after construction. This report concentrates …

Opset Program For Computerized Selection Of Watershed Parameter Values For The Stanford Watershed Model, Earnest Yuan-Shang Liou, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The advent of high-speed electronic computer made it possible to model complex hydrologic processes by mathematical expressions and thereby simulate streamflows from climatological data. The most widely used program is the Stanford Watershed Model, a digital parametric model of the land phase of the hydrologic cycle based on moisture accounting processes. It can be used to simulate annual or longer flow sequences at hourly time intervals. Due to its capability of simulating historical streamflows from recorded climatological data, it has a great potential in the planning and design of water resources systems. However, widespread use of the Stanford Watershed Model …

The Economic Value Of Natural Areas For Recreational Hunting, Kenneth Gene Holbrook

KWRRI Research Reports

The pressures of population growth, urbanization, and improved transportation are diminishing the availability of quality naturalistic sites for recreation while at the same time producing greater demands for their use. One cause contributing to the reduction in acreage in naturalistic areas is the construction of reservoirs. The recreational hunting value of the naturalistic area to be inundated should be considered as a negative consequence in the economic evaluation of a proposed reservoir site.

This study utilized hunting data collected by the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife, from the 120 Kentucky counties to estimate the economic, value of the average …