Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Metabolic Role Of Sulfates And Sulfides Producing Bacteria In Pollution Of Waters, M. I. H. Aleem

KWRRI Research Reports

Cytochrome transport particles from Nitrobacter catalyzed nitrite, ascorbate as well as NADH oxidation with concomitant phosphate esterification yielding P/0 ratios of 1.0, 0.6 and 2.0 respectively. Phosphorylation coupled to nitrite oxidation was not effected by rotenone, amytal or antimycin while 50 and 70% inhibition of the NADH-linked phosphorylation was observed in the presence of HOQNO and rotenone respectively. Cell-free extracts from Nitrobacter also catalyzed an energy-dependent reduction of NAD⁺ by nitrite. The reduction of cytochrome c by NŌ₂ was energy-dependent which involved the reversal of electrons from cytochrome a₁. The subsequent energy-linked reduction of the flavoproteins …

Capillary-Diffusion And Self-Diffusion Of Liquid Water In Unsaturated Soils, Ronald E. Phillips, V. L. Quisenberry Jr.

KWRRI Research Reports

Capillary-diffusion coefficients were measured by use of inflow and outflow methods. With both methods the capillary-diffusion coefficients decreased very rapidly with decreasing water content. The lighter textured soils were found to have the higher diffusion coefficients over the entire moisture content range studied, 0 to 1 bar tension.

Self-diffusion coefficients were measured over a moisture content range from air dryness to saturation using ³H as a tracer of water. Each of the soils gave the same diffusion characteristics when the self-diffusion coefficients were expressed as a function of either water content or average number of water layers on the …

A Preliminary Ecological Study Of Areas To Be Impounded In The Salt River Basin Of Kentucky, Louis A. Krumholz, Stuart E. Neff, Edmond J. Bacon, Jerry S. Parsons, John D. Woodling

KWRRI Research Reports

This report includes work that is an extension of Project No. B-005-KY as reported in Research Report No. 43 of the University of Kentucky Water Resources Institute. That project was initiated in April 1968 as Project No. A-019-KY with principal emphasis on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the main stem of the Salt River upstream from the proposed damsite for Taylorsville Lake, an impoundment of about 3, 600 acres at seasonal pool. The report includes descriptions of an additional 13 stations along the stream, bringing to 38 the number of permanent collecting sites.

Values for dissolved oxygen ranged from …

Detection And Identification Of Molecular Water Pollutants By Laser Raman Spectroscopy, Eugene B. Bradley, Charles A. Frenzel, John Reeves, Robert Mcconnell, Kay Lane

KWRRI Research Reports

Laser Raman spectroscopy is evolving into a primary tool for the Identification of molecular water pollutants. This study pushes the limits of detectivity of carbon disulfide and benzene to ~ 20 ppm in water solutions using a high-resolution Raman spectrometer, cooled detectors, and photon counting techniques. The primary limiting factors were found to be the low throughput and the scattered light performance of the monochromator as well as insufficient laser energy.

An optomized design for a pollution-measuring instrument is suggested, and a prototype has been built which is useful with any value of excitation energy short of sample degrading. The …

A Preliminary Ecological Study Of Areas To Be Impounded In The Salt River Basin Of Kentucky, Louis A. Krumholz

KWRRI Research Reports

This report covers work that is an extension of Project No. A-019-KY. A series of 25 sampling stations was established in the mainstream and tributaries of the Salt River that extend from the source of the stream in Boyle County to a few miles below the site of Taylorsville Darn in Spencer County. Sampling for water chemistry and biota was carried out semimonthly. Data on temperature, oxygen, depth, and discharge, along with analyses for cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) and anions (PO₄, NO₃, NO₂, CO₃, HCO₃) have been accumulated and …

Unsteady Flow Toward Partially Penetrating Artesian Wells, Y. H. Huang

KWRRI Research Reports

A numerical method programmed for a high-speed computer was developed for determining the drawdown around an artesian well. A salient feature of the program is that it can be used for both fully and partially penetrating wells in either infinite or finite aquifers. The method Involves the application of finite difference equations to the well-known heat equation using a graded network. A comparison of the finite difference solutions with those obtained from the close-form formulas of Muskat, Theis, and Hantush indicates the validity of the method. A comparison between the finite difference solutions and the drawdowns measured on a sand …

Measuring The Intangible Values Of Natural Streams, Part I, John A. Dearinger, George M. Woolwine

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to apply the "uniqueness concept" to the quantification of the intangible values of natural streams. The methodology is based on procedures developed by Luna B. Leopold and Maria O. Marchand of the U.S. Geological Survey. It involves the evaluation of a set of characteristics or factors for selected stream sites. Each factor is rated for each site on a numerical scale indicative of the range of possible "values" for that factor. An "uniqueness ratio" (the reciprocal of the number of stream sites sharing a given category rating) is then computed for each stream for …

Procedures For Trace Analysis Of Dissolved Inorganic And Organic Constituents In Water, Gary D. Christian, Charles E. Matkovich, W. Lynn Schertz

KWRRI Research Reports

A study of different solvent systems for the atomic absorption determination of cobalt revealed that acetone results in best sensitivity. Acetone is the solvent of choice for the sensitive measurement of several metals. Hence, methods were investigated for the separation of acetone from water by salting out so that possible solvent extraction of metal chelates into this solvent could be performed. About two-thirds saturated calcium chloride proved to be the best system for salting out of the acetone. It is essentially a neutral salt and is in general a weakly complexing salt, resulting in minimum interference in solvent extractions. Solvent …

The Generation Of Flood Damage Time Sequences, John P. Breaden

KWRRI Research Reports

There is a need in water resources planning to develop a procedure for determining the time pattern in which flood damages occur as a function of the rise and fall of the flood hydrograph. The widely-used approach for estimation of flood damages does not take into account the fact that the frequency of the annual flood peak may not be the same as the frequency of the total annual flood damages. As examples, several small storms during the year may do more damage than a single larger storm, or flood damages may be reduced by a reduction in flood duration …

Algal Growth And Decomposition: Effects On Water Quality, Phase Ii, Edward G. Foree, Ronald L. Barrow

KWRRI Research Reports

The decomposition and associated nutrient regeneration of three unialgal cultures and one mixed culture containing an indigenous population of bacteria and microscopic animals were studied under dark, constant temperature laboratory conditions. After periods of nutrient-deficient growth ranging from O to 30 days, these cultures were inoculated with decomposer populations and subjected to anaerobic and aerobic environments for the decomposition studies. The extend of decomposition was determined from the percentage volatile suspended solids and percentage particulate COD remaining after 200 days of decomposition. The average extent of decomposition was greater for aerobic than for anaerobic conditions. However, significant portions of the …

Algal Growth And Decomposition: Effects On Water Quality, Edward G. Foree, John S. Tapp Jr.

KWRRI Research Reports

The chemical composition of algae grown in batch culture depends mainly on environmental conditions, nutrient availability, presence of predators, cell age, and species. The effects of nutrient availability and cell age on the composition of three unialgal cultures (algae + bacteria) and one hetergeneous culture (algae + bacteria + microscopic animals) were evaluated. The cultures were grown in batch culture under both nutrient-abundant and nutrient deficient conditions and the changes in compositions were observed. Luxurious uptake where nutrients are incorporated into cellular protoplasm at levels greater than those necessary for growth, and super-luxurious uptake, where some nutrients are stored rather …

Factors Affecting Relocation In Response To Reservoir Development, Rabel J. Burdge, Richard L. Ludtke

KWRRI Research Reports

The focus of this paper is on the question of how rural people anticipate forced moves as a result of flood control projects and how they change their life in accepting separation from familiar surroundings.

A model of faced migration is presented which sees the variables of socioeconomic status, knowledge of reservoir projects, vested interests and the degree of identification with place of affected persons as producing differential apprehension over moving. Differential apprehension is then seen as producing different attitudes toward the project which will influence the type of migration plans.

To test this model of forced migration, data were …

Evaluation Of The Social Impact Of Reservoir Construction On The Residential Plans Of Displaced Persons In Kentucky And Ohio, Richard L. Ludtke, Rabel J. Burdge

KWRRI Research Reports

The states of Kentucky and Ohio have numerous reservoir projects at various stages of planning and construction. Each of the projects produces substantial social impact for the residents of the area and particularly for those persons affected by a loss of property and homes. This impact is not uniform in that people respond differently to displacement and the methods of adjusting relocation are known to differ among people.

This research was initiated to develop and test a model for explaining migration under such conditions. The model includes a consideration of people's potential for transferring existing statuses to new residences, the …

Analysis Of Solutions For Surface Active Agents, Henry H. Bauer

KWRRI Research Reports

The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of surfactants in aqueous solutions at electrodes. With this understanding it should be possible to design electrochemical methods for the detection, identification, and quantitative determination of such substances. This study was concerned primarily with the influence of extraneous salts on the behavior of surface active agents when these are examined by the electrochemical technique known as tensammetry.

The tensammetric method consists essentially of the measurement of the electrical impedance of an electrochemical cell. This impedance is characteristically increased in the presence of surfactants at those potentials …

An Evaluation Of Relationships Between Streamflow Patterns And Watershed Characteristics Through The Use Of Opset, L. Douglas James, William O. Thompson, Glendon Allen Ross, Earnest Y. Liou

KWRRI Research Reports

Selection among alternative flood control measures would be better informed if better information could be obtained on the marginal change in flood hazard associated with land use and other changes in the tributary watershed. Hydrologic modeling is the most promising approach to answering this question; however, the use of existing models is hampered by the absence of information correlating model parameters with physical characteristics of the watershed.

To deal with this situation, a method was developed for estimating the parameter values for the Stanford Watershed Model which best match recorded with simulated streamflows. Physical characteristics were measured for 17 rural …

Part I - Controlling The Soil Moisture Environment Of Transpiring Plants, Part Ii - Prediction Of Leaf Temperature Under Natural Atmospheric Conditions, Charles T. Haan, Billy J. Barfield, Robert Edling

KWRRI Research Reports

Part I

A technique for controlling the soil moisture potential in the root zone of transpiring plants was developed. The method uses the principles of unsaturated flow through a porous media to develop the desired moisture potential. In the case of non-steady state transpiration, the maximum possible fluctuation in the soil moisture potential can be determined by the techniques presented.

Part II

Two implicit leaf temperature prediction equations were derived from the energy balance approach. The equations define sensible and latent heat transfer from a plant population as a two step process:

1. Transfer between the plant leaf and the canopy …

Anticipations Of Change: A Socio-Economic Description Of A Kentucky County Before Reservoir Construction, Charles Robert Smith

KWRRI Research Reports

In the past the construction of large reservoirs in the United States has been evaluated largely in terms of the economic benefit they bring to the area where they are constructed and to the nation. Where human populations are involved, however, a host of social changes occur, many of which fundamentally alter the way of life of a people.

This report is part of a larger study which aims at analyzing the social costs and benefits of reservoir construction. The project is long range in that studies are to be carried out before, during, and after construction. This report concentrates …

Opset Program For Computerized Selection Of Watershed Parameter Values For The Stanford Watershed Model, Earnest Yuan-Shang Liou, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The advent of high-speed electronic computer made it possible to model complex hydrologic processes by mathematical expressions and thereby simulate streamflows from climatological data. The most widely used program is the Stanford Watershed Model, a digital parametric model of the land phase of the hydrologic cycle based on moisture accounting processes. It can be used to simulate annual or longer flow sequences at hourly time intervals. Due to its capability of simulating historical streamflows from recorded climatological data, it has a great potential in the planning and design of water resources systems. However, widespread use of the Stanford Watershed Model …

The Economic Value Of Natural Areas For Recreational Hunting, Kenneth Gene Holbrook

KWRRI Research Reports

The pressures of population growth, urbanization, and improved transportation are diminishing the availability of quality naturalistic sites for recreation while at the same time producing greater demands for their use. One cause contributing to the reduction in acreage in naturalistic areas is the construction of reservoirs. The recreational hunting value of the naturalistic area to be inundated should be considered as a negative consequence in the economic evaluation of a proposed reservoir site.

This study utilized hunting data collected by the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife, from the 120 Kentucky counties to estimate the economic, value of the average …

The Stanford Watershed Model: The Correlation Of Parameter Values Selected By A Computerized Procedure With Measurable Physical Characteristics Of The Watershed, Part 2, Glendon Allen Ross

KWRRI Research Reports

Soundly planned water resources development requires a knowledge of streamflow magnitudes and time patterns. Where recorded information is unavailable, water resources project design can be greatly improved by streamflow simulation.

This study is devoted to describing the application of a self-calibrating version of the Stanford Watershed Model to 17 rural Kentucky watersheds and two urbanizing watersheds. The required data for this version (OPSET) is tabulated and the data collection process is described. The watershed parameter values estimated by OPSET and independent numerical estimates of physical watershed characteristics are tabulated and correlated. The results should help in estimating parameter values for …

On The Derivative Of Bounded Functions, Wimberly C. Royster

Mathematics Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Chemistry Of The Oxidant, Ferrate, Its Interaction With Specific Organics Found In Waste Water, Donald H. Williams, J. T. Riley

KWRRI Research Reports

It became obvious during this investigation that while much work has been done with ferrate (VI) chemistry, discrepancies existed in the literature and very little attention had been given possible engineering uses. This work attempted to fulfill these two needs in an exploratory manner.

The preparative techniques were reviewed and mechanical improvements made in one which allowed improved yields. Essentially what was done was to enlarge and improve the filtering technique of the product and use cooler temperatures throughout the preparation. This greatly shortened the time required. Then it was learned that the addition of ethyl alcohol to the final …

Solution Geochemistry Of The Water Of Limestone Terrains, John Thrailkill, David B. Beiter, Michael T. Osolnik, Roger H. Postley, William T. Mitchell, Leonard N. Plummer, James R. Riddell, Richard C. Worley, Robert D. Zwicker

KWRRI Research Reports

Limestone groundwater flows mainly in openings it has solutionally enlarged, thus an understanding of the water's state of saturation relative to calcite (the principal mineral component of limestone) is fundamental to an understanding of the nature and evolution of the limestone aquifer. This study investigated the Mammoth Cave-Sinkhole Plain (MCSP) and Cave Hollow (CH) aquifers in Kentucky, both in Missippian limestones.

Both aquifers were always undersaturated with calcite. Except for completely ventilated vadose flows (usually) and some vadose seepage (occasionally), all recharges sampled (sinking streams, vadose flows, and vadose seepage) were also undersaturated. The lack of saturation in the MCSP …

The Effect Of A Large Reservoir On Local Government Revenue And Expenditure, Clyde T. Bates

KWRRI Research Reports

Development of a large multi-purpose reservoir within the area of their jurisdiction may affect property ta.x revenue and expenditure of county governments and school districts. Privately owned land sold to a federally sponsored reservoir is not subject to property taxes because of the doctrine of intergovernmental immunity. Local officials often assume that this loss of assessment will reduce their tax revenue and thereby their fiscal ability to provide an acceptable level of government services. They may also expect the influx of construction workers or the disruption of existing facilities to increase the cost of providing these services. The study approaches …

Patterns Of Land Use Change Around A Large Reservoir, Billy R. Prebble

KWRRI Research Reports

Reservoirs are built to control floods, provide water for irrigation and municipal supply, generate electric power, augment low flows for navigation and water quality control, and provide improved fishing and recreation opportunity. A reservoir is justified if the benefit it provides to society exceeds the cost to develop it. Much research has been done to determine the benefit of a water resources development to society as a whole. Some research has explored the benefit of such a facility to a region. Very little research exists on the effects of a reservoir on the immediately surrounding area.

It seems reasonable that …

Economic Development Of Areas Contiguous To Multipurpose Reservoirs: The Kentucky-Tennessee Experience, Michael B. Hargrove

KWRRI Research Reports

This study analyzes the effects of multi-purpose reservoir projects on the economic development of areas contiguous to the dam and reservoir. The study concentrates on the development potential in a humid region where the provision of agricultural water is not critical to the economy. Can a reservoir project be a major part of a development program for a local area? How can the favorable effects of the project on the contiguous area be increased? These questions are answered by this study.

The study is divided into three major phases. The first phase is a theoretical analysis of the determinants of …

The Persistence Of Pesticides In Impounded Waters, Robert A. Lauderdale

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to investigate the persistance of the insecticides aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and DDT in water. A small drainage area was sprayed with these compounds, and the insecticides were collected in the runoff water from the area. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of aeration, adsorption on silt, and adsorption on algae in removing the pesticides from water.

All of the pesticides were found in samples of water collected from the area for the full period of the tests. The amounts which were found in a small pond into which the surface water drained …

Economic Analysis Of Alternative Flood Control Measures, L. Douglas James, Thomas M. Rachford, James Ray Villines, Clyde R. Dempsey, James Norris Cline, Carlos Fix Miller

KWRRI Research Reports

Within the last few years, the growing realization that an effective flood control program must include non-structural measures (land use management and flood proofing) has resulted in Presidential Executive Order 11296 requiring Federal agencies to seek the optimum combination of structural and non-structural measures for flood control. The requirement has created a dilemma. No methodology is available for systematic evaluation of alternative combinations of structural and non-structural measures. Prospective procedures are too time consuming to be feasible under current financial and manpower limitations.

The only way out is to perform much of the planning process by digital computer. With this …

Planning Flood Control Measures By Digital Computer, James Norris Cline, L. Douglas James

KWRRI Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to develop adequate guidelines whereby those interested in flood control planning would be able to apply a pair of digital computer programs known as the University of Kentucky Flood Control Planning Programs to ease the computational burden of evaluating specific flood control situations. Program II determines the economically optimum combination of channel improvement, land use restriction, and flood proofing for flood damage abatement. Program III also incorporates reservoir storage into the planning process. The Programs are not intended to provide a finished design but rather to select the optimum combination of flood control measures …

Ecological Study Of The Effects Of Strip Mining On The Microbiology Of Streams, Ralph H. Weaver, Harry D. Nash

KWRRI Research Reports

The microflora of Cane Branch of Beaver Creek in McCreary County, Kentucky, which drains an area that was strip-mined between 1955 and 1959, was studied and compared with that of Helton Branch which drains a comparable area where there has been no mining. Differences include: the establishment of Ferrcbacillus ferrooxidans, for which procedures were developed for direct colony isolation from the stream; fewer saprophytic bacteria; more numerous and more diversified filamentous and unicellular fungi; and characteristic differences in algal flora. Representatives of 42 genera of filamentous fungi were identified. Of these, 21 were isolated only from Cane Branch. Representatives of …