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Articles 4981 - 5010 of 7341

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Proton‐Donor Properties Of Water And Ammonia In Van Der Waals Complexes. Be–H2o And Be–Nh3, G. Chalasinski, M. M. Szczesniak, Steve Scheiner Jan 1993

Proton‐Donor Properties Of Water And Ammonia In Van Der Waals Complexes. Be–H2o And Be–Nh3, G. Chalasinski, M. M. Szczesniak, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

The potential energy surfaces (PES) of Be–H2O and Be–NH3 are studied with particular attention to characterization of proton‐donor properties of water and ammonia. Calculations were performed by means of both supermolecular and intermolecular Møller Plesset perturbation theory. The Be–H2O PES reveals two van der Waals minima: the C2v minimum (De=176 cm−1, Re=6.5 bohr), and the H‐bonded minimum (De=161 cm−1, Re=7.5 bohr), separated by a barrier of 43 cm−1 at the T‐shaped configuration. The Be–NH3 PES reveals only …

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Timestamp Semantics And Representation., Curtis Dyreson, Richard T. Snodgrass Jan 1993

Timestamp Semantics And Representation., Curtis Dyreson, Richard T. Snodgrass

Curtis Dyreson

Many database Management systems and operating systems provide support for time values. At the physical level time values are known as timestamps. A timestamp has a physical realization and a temporal interpretation. The physical realization is a pattern of bits while the temporal interpretation is the meaning of each bit pattern, that is, the time each pattern represents. All previous proposals defined timestamps in terms of seconds. However, as we show, there are at least seven definitions of this fundamental time unit. We propose a more precise temporal interpretation, the time-line clock, that constructs a time-line by using different well-defined …

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Proton‐Donor Properties Of Water And Ammonia In Van Der Waals Complexes. Be–H2o And Be–Nh3, G. Chalasinski, M. M. Szczesniak, Steve Scheiner Jan 1993

Proton‐Donor Properties Of Water And Ammonia In Van Der Waals Complexes. Be–H2o And Be–Nh3, G. Chalasinski, M. M. Szczesniak, Steve Scheiner

Steve Scheiner

The potential energy surfaces (PES) of Be–H2O and Be–NH3 are studied with particular attention to characterization of proton‐donor properties of water and ammonia. Calculations were performed by means of both supermolecular and intermolecular Møller Plesset perturbation theory. The Be–H2O PES reveals two van der Waals minima: the C2v minimum (De=176 cm−1, Re=6.5 bohr), and the H‐bonded minimum (De=161 cm−1, Re=7.5 bohr), separated by a barrier of 43 cm−1 at the T‐shaped configuration. The Be–NH3 PES reveals only …

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Accounting For Saturation Effects In Pulsed Infrared Laser Excited Photothermal Spectroscopy, Stephen E. Bialkowski Jan 1993

Accounting For Saturation Effects In Pulsed Infrared Laser Excited Photothermal Spectroscopy, Stephen E. Bialkowski

Stephen E. Bialkowski

Equations that relate photothermal lens focal lengths and photothermal deflection angles to saturation absorption coefficients are derived. These equations are derived for two-level absorbers with both homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened transitions. Initial and time-dependent photothermal lens signals are calculated. Equations describing the zero-time signals are exact to within the simplifying assumptions of the derivation, while the time-dependent signals are approximate. The approximation is performed by the use of a finite series of Gaussian functions to model the temperature change profile distorted by nonlinear absorption. The excitation irradiance-dependent signal behavior for rectangular and exponential excitation pulse time profiles for homogeneously and …

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F-Region Plasma Drifts Over Arecibo: Solar Cycle, Seasonal And Magnetic Activityeffects, Bela G. Fejer Jan 1993

F-Region Plasma Drifts Over Arecibo: Solar Cycle, Seasonal And Magnetic Activityeffects, Bela G. Fejer

Bela G. Fejer

We have used Arecibo incoherent scatter measurements from 1981 to 1990 to determine the characteristics of low-latitude F region plasma drifts. The measurements show large day-to-day variability even during magnetically quiet periods. The average poleward/perpendicular plasma drifts do not change significantly with season and solar cycle except in the midnight-morning sector. The zonal drifts show clear solar cycle and seasonal effects. The afternoon-nighttime eastward drifts increase with solar flux; the westward drifts in the early morning-afternoon sector show a large increase from summer to winter but are independent of solar activity. The two perpendicular velocity components also respond differently to …

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Beam Collapse As An Explanation Foranomalous Ocular Damage, James A. Powell, J. V. Moloney, A. C. Newell, R. A. Albanese Jan 1993

Beam Collapse As An Explanation Foranomalous Ocular Damage, James A. Powell, J. V. Moloney, A. C. Newell, R. A. Albanese

James A. Powell

The basic mathematical phenomena relevant to ocular damage caused by ultrashort laser pulses are discussed with the use of mathematical results and numerical modeling. The primary effects of nonlinear self-focusing and beam collapse are examined in the ocular safety context. Finite-time material response and group-velocity dispersion are discussed as possible mitigating factors. An argument is presented that indicates that the initial stages of beam collapse are essentially two-dimensional. Experiments are suggested that might help distinguish the most important contributing factors in the damage regime. The numerical methodology is detailed in an appendix.

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Diamond Mountain Resource Area Resource Management Plan And Environmental Impact Statement, Volume Ii, United States Bureau Of Land Management Jan 1993

Diamond Mountain Resource Area Resource Management Plan And Environmental Impact Statement, Volume Ii, United States Bureau Of Land Management

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

During the comment period January 3 through April 1, 1992, 286 letters were received on the Draft Diamond Mountain Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement. However, Several letters were received after the comment period closed and too late to be individually responded to in this document. The concerns and issues raised in these letters have been expressed in other comment letters which have been responded to and which are reprinted here.

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Flood Insurance Study, Carbon County, Utah, Unincorporated Areas, Federal Emergency Management Agency Jan 1993

Flood Insurance Study, Carbon County, Utah, Unincorporated Areas, Federal Emergency Management Agency

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The purpose of this Flood Insurance Study is to investigate the existence and severity of flood hazards in the unincorportated areas of Carbon County, Utah, and to aid in the administration of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 and the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973. Initial use of this information will be to convert Carbon County to the regular program of flood insurance by the Federal Insurance Administration. Further use of the information will be made by local and regional planners in their efforts to promote sound land use and flood plain development.

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Price - San Rafael Rivers Unit, Utah, Planning Report / Final Environmental Impact Statement, Colorado River Water Quality Improvement Program / Colorado River Salinity Control Program, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation And United States Department Of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Jan 1993

Price - San Rafael Rivers Unit, Utah, Planning Report / Final Environmental Impact Statement, Colorado River Water Quality Improvement Program / Colorado River Salinity Control Program, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation And United States Department Of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This integrated Planning Report/Final Environmental Impact Statement (PR/FEIS) presents an analysis of the planning process and the environmental impacts of the proposed Price-San Rafael Rivers Unit (Unit) of the Colorado River Water Quality Improvement Program (CRWQIP) and the Colorado River Salinity Control Program (CRSC). The document has been jointly prepared by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to address the full range of potential environmental impacts, in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The CRWQIP/CRSC programs provide for projects upstream of Imperial Dam (near Yuma, Arizona, on the Arizona-California border) that are necessary …

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Archeological Investigations At Two Sites In Dinosaur National Monument: 42un1724 And 5mf2645, James A. Truesdale, National Park Service Jan 1993

Archeological Investigations At Two Sites In Dinosaur National Monument: 42un1724 And 5mf2645, James A. Truesdale, National Park Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Archeological excavations in Dinosaur National Monument (DINO) were conducted at 5MF2645 (the Pool Creek Site) in 1988 and 42UN1724 (Juniper Ledge Shelter) in 1989. The information from these two sites, along with archeological data obtained between 1988 and 1992, have expanded our knowledge of the past 3700 years of human occupation in the DINO area. Juniper Ledge Shelter is a south-southeast facing rockshelter in the Jones Hole Ely Creek area of the monument. Excavation of a two meter square unit produced evidence of three occupational components and a Fremont burial of an adult female with associated artifacts. The upper two …

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Conceptual Evaluation Of Regional Ground-Water Flow In The Carbonate-Rock Province Of The Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, And Adjacent States, United States Geological Survey Jan 1993

Conceptual Evaluation Of Regional Ground-Water Flow In The Carbonate-Rock Province Of The Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, And Adjacent States, United States Geological Survey

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, mainly in eastern Nevada and western Utah, is characterized by thick sequences of carbonate rocks of Paleozoic age. These rocks overlie clastic and crystalline rocks of Cambrian and Precambrian age, respectively. Since the carbonate rocks were deposited, structural compression and extension, intrusive and volcanic episodes, and erosion have greatly modified their distribution and thickness, and a variety of younger rocks and deposits have been emplaced within and above them. The most notable present-day physiographic features in the area are associated with normal faults caused by tensional forces during Tertiary time: The faulting has …

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Operation Of Glen Canyon Dam, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, United States Department Of The Interior Jan 1993

Operation Of Glen Canyon Dam, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, United States Department Of The Interior

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This draft environmental impact statement (EIS) analyzes the impacts of operations from 1963 to 1990 (baseline conditions) and alternative operations of Glen Canyon Dam on downstream environmental and cultural resources of Glen and Grand Canyons. Alternative operations evaluated include three that would provide steady flows; three that would provide various levels of fluctuating flows; and two, including no action, that would provide unrestricted fluctuating flows. Additional measures have been combined with the alternative operations, where appropriate, to provide additional resource protection or enhancement. The preferred alternative is the Modified Low Fluctuating Flow Alternative.

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Some Economic Impacts Of The 1988 Fires In The Yellowstone Area, U.S. Forest Service Jan 1993

Some Economic Impacts Of The 1988 Fires In The Yellowstone Area, U.S. Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Revenues from tourism and loss of tourist expenditures were investigated

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Canyonlands National Park And Orange Cliffs Unit Of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Environmental Assessment For Backcountry Management Plan, National Park Service Jan 1993

Canyonlands National Park And Orange Cliffs Unit Of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Environmental Assessment For Backcountry Management Plan, National Park Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Whether on foot, bicycle, horseback, or in vehicles, most visitors come to Canyonlands National Park (Canyonlands) to experience solitude or to "get away from people." Yet visitation to Canyonlands has risen exponentially over the past five years (Figures 1 and 2). Visitation is expected to continue to rise. As a function of this increase in number of visitors, adverse impacts to Canyonlands' resources have increased and the visitors' ability to find solitude has decreased. Since the mandate of the National Park Service (NPS) is to balance visitor access to the parks with preservation and protection of natural and cultural resources, …

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Big Eightmile, North Fork Of Timber And Alder Creek Timber Sale Final Environmental Impact Statement, United States Forest Service Jan 1993

Big Eightmile, North Fork Of Timber And Alder Creek Timber Sale Final Environmental Impact Statement, United States Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This Final Environmental Impact Statement documents the analysis of nine alternatives, including a "no action" alternative, that were developed for the proposed Big Eightmile, North Fork Timber, and Alder Creeks Timber Sales. The proposed action is designed to help achieve the silvicultural goals and objectives of the 1988 Salmon National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (Forest Plan). Each alternative responds to issues associated with the proposed action that were identified during the scoping processes both preceding and following the Draft Environmental Impact Statement.

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Timpanogos Cave National Monument Environmental Impact Statement, General Management Plan, Development Concept Plan, United States Department Of The Interior National Park Service Jan 1993

Timpanogos Cave National Monument Environmental Impact Statement, General Management Plan, Development Concept Plan, United States Department Of The Interior National Park Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This plan was initiated to fulfill the legal requirements as mandated by section 604 of Public Law 95-625 and is in compliance with NPS management policies, applicable legislation, and executive requirements. The purpose of this Environmental Impact Statement/General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan is to identify and assess the various management alternatives and associated potential environmental impacts relative to monument operations, visitor use and access, natural and cultural resource management, and general development at Timpanogos Cave National Monument. In developing these alternatives, special attention was focused on the management objectives of the monument and current issues as presented in the "Purpose …

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Zion Canyon Headquarters, Zion National Park, Utah, Draft Development Concept Plan, Environmental Assessment, United States Department Of The Interior, National Park Service Jan 1993

Zion Canyon Headquarters, Zion National Park, Utah, Draft Development Concept Plan, Environmental Assessment, United States Department Of The Interior, National Park Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The study area, referred to as the headquarters area, incorporates the area from the south entrance station north to the Zion Canyon bridge. This includes the visitor center, the Watchman and South campgrounds, the amphitheaters, the nature center, the Oak Creek, Watchman, and Pine Creek residential areas, and the Oak Creek maintenance area. The study area encompasses approximately 325 acres. It includes a development zone (107 acres) and a natural zone (218 acres), and is surrounded by a proposed wilderness subzone.

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Revegetation Of Disturbed Semiarid Grassland In Canyonlands National Park, Susan B. Goldberg Jan 1993

Revegetation Of Disturbed Semiarid Grassland In Canyonlands National Park, Susan B. Goldberg

Canyonlands Research Bibliography

A grassland restoration project was conducted in Canyonlands National Park on an area recently disturbed due to construction. Two native grasses (Oryzopsis hymenoides and Stipa comata) were seeded with 18 different soil treatments. Stipa density and relative mycorrhizal colonization were measured. None of the soil treatments resulted in significantly greater Stipa density than the control treatment of seeding only plus water. There was very little correlation between Stipa density and mycorrhizal colonization based on the treatments (r2= 0.011 p = 0.05). Three treatments produced 3 to 5 times the VAN colonization as the control including spring cryptobiotic soil crusts, with …

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Simulation Of Daily Precipitation From A Nonparametric Renewal Model, Balaji Rajagopalan, Upmanu Lall, David G. Tarboton Jan 1993

Simulation Of Daily Precipitation From A Nonparametric Renewal Model, Balaji Rajagopalan, Upmanu Lall, David G. Tarboton

Reports

Wet/dry spell characteristics of daily precipitation are of interest for a number of hydrologic applications (e.g., flood forecasting or assessment of erosion potential). Here, we examine issues related to designing an appropriate nonparametric scheme that focuses on spell characteristics for resampling historically daily precipitation data. A subset of the nonparametric wet/dry spell model presented in Lall et al (1993) is tested with synthetic data to justify the strategy proposed for applications. An application of the nonparametric wet/dry spell model to a Utah data set follows. Performance is judged on a set of statistical measures. Numerical comparisons of model performance with …

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A Kernel Quantile Function Estimator For Flood Frequency Analysis, Young-Ii Moon, Upmanu Lall Jan 1993

A Kernel Quantile Function Estimator For Flood Frequency Analysis, Young-Ii Moon, Upmanu Lall

Reports

A kernel estimator (KQ) of the quantile function is presented here. Boundary kernels are used for extrapolation of tail quantiles. The bandwidth of the estimator is chosen using an automatic, "plus-in" method. Confidence intervals for the estimated quantile are estimated by bootstrapping. Comparisons of the estimator with selected tail probability estimators are offered. The KQ estimator presented here is shown to be competitive with other estimators.

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Effectiveness Determination Of Two Different Water-Saving Devices For Toilet Tanks, C. Earl Israelsen, Gilberto Urroz Jan 1993

Effectiveness Determination Of Two Different Water-Saving Devices For Toilet Tanks, C. Earl Israelsen, Gilberto Urroz

Reports

Introduction: The project was successful in obtaining eight different brands of new toilet tanks in the 3.5 gals-per-flish-bariety, and two used ones requiring 5.0 gals per flish. The tanks were installed on a t atime on a padded stell frame and connected to a water supply. The float was adjusted to maintain the water in the tank at the level recommended by the manufacturer. When the flush and shut-off mechanisms were adjusted properly, the testing begain.

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Development Of Mountain Climate Generator And Snowpack Model For Erosion Predictions In The Western United States Using Wepp: Phase Iv, David S. Bowles, U. Lall, D. G. Tarboton, E. Malek, B. Rajagopalan, T. Chowdhury, E. Kluzak Jan 1993

Development Of Mountain Climate Generator And Snowpack Model For Erosion Predictions In The Western United States Using Wepp: Phase Iv, David S. Bowles, U. Lall, D. G. Tarboton, E. Malek, B. Rajagopalan, T. Chowdhury, E. Kluzak

Reports

Executive Summary: Introduction: This report summarizes work conducted during the funding period (December 1, 1991 through September 30, 1992) of a Research Joint Venture Agreement between the Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL), Utah State University (USU). The purpose of the agreement is to develop a Western Mountain Cilmate Generator (MCLIGEN) similar in function to the existing (non-orographic area) Climate Generator (CLIGEN), which is part of the Water Erosion Prediciton Project (WEPP) procedure. Aso, we are developing a Western U.S. Snowpack Simulation Model for includsion in WEPP. In the …

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Interpretation Of Drill Log Data: Dlog3d - A Probabilistic Tool For Analyzing Subsurface Soil Variability, Alaa El-Din Ali, Upmanu Lall Jan 1993

Interpretation Of Drill Log Data: Dlog3d - A Probabilistic Tool For Analyzing Subsurface Soil Variability, Alaa El-Din Ali, Upmanu Lall

Reports

Groundwater contamination potential is directly related to the location of zones of high hydraulic conductivity. Sedimentary depositional environments can be quite complex. Pockets of sand of varying thickness and orientation may be scattered over the aquifer. A contaminant pathway can esist where these pockets or lenses are interconnected. Aquifer pump tests do not provide useful information on the occurrence of such lenses. Drill log data directly sample the soil, but may represent very local sections of the aquifer, and are of relatively poor quality. Here we present a methodology (DLOG3D) that allows a probabilistic interpretation of drill log data that …

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Intrinsic Loss In Infrared Optical Fibers, Prapassorn Tantiphanwadi Dec 1992

Intrinsic Loss In Infrared Optical Fibers, Prapassorn Tantiphanwadi

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Recently, in communication system, fiber optics has become a most interesting development tool as a transmission medium. It first appeared as a feasible transmission medium in 1970. The reason for the development in fiber optics comes from the overwhelming advantage in technology and economy compared to wires and coaxial links. For technology progress, typically, optical fiber has a wide transmission band-width (0.1-1000 GHz), lower loss per unit length (0.15 – 5 dB km-1[1]), and does not allow electromagnetic interference. For example, signal transmitted over commercial silica-based fiber must be reamplified every 10 to 50 kilometers, whereas signals transmitted …

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Exact Enumeration And Scaling For Fragmentation Of Percolation Clusters, Boyd F. Edwards, M. F. Gyure, M. V. Ferer Nov 1992

Exact Enumeration And Scaling For Fragmentation Of Percolation Clusters, Boyd F. Edwards, M. F. Gyure, M. V. Ferer

All Physics Faculty Publications

The fragmentation properties of percolation clusters yield information about their structure. Monte Carlo simulations and exact cluster enumeration for a square bond lattice and exact calculations for the Bethe lattice are used to study the fragmentation probability as(p) of clusters of mass s at an occupation probability p and the likelihood bs′s(p) that fragmentation of an s cluster will result in a daughter cluster of mass s′. Evidence is presented to support the scaling laws as(pc)∼s and bs′s(pc)=s-φg(s′/s), with φ=2-σ given by the standard cluster-number scaling …

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Mapping Instream Habitat On The San Juan River Using Airborne Videography, Michael J. Pucherelli, William P. Goettlicher, Bureau Of Reclamation, U.S Department Of The Interior Nov 1992

Mapping Instream Habitat On The San Juan River Using Airborne Videography, Michael J. Pucherelli, William P. Goettlicher, Bureau Of Reclamation, U.S Department Of The Interior

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Concerns have been raised over the potential impacts of the Animas/LaPlata project and the regulation of Navajo Dam. Flow depletions in the San Juan River may adversely affect the remnant population of the native fish, particularly the endangered Colorado squawfish and the razorback sucker. A multiyear research program is currently being conducted on the San Juan River as a result of a Jeopardy Opinion delivered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on Animas/LaPlata and the subsequent Reasonable and Prudent Alternative that was accepted. A mulidisciplinary research team composed of representatives from the affected agencies is currently investigating the relationship …

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Hydrodynamic Instability Of Chemical Waves, D. A. Vasquez, J. W. Wilder, Boyd F. Edwards Oct 1992

Hydrodynamic Instability Of Chemical Waves, D. A. Vasquez, J. W. Wilder, Boyd F. Edwards

All Physics Faculty Publications

We present a theory for the transition to convection for flat chemical wave fronts propagating upward. The theory is based on the hydrodynamic equations and the one‐variable reaction‐diffusion equation that describes the chemical front for the iodate–arsenous acid reaction. The reaction term involves the reaction rate constants and the chemical composition of the mixture. This allows the discussion of the effects of the different chemical variables on the transition to convection. We have studied perturbations of different wavelengths on an unbounded flat chemical front and found that for wavelengths larger than a critical wavelength (λ≳λc) the perturbations grow …

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Ultrahigh Vacuum Chamber For Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction From Films Adsorbed On Single-Crystal Surfaces, John R. Dennison, S. K. Wang, P. Dai, T. Angot, H. Taub, S. N. Ehrlich Aug 1992

Ultrahigh Vacuum Chamber For Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction From Films Adsorbed On Single-Crystal Surfaces, John R. Dennison, S. K. Wang, P. Dai, T. Angot, H. Taub, S. N. Ehrlich

All Physics Faculty Publications

An ultrahigh vacuum chamber has been developed for structural analysis of adsorbed films and single‐crystal surfaces using synchrotron x‐ray diffraction. It is particularly well suited for investigations of physisorbed and other weakly bound films. The chamber is small enough to transport and mount directly on a standard four‐axis diffractometer and can also be used independently of the x‐ray diffractometer. A low‐current, pulse‐counting, low‐energy electron diffraction/Auger spectroscopy system with a position‐sensitive detector enables in situ characterization of the film and substrate while the sample is located at the x‐ray scattering position. A closed‐cycle He refrigerator and electron bombardment heater provide controlled …

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Electron Mean-Free Paths In The Alkali Metals, G. K. Wertheim, D. Mark Riffe, N. V. Smith, P. H. Citrin Jul 1992

Electron Mean-Free Paths In The Alkali Metals, G. K. Wertheim, D. Mark Riffe, N. V. Smith, P. H. Citrin

All Physics Faculty Publications

Photoemission data in which the signal from the first atomic layer is well resolved from that of the bulk are used to determine accurately the kinetic-energy dependence of the inelastic-electron mean free path in the alkali metals. At the higher kinetic energies, the data are in very good agreement with the theory of Penn. Below about 10 eV, the mean free path in the heavier alkali metals drops markedly below the theoretical values. This is attributed to electron decay processes involving the unoccupied d bands.

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Convective Instability Of Autocatalytic Reaction Fronts In Vertical Cylinders, D. A. Vasquez, J. W. Wilder, Boyd F. Edwards Jul 1992

Convective Instability Of Autocatalytic Reaction Fronts In Vertical Cylinders, D. A. Vasquez, J. W. Wilder, Boyd F. Edwards

All Physics Faculty Publications

Linear stability analysis predicts that the onset of convection for an ascending autocatalytic reaction front in a vertical cylinder corresponds to a nonaxisymmetric mode. This mode consists of a single convective roll confined to the region near the reaction front, with fluid rising in half of the cylinder and falling in the other half. Experiments show a flat front below the onset of convection and an axisymmetric front well above the onset of convection. New experiments are called for to closely examine the onset of convection in order to test this prediction.

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