Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

The Application Of A Statistical Trend Analysis Program To Ground-Water Quality Monitoring Data From Eight Western Michigan Solid Waste Landfills, Amy Decosta Lachance

Masters Theses

A statistical analysis and interpretation of ground-water chemistry data from eight landfills in Western Michigan was performed. Data were collected over approximately the past ten years, pursuant to the requirements of Michigan's Solid Waste Management Act. A statistical regression model was used to reduce the data to identifiable trends and estimated magnitudes. These results were analyzed with respect to each landfill's characteristics and hydrogeological setting. Comparisons were made concerning the landfills' relative potential for environmental harm. Also, the effectiveness and applicability of this model to the analysis of ground-water monitoring data was assessed.

It was concluded that this analysis and …

Hydrogeologic Characterization Of A Multi-Aquifer System At Station 11 In Kalamazoo, Michigan, Linda G. Jones

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the hydraulic connection between the upper and lower confined glacial drift aquifers. The results of this study are based primarily upon the geologic profiles, a comparison of the head differences within each aquifer, potentiometric surfaces and different lag times for precipitation to reach each aquifer.

Results of the aquifer test showed that the upper confining layer pinches out in the western part of the well field. This area also provided significant recharge to the well field during the aquifer test. Data collected during the aquifer test and the increases in water levels …

On Planar Routing Of Multi-Terminal Nets In Vlsi Physical Design, Jahangir A. Hashmi

Masters Theses

In this thesis, we study two problems related to the physical design of VLSI circuits. One problem is related to the VLSI global routing and the other is related to the detailed routing in a bounded region.

We consider the routing of multiple multi-terminal nets on a single layer. We suggest a new approach for this problem. Our approach is based on simultaneously finding a forest of k non-intersecting spanning trees. We present an O(n^3) algorithm for finding two spanning trees corresponding to two nets on a single layer.

We also study the problem of finding a minimum Steiner tree …

Groundwater Studies Near The Dowagiac Landfill Area, Dowagiac, Michigan, Using Seismic Resistivity Methods, Saiful B. Baharom

Masters Theses

Groundwater contamination has occurred in the vicinity of the Dowagiac landfill, Dowagiac, Michigan. The groundwater has been degraded by the presence of organic hydrocarbons, trichloroethylene in particular. At least two aquifers are thought to be present in the area with the upper unconfined aquifer being contaminated while a lower confined aquifer remains uncontaminated. This lower aquifer is thought to be protected from above by a clay layer. A combined geophysical survey consisting of seismic refraction and electrical resistivity surveys was conducted to determine the continuity and thickness of this clay layer as well as the extent of the contamination. A …

Geology Newsletter- 1991, Department Of Geology

Geological and Environmental Sciences News

Vol.1, No. 16

• Core Research Lab
• Faculty News
• Service Staff News
• Alumni/ Friends/ Former Faculty Notes
• 1991 Speakers Program
• New Alumni
• Awards and Scholarships
• Geology Club

Selected Studies On Certain Iron Sandwich Complexes, Mashitah M. Yusoff

Masters Theses

In these studies, the synthesis of [2.3](1,3)cyclopentadiendoparacyclophane was attempted. Like ferrocene and [2.2]paracyclophane, it is expected to exhibit transannular π-electronic interaction throughout its molecular structure and therefore, one dimensional semiconductivity.

The preparation of dialkylferrocenes had resulted in complex inseparable mixtures. Due to the fluxional nature of its intermediates, their conversion to stable Diels-Alder adducts would facilitate analysis. In this project, certain Diels-Alder adducts of bis-cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl intermediates were prepared for analysis.

Very few transition metal complexes of pyrrole are currently known. [2.2](2,5)Pyrroloparacyclophane was perceived to be stable especially as a part of an iron sandwich complex. The final phase …

Reductive Cleavage Of Cyclopentadienylmanganese Tricarbonyl, Mani S. Iyer

Masters Theses

Since the isolation of ferrocene in 1951, it has been shown to behave like benzene and may be acylated, sulfonated, metalated, and arylated. Like benzene, it also resists hydrogenation.

Daniel Trifan and Louis Nicholas (1957) were the first to show that ferrocene can be smoothly degraded by lithium and ethylamine. The isolation of free cyclopentadienyl ion on hydrolysis of the reaction mixture indicates that the cleavage leads initially to cyclopentadienyl lithium salt. A similar procedure applied to cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl also resulted in the formation of cyclopentadienyl lithium salt. This, when added to ferrous chloride, gave ferrocene. This technique can be …

Structural, Depositional, And Diagenetic Controls On Reservoir Development: St. Peter Sandstone, Newaygo County, Michigan, Mark S. Caldwell

Masters Theses

Enhanced reservoir quality in the Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone is observed in gas bearing zones in wells located on domal structures. Geometry and degree of this enhanced porosity development is the result of the interplay of structural, depositional, and diagenetic controls. An integrated subsurface study of the Woodville/Goodwell field area was performed in order to document controls on hydrocarbon accumulation.

Recurrent structural growth of domal features throughout the Paleozoic is well documented by isopach mapping. Burial and thermal history studies indicate that hydrocarbons were generated in Ordovician aged source rocks during late Devonian to early Mississippian time, and accumulated …

Resonant Electron Transfer And K-Shell Excitation Of Lithiumlike Projectiles In Collisions With Molecular Hydrogen, M. Anwar Kamal

Masters Theses

An experimental investigation of resonant transfer and excitation (RTE) for collisions of Mg⁹⁺ (lithiumlike) projectile ions with a molecular hydrogen gas target has been made. The experimental cross sections for projectile K-shell x rays coincident with electron capture in the energy of 33- to 60-MeV are found to be in good agreement with theoretical RTE calculations. The present results confirm the agreement between experiment and theory which has been reported for RTE involving K-shell excitation for projectiles with atomic numbers between 9 and 92 incident on H₂ and He targets.

Cross sections for total K-shell x-ray production and …

Design And Analysis Of Asynchronous Adders, Khalid Khanfar

Masters Theses

The aim of this study is to come up with a fast adder suitable for use in self-timed subsystems. 7 adders were evaluated.

The findings from this study indicated that a Conditional Sum Adder (CSA) is the best candidate for high speed addition. One of the two resulting adders was given the name High Speed Conditional Sum Adder (HSCSA) .

A Hydrogeochemical Characterization Of A Glacial-Drift Aquifer System In Southwest Michigan, Patrick G. Barrese

Masters Theses

A hydrogeochemical investigation of the Schoolcraft Aquifer, an unconfined, glacial-drift aquifer located in southwest Michigan, was undertaken to focus on three topics: (1) the geochemical definition of recharge and discharge zones both vertically and laterally along projected flow paths, (2) the description of the carbonate and redox chemical systems, and (3) groundwater degradation associated with excessive nitrate, ammonium, and chloride concentrations.

The results of the study were inconclusive in defining recharge and discharge zones; however, iron and alkalinity concentrations were identified as possible indices for recharge and discharge conditions. The carbonate analysis indicated that the aquifer is saturated with respect …

An Analysis Of Hydrogeologic Factors Affecting Aquifer Vulnerability In Southwestern Michigan, Steven E. Benton

Masters Theses

In southwestern Michigan aquifers are threatened by human activities. Parameter/factor weighting systems are used to rate aquifer vulnerability. Hydrogeologic factors affecting aquifer vulnerability were investigated in this study.

Well records, soil surveys, hydrogeologic reports, and partial chemical analyses were used to obtain data on the aquifers, soil types, glacial sediments, and types of contaminants. Data analysis included comparisons of means and medians, factor analysis, and Pearson and Spearman Correlation analysis.

The results indicate that the aquifers in Kalamazoo County are not protected. Depending on the type of glacial sediment, hydrogeologic factors that protect aquifers are clay thickness and the depth …

Fractures In The Jacobsville Sandstone And The Precambrian “W” Rocks In Eastern Marquette County, Michigan, Leonard Paul Belliveau

Masters Theses

The major fracture systems in the Jacobsville sandstone likely originated by reverse faulting on the Keweenaw fault and by glacially produced thrusting. Fracture orientations, apertures, and spacings are uniform in the Jacobsville sandstone and Lighthouse Point member of the Mona Schist, and are variable in the Lower member of the Mona schist and Compeau Creek gneiss. Fracture sets in the Compeau Creek gneiss exist in domains separated by metadiabase dikes. The metadiabase dikes relieved the strain produced by the Penokean orogeny by fracturing. Fractures present in inclusions, quartz veins, metadiabase and diabase dikes can be used to temporally evaluate the …

Inhibited Spontaneous Emission By Photonic Band Gaps In A Square Lattice Of Periodic Dielectric Medium, Abdullah Al-Ghamdi

Masters Theses

The concepts of band theory for electrons can be employed to describe the behavior of electromagnetic waves propagating in two-dimensional, periodic dielectric structures. These two-dimensional, periodic structures can produce photonic band gaps in which the spontaneous emission by atoms embedded in the structure is prohibited and as a result the performance of many semiconductor devices can be enhanced. The calculations are based on finding the eigenvalues of the algebraic equation for the frequencies of electromagnetic waves moving in a square lattice composed of square dielectric rods with different dielectric constants.

Micellar Catalysis Of Hydrolysis Of Substituted Hydroxamic Acids With Perfluorooctanoic Acid, Zhongyuan He

Masters Theses

The work demonstrated the effects of differently located and substituted phenyl groups, as well as aliphatic groups in the hydroxamic acids, on micellar catalysis with perfluorooctanoic acid as the reactive counterion surfactant in aqueous acetonitrile solution.

Kinetic rate constant-surfactant concentration profiles for the decano-, 2,5-dimethylphenylaceto-, 4-isopropylphenylaceto-, 4-phenylbutano-, and 6-phenyl-hexanohydroxamic acids were examined and analysis on the data obtained were reported.

The pseudo-phase ion exchange (PPIE) model has been satisfactorily applied to explain the observed micellar effects.

Further investigation into more appropriately substituted hydroxamic acids is suggested in order to obtain a more complete set of data and further evaluation.

Location Analysis Of The Recycling Drop Off Program In Knox County, Tennessee, Carol Michelle Donoghue

Masters Theses

This study examines the drop-off recycling program in Knox County, Tennessee, in order to evaluate the convenience of the drop-off site locations. Measures of convenience were distance, level of recycling participation, and location of the site. Surveys were administered to 461 individuals participating in the program at the three Convenience Centers with drop-off recycling facilities. The spatial analysis compared the drop-off locations to the development patterns of the surrounding area.

The survey results indicate that more people are recycling now than before the beginning of the drop-off program. More than half of those surveyed recycle at least once a week …

Eta Photoproduction Via 2H(Γη)2H*, Yan Zhang

Masters Theses

The reaction H(γη)²H^* is studied using the impulse approximation. A recent fit to the H(γη)²H^* elementary amplitude is employed in the calculation. The n-p final state is described by Reid's soft core potentials. The calculation shows very different cross sections for the final isospin 0 and isospin 1 break-up channels. The S₁₁ resonance is demonstrated to dominate the eta cross sections in the 740 MeV photon laboratory energy region. Fermi motion in the deuteron does not significantly spread the effect of the S₁₁ . All these results demonstrate that the reaction H(γη) …

A Representation Of Chemical Reactions By Labeled Graphs, Héctor Hevia

Dissertations

Graphs can be used to represent the atomic structure of chemical compounds where the vertices of the graph represent the individual atoms and the edges of the graph represent the valence bonds between a pair of atoms. M. A. Johnson (1991) introduced a graph-theoretic way to represent structural changes in chemical compounds. Thus, certain labelings of graphs called transitional labelings can be thought as representing chemical equations. Associated with these labelings, we introduce a new invariant of a graph G called the transitional value of G. The transitional value of a graph G gives an indication of how dramatic a …

Surgical Techniques For Constructing Minimal Orientable Imbeddings Of Joins And Compositions Of Graphs, David L. Craft

Dissertations

The various cases within the proof of the Heawood Map-Coloring Theorem, which established the genus of the complete graphs, utilized various techniques--some for the first time. This activity spurred interest in determining the genus of various other classes of graphs. However, very few generally applicable techniques have been developed, beyond those used in the proof of this famous theorem. Finding genera of arbitrary graphs remains a very difficult problem.

In this dissertation, we describe two surgical techniques for imbedding graphs. The first construction, called a graphical surface,views an orientable surface as a fattened graph, i.e., vertices become spheres and edges …

Transformations Of Graphs And Digraphs, Elzbieta B. Jarrett

Dissertations

Some distances defined on graphs depend on transforming one graph into another. Two of these transformations are edge rotation and edge slide. In this dissertation, extensions and generalizations of these transformations are investigated.

Chapter I begins with some preliminary definitions and known results. Then two types of digraph transformations are introduced and their properties are studied.

Some measures of distance between graphs and distance between digraphs are defined in Chapter II. Also distance graphs and digraphs associated with these measures are introduced. Several known results concerning this topic are generalized and new results are presented.

Chapter III is devoted to …

Time Delay Neural Networks And Speech Recognition: Context Independence Of Stops In Different Vowel Environments, Gregory Andrew Makowski

Masters Theses

A series of speech recognition experiments was conducted to investigate time-dynamic speech recognition of stop consonants invariant of vowel environment using data from six talkers. The speech preprocessing was based on previous studies investigating acoustic characteristics which correlate to the place of articulation (Blumstein and Stevens 1979). The place of articulation features were statistically abstracted using four moments and the energy level of the speech sample.

Both statistical and neural network pattern recognition methods were used. Statistical methods included linear and quadratic discriminant functions, maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and K-nearest neighbors (KNN). The neural network approach used was Time Delay …

Basement Control On The Development Of Selected Michigan Basin Oil And Gas Fields As Constrained By Fabric Elements In Paleozoic Limestones, Robert Thomas Versical

Masters Theses

Hydrocarbon bearing structures in the Paleozoic section of the Michigan basin possess different structural styles and orientations. Quantification of the direction and magnitude of shortening strains by applying a calcite twin-strain analysis constrains the mechanisms by which these structures may have developed. The calcite twin-strain analysis and fracture orientations in Paleozoic rocks indicate that the mean direction of compression controlling structural development ranged from SE-NW to nearly E-W. This direction of compression nearly parallels the majority of structures in the basin, and provides insight into their origin.

The structural geometries of fields considered in this study can be explained by …

A Valence Quark Model, Tony A. Forest

Masters Theses

A quark model of the baryons has been developed for calculating properties of nucleons which can be useful in nuclear interactions. A Hamiltonian, motivated by QCD, was diagonalized in a harmonic oscillator basis. In addition to predicting the proton charge radius and Delta-Nucleon mass difference, this work also yields a value of the axial vector coupling constant which compares well with experiment. Electric and magnetic form factors represent the major success of this model. The electromagnetic transitions predicted by this model compete well with other models but are not able to reproduce experimental results completely. The advantage of this model …

Double Ionization Of Helium By Intermediate To High Velocity He+ Projectiles, Jun Forest

Masters Theses

Ionization of helium target atoms by He⁺ projectiles colliding with helium at energies of 0.125 to 3.0 MeV/u is investigated. Cross sections for single and double ionization, and ratios o f double-to-single ionization are determined for each outgoing projectile charge state, and are compared to previous studies. For the lowest energies investigated, the ratios are consistent with the two-step mechanism in which the projectile interacts separately with each target electron. At the highest energies, the ratios reach nearly constant values indicating approach to the high velocity limit. At these high energies, however, the ratios are all higher than the …

Facies Analysis And Diagenesis Of The Lower Engadine Group And The Manistique Group In Manistee, Mason And Oceana Counties, Michigan, Karen S. Mater

Masters Theses

Three lithofacies in the Lower Engadine Group, and four lithofacies in the Manistique Group were identified. Facies patterns suggest a transgression during deposition of the Manistique Group and Lower Engadine Group.

Environments of deposition were determined by analysis of facies found in the Lower Engadine and Manistique Groups using available cores, petrophysical logs, and well cuttings. The diagenetic sequence of events was identified using thin sections.

Diagenesis has greatly altered original fabric and porosity. Hydrocarbon accumulation in these units is dependent on facies distribution, diagenesis, and structural features.

Resonant Electron Transfer And K-Shell Excitation Of FQ+ (Q=6,8) In Collisions With Neutral He And H2 Targets, Konstantinos E. Zaharakis

Masters Theses

Measurements of resonant transfer and excitation (RTE) were conducted for 16.5-38 MeV F⁶⁺ (Li-like) ions colliding with H₂. In the RTE process electron capture and projectile excitation take place simultaneously due to the electronelectron interaction. In previous work, for the same collision system, at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN) , the magnitude of the measured RTE cross sections was found to be nearly a factor of two smaller than theory. In order to investigate RTE in F⁶⁺ H₂ collisions more completely, we undertook measurements at Western Michigan University using the EN tandem …

Reactivities Of Some Aromatic Compounds At Supercritical Water Conditions, Chun-Cheng Tsao

Masters Theses

The goals of this study are the removal of nitrogen from the extraction products of coal by Supercritical Water and the development of an understanding of the reactions leading to this removal. Six model compounds with structures similar to the intermediates of the coal liquefaction processes were studied. Benzylamine generated toluene through hydrogen abstraction after the C-N bond rupture. To a lesser extent, the oxidation of the benzylic carbon took place leading to benzene formation. Both reaction pathways occurred with equal probability for benzylidenebenzylamine, producing comparable yields of benzene and toluene. Benzaldehyde generated benzene through the oxidation/decarboxylation sequence. Benzyl alcohol …

The Effects Of Urbanization On A Portion Of The Portage Creek Watershed: A Case Study On Surface Water And Groundwater Quality, Susan E. Rezek

Masters Theses

The surface water and groundwater quality in the study area of the Portage Creek watershed was analyzed to determine the possible effects of urbanization. Dry weather and wet weather surface water and groundwater samples were collected from June 1986 to November 1986 at selected stations in the watershed.

Water samples were analyzed for 26 inorganic and organic parameters. Most concentrations were below analytic method detection limits. The analytical data indicate that sodium and chloride are the principal contaminants resulting from urbanization. The probable source of the contamination is deicing salt applied to the City of Portage, Michigan streets.

Overall, the …

Diagenesis In The St. Peter Sandstone, Michigan Basin, Carl E. Lundgren

Masters Theses

The petrographic evolution of authigenic minerals in the St. Peter formation consists of: early marine cement, syndepositional dolomite, quartz overgrowth cement, pervasive dolomite replacement of precursor carbonate, dissolution of framework grains and carbonate cements, and late formation of authigenic chlorite and illite.

Variations in the diagenetic sequence were templated by variations in primary mineralogy related to depositional facies. Early intergranular carbonate cement, common in shelf facies, precluded early quartz cementation. Subsequent dissolution of dolomite and detrital grains may be temporally and chemically related to the precipitation of authigenic clay in dissolution pores. In peritidal facies, pervasive quartz cementation was locally …

A Regional Study Of Ground-Water Quality In Barry County, Michigan, Margene K. Brewer

Masters Theses

A regional study of ground-water quality in Barry County, Michigan was conducted using a computerized database from the Science for Citizens Center at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The database, initiated by the Michigan Groundwater Survey, consists of residential well logs and chemical analyses of samples collected from residential wells by the Barry County Health Department. Qualitative and statistical analyses of the data indicate that the glacial drift aquifer is recharging the bedrock aquifer throughout most of the county. Groundwater quality appears to be controlled mainly by the open-system dissolution of carbonate minerals. The water chemistry is also influenced …