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Articles 1891 - 1920 of 2456

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Secrecy Coverage (Conference Proceeding), Amites Sarkar, Martin Haenggi Jan 2010

Secrecy Coverage (Conference Proceeding), Amites Sarkar, Martin Haenggi

Mathematics Faculty Publications

Motivated by information-theoretic secrecy, geometric models for secrecy in wireless networks have begun to receive increased attention. The general question is how the presence of eavesdroppers affects the properties and performance of the network. Previously the focus has been mostly on connectivity. Here we study the impact of eavesdroppers on the coverage of a network of base stations. The problem we address is the following. Let base stations and eavesdroppers be distributed as stationary Poisson point processes in a disk of area n. If the coverage of each base station is limited by the distance to the nearest eavesdropper, …

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Bifurcation Of Solutions Of Separable Parameterized Equations Into Lines, Tjalling Ypma, Yun-Qiu Shen Jan 2010

Bifurcation Of Solutions Of Separable Parameterized Equations Into Lines, Tjalling Ypma, Yun-Qiu Shen

Mathematics Faculty Publications

Many applications give rise to separable parameterized equations of the form A(y,µ)z + b(y, µ) = 0, where y ∈ Rn, z ∈ RN and the parameter µ ∈ R; here A(y,µ) is an (N + n) × N matrix and b(y, µ) ∈ RN +n. Under the assumption that A(y, µ) has full rank we showed in [21] that bifurcation points can be located by solving a reduced equation of the form f ( …

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Zeros Of Some Level 2 Eisenstein Series, Sharon Garthwaite, Ling Long, Holly Swisher, Stephanie Treneer Jan 2010

Zeros Of Some Level 2 Eisenstein Series, Sharon Garthwaite, Ling Long, Holly Swisher, Stephanie Treneer

Mathematics Faculty Publications

The zeros of classical Eisenstein series satisfy many intriguing properties. Work of F. Rankin and Swinnerton-Dyer pinpoints their location to a certain arc of the fundamental domain, and recent work by Nozaki explores their interlacing property. In this paper we extend these distribution properties to a particular family of Eisenstein series on Γ(2) because of its elegant connection to a classical Jacobi elliptic function cn(u) which satisfies a differential equation (see formula (1.2)). As part of this study we recursively define a sequence of polynomials from the differential equation mentioned above that allow us to calculate zeros …

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The Planet, 2010, Winter, Kaylin Bettinger, Huxley College Of The Environment, Western Washington University Jan 2010

The Planet, 2010, Winter, Kaylin Bettinger, Huxley College Of The Environment, Western Washington University

The Planet

No abstract provided.

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Expression, Purification, And Analysis Of Unknown Translation Factors From Escherichia Coli: A Synthesis Approach, Justin D. Walter, Peter Littlefield, Scott P. Delbecq, Gerry Prody, P. Clint Spiegel Jan 2010

Expression, Purification, And Analysis Of Unknown Translation Factors From Escherichia Coli: A Synthesis Approach, Justin D. Walter, Peter Littlefield, Scott P. Delbecq, Gerry Prody, P. Clint Spiegel

Chemistry Faculty and Staff Publications

New approaches are currently being developed to expose biochemistry and molecular biology undergraduates to a more interactive learning environment. Here, we propose a unique project-based laboratory module, which incorporates exposure to biophysical chemistry approaches to address problems in protein chemistry. Each of the experiments described herein contributes to the stepwise process of isolating, identifying, and analyzing a protein involved in a central biological process, prokaryotic translation. Students are provided with expression plasmids that harbor an unknown translation factor, and it is their charge to complete a series of experiments that will allow them to develop hypotheses for discovering the identity …

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Recent And Future Warm Extreme Events And High-Mountain Slope Stability, C. Huggel, N. Salzmann, S. Allen, Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach, L. Fischer, W. Haeberli, C. Larsen, D. Schneider, R. Wessels Jan 2010

Recent And Future Warm Extreme Events And High-Mountain Slope Stability, C. Huggel, N. Salzmann, S. Allen, Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach, L. Fischer, W. Haeberli, C. Larsen, D. Schneider, R. Wessels

Geology Faculty Publications

The number of large slope failures in some high-mountain regions such as the European Alps has increased during the past two to three decades. There is concern that recent climate change is driving this increase in slope failures, thus possibly further exacerbating the hazard in the future. Although the effects of a gradual temperature rise on glaciers and permafrost have been extensively studied, the impacts of short-term, unusually warm temperature increases on slope stability in high mountains remain largely unexplored. We describe several large slope failures in rock and ice in recent years in Alaska, New Zealand and the European …

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Insights Into Rock-Ice Avalanche Dynamics By Combined Analysis Of Seismic Recordings And A Numerical Avalanche Mode, Demian Schneider, Perry Bartelt, Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach, Marc Christen, Christian Huggel, Brian W. Mcardell Jan 2010

Insights Into Rock-Ice Avalanche Dynamics By Combined Analysis Of Seismic Recordings And A Numerical Avalanche Mode, Demian Schneider, Perry Bartelt, Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach, Marc Christen, Christian Huggel, Brian W. Mcardell

Geology Faculty Publications

Rock‐ice avalanches larger than 1 × 106 m3 are high‐magnitude, low‐frequency events that may occur in all ice‐covered, high mountain areas around the world and can cause extensive damage if they reach populated regions. The temporal and spatial evolution of the seismic signature from two events was analyzed, and recordings at selected stations were compared to numerical model results of avalanche propagation. The first event is a rock‐ice avalanche from Iliamna volcano in Alaska which serves as a “natural laboratory” with simple geometric conditions. The second one originated on Aoraki/Mt. Cook, New Zealand Southern Alps, and is characterized …

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Chemical Structure Of Vanadium-Based Contact Formation On N-Ain, S. Pookpanratana, R. France, M. Blum, Sean R. Mulcahy, A. Bell, M. Bär, L. Weinhardt, Y. Zhang, T. Hofmann, O. Fuchs, W. Yang, J. D. Denlinger, T. D. Moustakas, C. Heske Jan 2010

Chemical Structure Of Vanadium-Based Contact Formation On N-Ain, S. Pookpanratana, R. France, M. Blum, Sean R. Mulcahy, A. Bell, M. Bär, L. Weinhardt, Y. Zhang, T. Hofmann, O. Fuchs, W. Yang, J. D. Denlinger, T. D. Moustakas, C. Heske

Geology Faculty Publications

We have investigated the chemical interaction between a Au/V/Al/V layer structure and n-type AlN epilayers using soft x-ray photoemission, x-ray emission spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. To understand the complex processes involved in this multicomponent system, we have studied the interface before and after a rapid thermal annealing step. We find the formation of a number of chemical phases at the interface, including VN, metallic vanadium, aluminum oxide, and metallic gold. An interaction mechanism for metal contact formation on the entire n-Al,GaN system is proposed. ©

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Development Of A New Method For Measuring Metamorphic Kinetics, Jennifer B. (Jennifer Bernadette) Wright Jan 2010

Development Of A New Method For Measuring Metamorphic Kinetics, Jennifer B. (Jennifer Bernadette) Wright

WWU Graduate School Collection

Because garnet strongly fractionates Mn, spessartine (XSps) content can be treated as a rock-wide proxy for time. By using Sm-Nd isotopic dating to discretely date cores and rims of garnet crystals, I associated an age with a XSps content, and used this association to indirectly date a set of garnets in a subvolume from the specimen, a Grt-Chl-Pg-Bt-Ms schist from the Pinney Hollow Formation collected at Townshend Dam, VT. Using high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic data, two garnets were selected based on size and accessibility for Sm-Nd dating. These garnets yielded rim ages of 372.8±5.7 Ma and 372.8±4.0 Ma (2σ); EPMA …

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Burn Severity And Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis) Regeneration In The North Cascades, Stephanie A. (Stephanie Annie) Mcdowell Jan 2010

Burn Severity And Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis) Regeneration In The North Cascades, Stephanie A. (Stephanie Annie) Mcdowell

WWU Graduate School Collection

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis, Engelm.) is a long-lived and slow-growing high elevation tree and a key part of subalpine communities in the North Cascades, Washington State. Whitebark pine populations in Washington are declining because of an exotic fungus, white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), and successional replacement due to fire exclusion. An increase in whitebark pine seedling density could help restore populations and accelerate the process of natural selection towards rust resistance. Where whitebark pine is firedependent, fire exclusion has impeded whitebark pine regeneration. The relationship between whitebark pine regeneration and burn severity was studied in the subalpine and timberline …

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Origin And Geochemical Evolution Of Mafic Magmas From Mount Baker In The Northern Cascade Arc, Washington: Probes Into The Mantle And Crustal Processes, Nicole E. Moore Jan 2010

Origin And Geochemical Evolution Of Mafic Magmas From Mount Baker In The Northern Cascade Arc, Washington: Probes Into The Mantle And Crustal Processes, Nicole E. Moore

WWU Graduate School Collection

Five mafic lava flows located on the southern flank of Mount Baker are among the most primitive in the volcanic field. A comprehensive whole rock and mineral chemistry dataset (including major, trace, REE and isotopic abundances as well as petrography and mineral chemistry) reveals the diversity between these mafic lavas, which come from distinct sources and have been variably affected by ascent through the crust. Disequilibrium textures present in all of the lavas indicate that crustal processes have affected the magmas. Despite this evidence, mantle source characteristics have been retained, demonstrated by a lack of variation in the most highly …

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Modeling The Effects Of Climate Change Forecasts On Streamflow In The Nooksack River Basin, Susan E. Dickerson Jan 2010

Modeling The Effects Of Climate Change Forecasts On Streamflow In The Nooksack River Basin, Susan E. Dickerson

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Nooksack River has its headwaters in the North Cascade Mountains and drains an approximately 2300 km2 watershed in northwestern Washington State. The timing and magnitude of streamflow in a high relief, snow-dominated drainage basin such as the Nooksack River basin is strongly influenced by temperature and precipitation. Forecasts of future climate made by general circulation models (GCMs) predict increases in temperature and variable changes to precipitation in western Washington, which will affect streamflow, snowpack, and glaciers in the Nooksack River basin. Anticipating the response of the river to climate change is crucial for water resources planning because municipalities, tribes, …

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Kink Band Development In The Darrington Phyllite On Samish Island, Northwestern Washington, Rachel E. (Rachel Eliades) Dunham Jan 2010

Kink Band Development In The Darrington Phyllite On Samish Island, Northwestern Washington, Rachel E. (Rachel Eliades) Dunham

WWU Graduate School Collection

Kink bands are sharp-hinged monoclinal folds that are common contractional deformation features in fine-grained, foliated rocks. Two competing geometric models of kink band formation are mobile-hinge kinking, where a kink band grows by lateral expansion of kink band hinges, and fixed-hinge kinking, where a kink band initiates at a given width and rotates to accommodate shortening. This study investigates previously identified but poorly characterized kink bands in the Darrington Phyllite on Samish Island, northwestern Washington, in order to evaluate the applicability of each model and to characterize the complex geometries of kink bands in plan view. Two sets of kink …

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Ambient Pressure Organic Semiconductor Thin Film Growth By Ambient Axisymmetric Spray, Kevin A. (Kevin Anthony) Bufkin Jan 2010

Ambient Pressure Organic Semiconductor Thin Film Growth By Ambient Axisymmetric Spray, Kevin A. (Kevin Anthony) Bufkin

WWU Graduate School Collection

Interest in using organic semiconductors in applications such as large area displays, photovoltaic devices, and radio frequency identification tags stems in part from their prospects for enabling significantly reduced manufacturing costs compared to traditional inorganic semiconductors. However many of the best performing prototype devices produced so far have involved expensive or time-consuming fabrication methods, such as the use of single crystals or thin films deposited under high vacuum conditions. This thesis examines a new approach for growing low molecular weight organic crystalline films at ambient conditions based on an organic vapor-liquid-solid growth (OVLS) mechanism using thermotropic nematic liquid crystal (LC) …

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Magmatic Processes In The Jurassic Bonanza Arc: Insights From The Alberni Region Of Vancouver Island, Canada, Benjamin D. (Benjamin David) Paulson Jan 2010

Magmatic Processes In The Jurassic Bonanza Arc: Insights From The Alberni Region Of Vancouver Island, Canada, Benjamin D. (Benjamin David) Paulson

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Early to Middle Jurassic Bonanza island arc on Vancouver Island, Canada, exposes the middle and upper crust of an ancient arc crustal section. The arc is exposed for a length of ~500 km along the west coast of Vancouver Island. The three components of the Bonanza arc represent different crustal levels of magmatism. The deepest level of magmatism is represented by the Westcoast Crystalline Complex, the intermediate level is represented by the Island Intrusions Suite, and the surficial level is the represented by Bonanza Group volcanics. Samples of the volcanic section were collected in the Pemberton Hills region of …

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The Structural And Tectonic History Of The Mt. Formidable Region, North Cascades, Washington, Julia E. (Julia Eileen) Labadie Jan 2010

The Structural And Tectonic History Of The Mt. Formidable Region, North Cascades, Washington, Julia E. (Julia Eileen) Labadie

WWU Graduate School Collection

Deformation events associated with crustal thickening are preserved in the Mt. Formidable region of the North Cascades, a Cretaceous orogen and continental arc at the southern end of the Coast Plutonic Complex. The kinematics and timing of deformation in this area during burial, magmatism and metamorphism are the focus of this study. Rocks in the Mt. Formidable region span from at least the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous and include supracrustal units and associated metaplutonic rocks that have been interpreted as an island arc sequence. Rocks within the study region include the sub-arc Marblemount Meta-Quartz Diorite, the supra-arc metaclastic …

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Copper-Catalyzed Diboration Of Ketones: Facile Synthesis Of Tertiary A-Hydroxyboronate Esters, Melissa Mcintosh Jan 2010

Copper-Catalyzed Diboration Of Ketones: Facile Synthesis Of Tertiary A-Hydroxyboronate Esters, Melissa Mcintosh

WWU Graduate School Collection

The versatility of the C-B bond in organic synthesis has led to extensive development of new methods for the selective incorporation of boron into organic substrates. The incorporation of boron substituents alpha to heteroatoms provides direct entry into substrates analogous to those formed and utilized in the Matteson homologation reaction. Our group has explored the diboration of various ketones using the (ICy)CuOt-Bu catalyst developed by Sadighi and co-workers. We found that (ICy)CuOt-Bu could be generated in situ using 3 mol % (ICy)CuCl and 5 mol% NaOt-Bu (Scheme 1). This catalyst system was shown to cleanly afford the diboration of various …

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Evaluation Of High-Latitude Boreal Forest Growth Using Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices, Logan T. Berner Jan 2010

Evaluation Of High-Latitude Boreal Forest Growth Using Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices, Logan T. Berner

WWU Graduate School Collection

Vegetation in northern high-latitudes plays an important role in energy exchange and carbon dynamics, thereby influencing regional and global climate. Vegetation indices derived from the space-borne Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) have suggested decreased photosynthetic activity during recent decades within some continental regions of the pan-arctic boreal forests. The purpose of this research was to determine associations between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), as derived by both AVHRR and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS), and inter-annual variations in radial stem growth in high-latitude coniferous forests. During 2008 and 2009, tree core samples were collected at 12 sites in …

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Elwha River Sediments: Phosphorus Dynamics Under Diverse Environmental Conditions, Emily Cavaliere Jan 2010

Elwha River Sediments: Phosphorus Dynamics Under Diverse Environmental Conditions, Emily Cavaliere

WWU Graduate School Collection

Two large dams on the Elwha River, on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State, are scheduled for removal in 2011. Removing the Glines Canyon Dam will release up to 10.6 million cubic meters of sediment from Lake Mills. The sediments will be exposed to new physical and chemical conditions and be redistributed throughout the ecosystem. In the summer of 2008, sediment samples were taken from the above-water delta and the submerged lake bottom of Lake Mills to identify initial physical and chemical characteristics relating to the variable status of phosphorus in the sediments. The sediments were analyzed for different forms …

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Seed Rain And Selected Species Germination And Growth Trials: Implications For Natural And Augmented Revegetation Of Post-Dam Elwha River Floodplain And Reservoir Sediments, James T. Michel Jan 2010

Seed Rain And Selected Species Germination And Growth Trials: Implications For Natural And Augmented Revegetation Of Post-Dam Elwha River Floodplain And Reservoir Sediments, James T. Michel

WWU Graduate School Collection

The removal of Glines Canyon and Elwha dams from the Elwha River in Olympic National Park, Washington State is scheduled to begin in 2011. This undertaking is among the largest planned dam removals and ecosystem restoration projects in the world. One of the challenges associated with this restoration will be to understand processes influencing revegetation and invasive species colonization on the sediments exposed by dam removal. To help characterize post-dam vegetation succession within the Elwha River floodplain and dewatered reservoirs, we undertook field collections of reservoir sediments and seed rain during summer 2008. We then conducted two greenhouse experiments 1) …

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Viability Of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus Kisutch In Relation To Streamflow Regulation In Terrell Creek, Washington, Ryan S. Vasak Jan 2010

Viability Of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus Kisutch In Relation To Streamflow Regulation In Terrell Creek, Washington, Ryan S. Vasak

WWU Graduate School Collection

As salmon and trout populations decline in the Pacific Northwest, emphasis should be placed on restoration of any stream capable of producing salmon and trout. Terrell Creek is a small, dam regulated, independent drainage that historically produced at least four species of salmon and trout. Streamflow, regulated at the Lake Terrell dam, has typically been close to zero during the summer low flow period and probably affected salmon and trout population levels in the Creek. This study was designed to characterize the current fish assemblage in Terrell Creek, estimate coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolt production levels, identify factors that limit …

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Structural Characterization Of Cytoskeleton Regulating Protein Villin And Its C-Terminal Modular Domains, Danielle A. Pfaff Jan 2010

Structural Characterization Of Cytoskeleton Regulating Protein Villin And Its C-Terminal Modular Domains, Danielle A. Pfaff

WWU Graduate School Collection

Villin is a modular protein that regulates F-actin bundles in the microvilli of absorptive epithelial cells in the intestine. At low (10-100 nM) calcium levels, Villin is an F-actin bundling agent supporting the specialized brush border membrane of the absorptive epithelium. At intermediate micromolar calcium levels, Villin nucleates and caps the barbed ends of F-actin and in high (> 100 μM) calcium Villin is an F-actin severing agent (Bretsher & Weber, 1980; Glenney et al., 1980, 1981; Mooseker et al. 1980). The amino acid sequence of Villin has seven modular domains. The first six Villin domains (D1-D6) form a "core" …

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Naturally Occurring Aqueous Arsenic And Seawater Intrusion On Lummi Island, Wa, Erica Martell Jan 2010

Naturally Occurring Aqueous Arsenic And Seawater Intrusion On Lummi Island, Wa, Erica Martell

WWU Graduate School Collection

Two different types of groundwater contamination may be present in the aquifers on northern Lummi Island, Washington: naturally occurring arsenic and seawater intrusion. Freshwater on northern Lummi Island is stored in bedrock and unconsolidated glacial sediments. The naturally occurring arsenic, sourced from an undetermined stratigraphic layer, varies spatially throughout the island. Additionally, seawater may be intruding into the groundwater supply, which is the primary source of drinking water for the residents of the island. The process of mobilization of the naturally occurring arsenic and the extent of the seawater intrusion has not been fully explored. The purpose of my study …

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Habitat Modeling Using Path Analysis: Delineating Mountain Goat Habitat In The Washington Cascades, Tana Beus Jan 2010

Habitat Modeling Using Path Analysis: Delineating Mountain Goat Habitat In The Washington Cascades, Tana Beus

WWU Graduate School Collection

A 70-90% decline in mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) populations in Washington State over the past few decades has spurred the need for an improved understanding of seasonal goat-habitat relationships. Habitat use data have been collected from 46 radio-collared mountain goats across their native range in Washington State. Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), I explored relationships between use and availability of habitat. To overcome issues of autocorrelation, I compared actual mountain goat paths with available paths of matched identical spatial topology and used multi-scale path analysis to explore various ecologically informed relationships between landscape structure and the movements of mountain goats …

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Paleomagnetism And Rock Magnetism Of Remagnetized Carbonate Rocks From The Helena Salient, Southwest Montana, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin) Baugh Jan 2010

Paleomagnetism And Rock Magnetism Of Remagnetized Carbonate Rocks From The Helena Salient, Southwest Montana, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Franklin) Baugh

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Helena salient is an arcuate curve in the southwest Montana fold and thrust belt, characterized by thin-skinned folding and thrusting. Ages from volcanic sills imply that deformation in the region began 77 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous (Harlan et al., 2008). This study investigates the nature of curvature associated with this salient using paleomagnetic techniques. Carbonate rocks of the Mississippian Madison Group were sampled from 24 sites across three folds: the Devil's Fence anticline, the Three Forks anticline and the Turner anticline (near Townsend, MT). Results from 16 sites have well defined, but very weak, magnetizations. At …

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Activation And Inhibition Of Gtpase Translation Factors On The Prokaryotic Ribosome, Justin D. Walter Jan 2010

Activation And Inhibition Of Gtpase Translation Factors On The Prokaryotic Ribosome, Justin D. Walter

WWU Graduate School Collection

Throughout all domains of life, each protein in a cell is synthesized by a remarkable biomolecular machine called the ribosome, in a process referred to as translation. This process is regulated by proteins called translation factors, several of which belong to the GTPase superfamily of enzymes which require the binding and subsequent hydrolysis of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) to execute their function. In contrast to the regulatory role of translation factors, protein biosynthesis is inhibited by several naturally occurring antibiotics. While our understanding of translation has been revolutionized by the recent elucidation of atomic-resolution x-ray crystal structures of the ribosome trapped …

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Recent Unprecedented Tree-Ring Growth In Bristlecone Pine At The Highest Elevations And Possible Causes, Matthew W. Salzer, Malcolm K. Hughes, Andrew G. Bunn, Kurt F. Kipfmueller Dec 2009

Recent Unprecedented Tree-Ring Growth In Bristlecone Pine At The Highest Elevations And Possible Causes, Matthew W. Salzer, Malcolm K. Hughes, Andrew G. Bunn, Kurt F. Kipfmueller

Andrew G. Bunn

Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) at 3 sites in western North America near the upper elevation limit of tree growth showed ring growth in the second half of the 20th century that was greater than during any other 50-year period in the last 3,700 years. The accelerated growth is suggestive of an environmental change unprecedented in millennia. The high growth is not overestimated because of standardization techniques, and it is unlikely that it is a result of a change in tree growth form or that it is predominantly caused by CO2 fertilization. The growth surge has occurred only in …

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Quaternary Deformation Along The Wharekauhau Fault System, North Island, New Zealand: Implications For An Unstable Linkage Between Active Strike-Slip And Thrust Faults, Elizabeth R. Schermer, Timothy A. Little, Uwe Rieser Dec 2009

Quaternary Deformation Along The Wharekauhau Fault System, North Island, New Zealand: Implications For An Unstable Linkage Between Active Strike-Slip And Thrust Faults, Elizabeth R. Schermer, Timothy A. Little, Uwe Rieser

Geology Faculty Publications

The southern Wairarapa region of the North Island of New Zealand preserves a variably deformed late Quaternary stratigraphic sequence that provides insight into the temporal variability in the partitioning of contraction onto faults in the upper plate of an obliquely convergent margin. Detailed mapping, stratigraphic data, and new radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence ages from Quaternary units reveal the interaction between tectonics and sedimentation from ∼125 ka to(i.e., Wharekauhau fault system) at the southern end of the Wairarapa fault zone, a major oblique-slip fault in the upper plate of the Hikurangi Margin. The Wharekauhau thrust accommodated a minimum of 280 …

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Birch Bay Village Lakes 2009 Final Report, Robin A. Matthews, Joan Vandersypen, Jessie Rosanbalm Oct 2009

Birch Bay Village Lakes 2009 Final Report, Robin A. Matthews, Joan Vandersypen, Jessie Rosanbalm

Birch Bay/Village Lakes

The Institute for Watershed Studies was contracted by the Birch Bay Village Lakes Committee to continue water testing at two sites in Kwann Lake and two sites in Thunderbird Lake (Figure 1, page 4). The sampling effort was initiated in August 2007 and the results were summarized in the Birch Bay Village Lakes 2008 Final Report. The 2009 final report summarizes all results collected from August 2007 through August 2009.

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The Planet, 2009, Fall, Kaylin Bettinger, Huxley College Of The Environment, Western Washington University Oct 2009

The Planet, 2009, Fall, Kaylin Bettinger, Huxley College Of The Environment, Western Washington University

The Planet

No abstract provided.

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