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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Skagit Fisheries Enhancement Group - Gis Internship, Stephen Hullen Jan 2022

Skagit Fisheries Enhancement Group - Gis Internship, Stephen Hullen

College of the Environment Internship Reports

I worked with SFEG staff to transition their projects from ArcGIS Desktop to ArcGIS Pro. I developed a simple guidance document on the basics of getting started using ArcGIS Pro and presented to SFEG staff a simple ‘Introduction to ArcGIS Pro 101’ presentation. I worked with Riparian Manager to mine past vegetation monitoring data and figure out a way to represent it spatially. I also worked with the Habitat Restoration Coordinator to update current culvert files with new data and created maps for volunteers performing salmon surveys. I was able to participate in fish-rescue projects along the South Fork Skagit …

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Whatcom Humane Society Wildlife Rehabilitation, Sydney Poulin Jan 2022

Whatcom Humane Society Wildlife Rehabilitation, Sydney Poulin

College of the Environment Internship Reports

No abstract provided.

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Structural Characterization Of Factor Viii-Inhibitor Complexes And Factor Viii Lipid Binding Mechanics, Corbin Mitchell Jan 2022

Structural Characterization Of Factor Viii-Inhibitor Complexes And Factor Viii Lipid Binding Mechanics, Corbin Mitchell

WWU Graduate School Collection

Blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a crucial protein cofactor within the blood coagulation cascade and facilitates the proteolytic activation of factor X by activated factor IX. During coagulation FVIII is activated and binds, via its C1 and C2 domains, to activated platelet membranes coordinated by interactions with exposed phosphatidylserine on the membrane surface. A deficiency of functional FVIII within a patient's bloodstream leads to the blood disorder hemophilia A, which results in prolonged bleeding episodes. Current treatment for hemophilia A relies on FVIII replacement therapy via the injection of exogenous FVIII. The main complication which arises from FVIII replacement …

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Nickel Phosphide Photothermal Catalyst Development For Co2-Derived Solar Fuels, Hannah K. Hennig Jan 2022

Nickel Phosphide Photothermal Catalyst Development For Co2-Derived Solar Fuels, Hannah K. Hennig

WWU Graduate School Collection

Converting CO2 to CO via the photocatalyzed reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction satisfies a critical step in the production of C1 solar fuels (e.g., CH4, CH3OH) and longer hydrocarbons via the Fischer-Tropsch process. Oxide-supported nickel phosphides (NixPy) are an emerging class of photocatalysts with a number of accessible crystalline phases. Additionally, the broad-spectrum absorption of NixPy materials affords photo-induced local heating to drive catalytic processes at mild operating temperatures. In the current project, NixPy with different P/Ni molar ratios were investigated as RWGS catalysts on two types of support materials: 1) silica (SiO2) as a relatively inert support, and …

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Institute For Watershed Studies Internship, Jessica Espy Jan 2022

Institute For Watershed Studies Internship, Jessica Espy

College of the Environment Internship Reports

The program is intended to support research on freshwater lakes, streams, and wetlands throughout Whatcom, Skagit, and Snohomish counties. Additionally, the program supports student research. All freshwater lake data collected by students is entered into a web database that is accessible to anyone in the community interested in learning about various water quality measurements of a specific watershed. Measurements include turbidity, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, and nitrogen & phosphorous content. Algal communities were also observed with each sample. Students working in the lab are encouraged to learn the difference between toxic algae and non-toxic algae. As a student employee for …

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Deception Pass State Park Internship, Sadie Sheller Jan 2022

Deception Pass State Park Internship, Sadie Sheller

College of the Environment Internship Reports

My learning objectives for the summer were to improve my skills speaking to lay audiences, as well as to solidify what I have learned in the past about the ocean and tidepool environments. I wanted to be able to deepen my understanding of the world around me while sharing my love for the natural world with park visitors in the hopes that they too would decide they love the natural world as well.

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Skagit Fisheries Enhancement Group Restoration Internship, Meridith Mccannon Jan 2022

Skagit Fisheries Enhancement Group Restoration Internship, Meridith Mccannon

College of the Environment Internship Reports

The importance of both the restoration and preservation of riparian habitats was already something I was very interested in, but this internship helped me so much in understanding what it takes to actually restore these precious ecosystems. Skagit Fisheries Enhancement Group, or SFEG, is a nonprofit organization which aims to protect and improve the Skagit River watershed in order to aid in the revitalization of salmon and trout species which depend on it. There are so many different ways in which SFEG has contributed to the restoration of essential habitat along the Skagit River, all of which have shown to …

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The Effects Of Ocean Acidification And Temperature Rise On The Thermal Tolerance And Critical Thermal Limit Of Pacific Herring (Clupea Pallasii), Nicole R. Singh Jan 2022

The Effects Of Ocean Acidification And Temperature Rise On The Thermal Tolerance And Critical Thermal Limit Of Pacific Herring (Clupea Pallasii), Nicole R. Singh

WWU Graduate School Collection

Anthropogenic climate change, including the interactive effects of ocean acidification and temperature rise, is projected to affect marine ecosystems by challenging the environmental tolerance limits of individual species. Such impacts have been documented in a handful of marine fishes, including major physiological effects experienced in early-life stages of Pacific herring, an important forage and commercial fish species widely distributed in coastal systems across the North Pacific. In this study, we investigated the effects of temperatures between 10- 16°C and two pCO2 levels (ambient and high pCO2) on hatching and survival of Pacific herring. Survival after acute temperature exposure was assessed …

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Forearc Erosion In Response To Megathrust Plate Coupling Along The Wairarapa Coastline, New Zealand, Chantel E. Jensen Jan 2022

Forearc Erosion In Response To Megathrust Plate Coupling Along The Wairarapa Coastline, New Zealand, Chantel E. Jensen

WWU Graduate School Collection

How the subduction zone earthquake cycle contributes to uplift, erosion, and permanent deformation of the overlying forearc remains largely unknown. The Hikurangi subduction zone (HSZ), along the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, provides a unique location to examine the effects of subduction coupling on forearc deformation over multiple millennia. There, the Wairarapa coastline runs parallel to the HSZ and spans a transitional boundary between locked and freely slipping portions of the plate interface. Using digital topographic analysis and catchment-averaged erosion rates from 10Be in fluvial sands, I examined the geomorphology of the HSZ forearc to …

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To Erupt Or Not To Erupt? That Is The Question: Extremely High Levels Of Background Seismicity And Lack Of Eruptivity From 2003-2019 At Gareloi Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Kiana Tamarie Harris Jan 2022

To Erupt Or Not To Erupt? That Is The Question: Extremely High Levels Of Background Seismicity And Lack Of Eruptivity From 2003-2019 At Gareloi Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Kiana Tamarie Harris

WWU Graduate School Collection

Mount Gareloi, one of the westernmost volcanoes in the Aleutian arc, has not erupted since 1989, yet it continuously exhibits extremely high levels of background seismicity. Hundreds of volcanic earthquakes are recorded per day on the island since seismometer installation in 2003. I analyzed and classified seismic data collected from 2003-2019 to explore the geophysical processes causing this consistent seismicity with no subsequent eruptive activity. Analysis of waveform and corresponding spectra indicate the vast majority of Gareloi earthquakes are characterized by frequencies between 1 and 5 Hz, which are typical of long-period (LP) events, and these events are particularly dominant …

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Blood Replacement Therapy By Generation Of Polymeric Recombinant Hemoglobin Using “Click Chemistry” And Circular Tandem Repeat Proteins, Johanna Hamilton Urbach Jan 2022

Blood Replacement Therapy By Generation Of Polymeric Recombinant Hemoglobin Using “Click Chemistry” And Circular Tandem Repeat Proteins, Johanna Hamilton Urbach

WWU Graduate School Collection

Our work with hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) is focused on developing a hemoglobin (Hb) polymer that can be used as a blood replacement in critical care at an affordable cost. For medical use, the Hb must be polymeric since cell-free Hb has multiple adverse side effects when it is not encapsulated in a red blood cell. These include kidney damage and heme-induced toxicity, which is due to cell-free Hb’s ability to extravasate. Challenges in making HBOCs, that have been observed in the past, are low protein expression yields and heterogeneity in polymeric Hb products produced by chemical crosslinking. In conducting …

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Covalent Modifications As Targets And Means For Research In Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Derek Mccaffery Jan 2022

Covalent Modifications As Targets And Means For Research In Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Derek Mccaffery

WWU Graduate School Collection

A reported 33% of eukaryotic proteins are predicted to contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) over 30 residues in length. IDRs are regions of protein which natively exist in an unfolded conformation. Due to their highly dynamic nature, many common methods of inquiry such as crystallography and NMR can be thwarted. As a result, valuable analysis such as probing function, dynamics and binding interfaces are unable to be performed. To minimize these problems, researchers typically study shorter IDRs. We probed fragments of plant protein villin 4 (VLN4) for covalent modifications to explore its regulation and degradation. Disordered regions of proteins have …

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Methane Emissions In Port Susan Bay: The Missing Link In Carbon Accounting, Rachel S. Yonemura Jan 2022

Methane Emissions In Port Susan Bay: The Missing Link In Carbon Accounting, Rachel S. Yonemura

WWU Graduate School Collection

Coastal wetlands have the ability to sequester large amounts of “blue carbon” in sediments that would otherwise act as a harmful greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. The recently restored marsh in Port Susan Bay, Washington sequesters 231gC m-2 yr-1 and accretes 2.75cm of sediment per year. While this restored marsh stores nearly twice as much carbon as the nearby natural marsh, it can also emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas that has the potential to outweigh the benefits of carbon storage. It is critical to measure these emissions to determine if this site is a net source or …

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Tire-Wear-Particle Leachate Toxicity To Americamysis Bahia: Analysis Of Sublethal And Molecular Effects, Karrin Leazer Jan 2022

Tire-Wear-Particle Leachate Toxicity To Americamysis Bahia: Analysis Of Sublethal And Molecular Effects, Karrin Leazer

WWU Graduate School Collection

Tire-wear particles (TWPs) are considered among the largest contributors of microplastics to the environment. They are subject to break-down due to environmental weathering, which allows for potentially toxic chemicals to be released from and sorbed onto the particles. In this study, leachate generated from “weathered” and “un-weathered” TWPs were used for sublethal toxicity tests with Americamysis bahia. Organisms were exposed for 2, 4, and 6 days and the effects endpoints included changes in respiration rate and molecular responses (i.e., changes in the abundance of transcripts after 4 days of exposure). A threshold for stimulated respiration rate was detected for weathered …

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Bioaccumulation Of Metals In Whatcom County Estuaries By Native Tidal Plants, Margaret Critchlow Jan 2022

Bioaccumulation Of Metals In Whatcom County Estuaries By Native Tidal Plants, Margaret Critchlow

WWU Graduate School Collection

Estuaries are unique environments which provide many needed ecosystem services, but are threatened by anthropogenic activities. Contamination with metals represents a significant concern, as even small amounts can persist in the soil and affect biological functions. Phytoremediation, or the use of plants to take up contaminants from the soil, is one possible solution. There is a lack of research on estuarine phytoremediators native to the Pacific Northwest, as well as the ultimate fate of these metals following plant senescence. In this study, we evaluated the total metal concentration at three Whatcom County, WA estuaries and sampled four native plant species …

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Transport Mechanisms Of Nitrate On The Washington Shelf, Liesl G. Danyluk Jan 2022

Transport Mechanisms Of Nitrate On The Washington Shelf, Liesl G. Danyluk

WWU Graduate School Collection

Nutrient supply is a fundamental driver of primary productivity, and often a limiting factor for organism growth in both open-ocean and coastal systems. Continental shelves are locations of high primary productivity in the world’s oceans because of high nutrient supply. Understanding the dominant transport mechanisms of nutrients in these locations is paramount to understanding patterns in primary productivity. While there have been extensive studies of nutrient transport and productivity on the Pacific Northwestern coast of the US (Davis et al., 2014, Siedlecki et al., 2015, Ware and Thomson, 2005, Banas et al., 2009), there is renewed interest in understanding these …

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Soil Mesofauna And Microbial Community Response To Mixed Biochar And Compost Application In A Skagit Silt Loam, Jameson Goff Jan 2022

Soil Mesofauna And Microbial Community Response To Mixed Biochar And Compost Application In A Skagit Silt Loam, Jameson Goff

WWU Graduate School Collection

I sampled Skagit silt loam soils from a field trial at the WSU NWREC where biochar and compost were added to potato crops in late spring pre-planting. Soil mesofauna were sampled at mid and late-summer, while soil microbes were sampled at late summer exclusively. Soil treatments included mixed biochar and compost, compost-only, and an unamended control. Mesofauna were extracted with Berlese funnels and sorted to functional groups. F:B ratios and total microbial C were determined using microbiometer test kits. To test whether biochar and compost induced changes to soil mesofauna communities, I used permutational ANOVA. Differences in F:B ratios and …

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A Mastcam Multispectral Investigation Of Rock Variability In Gale Crater, Mars: Implications For Alteration In The Clay-Sulfate Transition Of Mount Sharp, Alivia Eng Jan 2022

A Mastcam Multispectral Investigation Of Rock Variability In Gale Crater, Mars: Implications For Alteration In The Clay-Sulfate Transition Of Mount Sharp, Alivia Eng

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover has explored over 650 m of strata since landing in 2012. After leaving Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR), the rover traversed though the phyllosilicate-rich region, Glen Torridon, and the Mg-sulfate-bearing strata that lies above it, with excursions onto the Greenheugh Pediment and Amapari Marker Band. These unique stratigraphic units were investigated using Curiosity's instrument suite which includes the Mast Camera (Mastcam) pair of multispectral imagers. Mastcam’s narrowband filters are sensitive to iron-bearing phases and some hydrated minerals. We used Mastcam spectra, in combination with chemical data from Curiosity’s CheMin, APXS and ChemCam instruments, to assess …

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Reconstructing Deglacial And Holocene Climatic And Environmental Change In The Snowy Mountains Of Southeast Australia, Aidan Warner Burdick Jan 2022

Reconstructing Deglacial And Holocene Climatic And Environmental Change In The Snowy Mountains Of Southeast Australia, Aidan Warner Burdick

WWU Graduate School Collection

Multi-proxy, long-term records of deglacial and Holocene climatic and environmental change in southeast Australia are rare, leaving the region a gap in local and large-scale synoptic climate reconstructions. The Snowy Mountains include the highest and coldest regions of mainland Australia and were the only part of the mainland that was glaciated during the late Pleistocene. Lakes formed by the glaciers have provided continuous sediment traps since glacial retreat following the Last Glacial Maximum. In this report, I reconstruct the maximum ice extents of glaciers during the last glacial period and estimate their equilibrium line altitudes, revising the work of Barrows …

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Glacier Peak And The Chocolate Factory: Recurring Debris Flows From The Eastern Flank Of Glacier Peak Stratovolcano, North Cascades, Washington State, Usa, Edward M. Fordham Jan 2022

Glacier Peak And The Chocolate Factory: Recurring Debris Flows From The Eastern Flank Of Glacier Peak Stratovolcano, North Cascades, Washington State, Usa, Edward M. Fordham

WWU Graduate School Collection

Alpine mass wasting events can have wide ranging impacts that extend past their headwater origins reaching down to lowland population centers. The Suiattle River, which drains the eastern flank of Glacier Peak in the North Cascades of Washington State, is a dominant contributor of suspended sediment in the region. Normalized for drainage area, the Suiattle River supplies more suspended sediment than nearly any other river in the region and more than twice as much as the White Chuck River, which drains the western flank of the volcano. Despite its known importance to the regional sediment budget, the specific geomorphic drivers …

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Synthesis, Characterization, And Applications Of Thiolated Silk Fibroin, Jeremy Martinez Talusig Jan 2022

Synthesis, Characterization, And Applications Of Thiolated Silk Fibroin, Jeremy Martinez Talusig

WWU Graduate School Collection

Thiolated polymers, or thiomers, have demonstrated advanced adhesion to biological surfaces such as mucus membranes due to their ability to form disulfide bonds to the cysteine-rich domains in mucin making them an attractive drug delivery system. Silk fibroin, a protein derived from the Bombyx mori silkworm, offers a biocompatible and biodegradable platform absent in other thiomer systems. However, due to the small percentage of native cysteine residues in silk, installation of additional thiols is essential to create an advanced thiomer adhesive. In this research, covalent attachment of non-native thiols to the tyrosine residues of silk fibroin is accomplished with a …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Plga Capped Gold Nanoparticles For Use In Cancer Therapeutics, Tara Chin Jan 2022

Synthesis And Characterization Of Plga Capped Gold Nanoparticles For Use In Cancer Therapeutics, Tara Chin

WWU Graduate School Collection

This research project aims to create gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with PLGA (poly(lactic co-glycolic acid)) polymers for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) by way of Xray irradiation for use in cancer therapies. The current methods of cancer treatment rely on drugs and/or chemotherapy depending on the type of cancer present; these methods come with varying success rates which are also dependent on how severe the condition has become (the lower the severity, the higher chance of success). The latest method of cancer treatment is proton beam radiation therapy (PBRT) which can be specific in its targeting but not very cost …

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Faith In A Changing Climate: Policy Framing And Southern Evangelical Christian Views On Climate Policy, Sydne Tursky Jan 2022

Faith In A Changing Climate: Policy Framing And Southern Evangelical Christian Views On Climate Policy, Sydne Tursky

WWU Graduate School Collection

As the effects of climate change become more severe, many environmentalists push for federal climate policy to limit greenhouse gas emissions. However, no federal climate policy has amassed enough support to pass, largely because of America’s contentious political climate. White evangelical Christians, who are often Republican, trend toward climate change skepticism and climate policy opposition. They comprise 25% of voters in the United States (National Election Pool, 2016). Therefore, climate policies must have bipartisan appeal to pass. Policy makers may generate bipartisan appeal through creative framing of climate policy that emphasizes more than just the environmental benefits of climate change …

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Analysis Of Eelgrass In Padilla Bay, Washington Using An Uncrewed Aerial System, Hannah Hein Jan 2022

Analysis Of Eelgrass In Padilla Bay, Washington Using An Uncrewed Aerial System, Hannah Hein

WWU Graduate School Collection

Eelgrass is an important part of coastal environments in the Pacific Northwest as it provides crucial habitat and moderates storm surge. Padilla Bay, Washington is home to one of the largest eelgrass meadows in North America and contains the native Zostera marina and the non-native Z. japonica. The relationship between these two species is of interest due to the influx of Z. japonica in previously unvegetated areas. I used an uncrewed aerial system (UAS) and a multispectral camera to study species dynamics. I compared the ability of values derived from the band data, two vegetation indices, and a principal …

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The Curious Case Of Concept: A Nation-Wide Survey Of Faculty Beliefs About Quantum Mechanics Concept Inventories Uncovers New Details Regarding Physical Chemistry Experts’ Understanding Of Conceptual Knowledge., Matt Smiley Jan 2022

The Curious Case Of Concept: A Nation-Wide Survey Of Faculty Beliefs About Quantum Mechanics Concept Inventories Uncovers New Details Regarding Physical Chemistry Experts’ Understanding Of Conceptual Knowledge., Matt Smiley

WWU Graduate School Collection

According to the chemistry education literature, physical chemistry educators strongly believe developing students’ conceptual understanding is important; however, the vast majority of educators (84%) were found to assess students predominantly on mathematical knowledge. To better serve students of physical chemistry, the cause of misalignment between stated learning goals and assessment needs to be elucidated. To this end, the Faculty Perceptions of Published Quantum Mechanics Assessments Survey (FPPQMA) was developed. The FPPQMA is designed to probe physical chemistry educators’ beliefs regarding the dichotomy between conceptual and mathematical knowledge. In addition to free response questions that ask respondents to define conceptual and …

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Assessing The Use Of The California Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus Californicus) Within Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (Imta), Casey Pruitt Jan 2022

Assessing The Use Of The California Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus Californicus) Within Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (Imta), Casey Pruitt

WWU Graduate School Collection

There has been recent interest in Washington State, USA in the culture of the California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus) for both wild-stock enhancement and as an aquaculture resource. The species is a good candidate for Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), where the animals are supported entirely on the excess organic biodeposits from existing floating aquaculture operations (e.g., bivalves or finfish). In IMTA, excess nutrients and organic materials from higher-trophic-level organisms are taken up by lower-trophic-level species, providing both environmental benefits and secondary products for sale. Unfortunately, a reliable longterm tagging and tracking method is not currently known for A. …

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Testing Potential Triggering Mechanisms Of Long-Runout Catastrophic Rock Avalanches In The Nooksack River Basin, Whatcom County, Washington, Eric R. Brown Jan 2022

Testing Potential Triggering Mechanisms Of Long-Runout Catastrophic Rock Avalanches In The Nooksack River Basin, Whatcom County, Washington, Eric R. Brown

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Nooksack basin contains five large Holocene long-runout rock avalanche deposits. Similarities and spatial proximity of the deposits suggest that they may share a common triggering mechanism. Two of the deposits, Van Zandt Landslide Complex (VZLC) and Church Mountain Sturzstrom (CMS) have published ages that overlap with prehistoric earthquakes, suggesting seismicity may be the cause. To further test this idea, I mapped and dated the remaining three deposits, Racehorse Creek (RHC), Middle Fork (MFN), and Maple Falls (MF). To establish ages for the slides, I combined radiocarbon dating of organics in sediment cores from bogs in the debris fields and …

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Somatic Learning And Eco-Anxiety In Environmental Education Teacher Preparation, Pippa Hemsley Jan 2022

Somatic Learning And Eco-Anxiety In Environmental Education Teacher Preparation, Pippa Hemsley

WWU Graduate School Collection

This study investigated the potential for somatic pedagogies to address eco-anxiety among prospective environmental educators. Although it can also have positive effects, eco-anxiety often becomes an overwhelming experience that contributes to high levels of burnout and inaction. Somatic pedagogies are those that purposefully include a sensory-reflective component. A short curricular intervention was implemented in an environmental education curriculum class of 19 undergraduate students to explore how using somatic pedagogies to reflect on eco-emotions impacted readiness to address eco-anxiety in their future teaching, and in what ways somatic pedagogies might support environmental education teacher preparation. Using grounded theory methodology to analyze …

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Cycles Or Repetitions: A Quantitative Analysis Of Alluvial Bed Thicknesses, Kristopher D. Phillips Jan 2022

Cycles Or Repetitions: A Quantitative Analysis Of Alluvial Bed Thicknesses, Kristopher D. Phillips

WWU Graduate School Collection

Sedimentary strata display a range of repetitive patterns from interbedded lithofacies through recurring sequence stratigraphic systems tracts. Highly structured, large-scale patterns are commonly ascribed to cyclic allogenic forcings such as eustasy and climate. In contrast, autogenic processes are typically thought to impart stochastic noise or limited small-scale structure on stratigraphy. Recent studies indicate some autogenic processes in fluvial and fluvio-deltaic systems such as the large-scale compensational deposition (i.e., the tendency for a channel to occupy and fill topographic lows in a basin), can occur on spatiotemporal scales that may overlap with some allogenic forcings. These autogenic processes could impart deterministic, …

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Sortase-Mediated Ligation To Investigate Large Idr-Containing Cytoskeletal Regulators, Melissa Oueld Es Cheikh Jan 2022

Sortase-Mediated Ligation To Investigate Large Idr-Containing Cytoskeletal Regulators, Melissa Oueld Es Cheikh

WWU Graduate School Collection

About 43% of eukaryotic proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of 40 residues or longer. These proteins modulate key cellular functions such as transcription, translation, and signal transduction. Despite their vital roles, little is known about the properties of large disordered proteins due to the difficulties encountered studying them. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a unique tool allowing for their analysis but traditionally requires uniform protein labeling with 15N and 13C isotopesresulting in convoluted spectra which obscure any meaningful information on their structures and interactions. To remedy this issue, we aim at developing a procedure to segmentally label …

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