Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Town Of Colonial Beach Survey Of Central And Castlewood Beaches, Donna A. Milligan, C. Scott Hardaway Jr., Cameron W. Green, Alexander R. Milligan

Reports

The Town of Colonial Beach occupies a peninsula between the Potomac River and Monroe Bay. Approximately 2.5 miles of the shoreline is publicly-owned. Two areas on the Potomac River have been enhanced as recreational beaches for swimming and sunbathing. Central Beach is located just south of the Town Pier and is the main recreational beach. Castlewood Beach is south of Central Beach near the entrance to Monroe Bay.

Sediment Characteristics Of The Chesapeake Bay And Its Tributaries, Virginia Province: Data Files, Gary F. Anderson

Data

During the 1990’s, Dr. Maynard Nichols and colleagues at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science compiled digital databases of sediment observations in the Chesapeake Bay and other coastal bays and rivers. These projects were performed under several cooperative agreements with NOAA, EPA and USGS. This particular dataset covers the Chesapeake Bay for bulk properties and contaminants. Additional references are provided below. The original files and filenames are provided without edit. See the readme.txt file for overall explanation of the datasets and individual .DOC files for the data dictionary and further data processing information for each waterbody.

The Probability Mass Function Of The Kaplan-Meier Product-Limit Estimator, Yuxin Qin, Heather Sasinowska, Lawrence Leemis

Arts & Sciences Articles

Kaplan andMeier’s 1958 article developed a nonparametric estimator of the survivor function from a right censored dataset. Determining the size of the support of the estimator as a function of the sample size provides a challenging exercise for students in an advanced course in mathematical statistics. We devise two algorithms for calculating the support size and calculate the associated probability mass function for small sample sizes and particular probability distributions for the failure and censoring times.

Alkali Linewidths Under High Temperatures And Pressures Of 3he, Michael Parker

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Current research at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is being conducted to study the spin structure of the neutron through collisions with polarized 3He nuclei. The helium is contained in high pressure glass vessels (called cells) along with nitrogen, rubidium, and potassium. To deduce the spin structure from collisions, we need to know the precise number density of 3He in the cell. The process of polarizing 3He through spin-exchange optical pumping requires nitrogen and alkali metal. We can use the absorption linewidths of rubidium and potassium to more accurately determine the density of helium. Throughout my research, I collected absorption …

Bayesian Spatial Model Development Of Soil Core Organic Matter As A Proxy For Blue Carbon Stocks Within The Chesapeake Bay, Christian Longo

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Blue carbon is carbon captured and stored within bodies of water and their ecosystems. Blue carbon stocks are very important due to their ability to store carbon away from the atmosphere. The destruction of these stocks can accelerate climate change. In particular, we wish to assess blue carbon stock within the Chesapeake Bay. Previous studies have only used geographical features to predict blue carbon stock levels. The big picture question this thesis was meant to answer is: What is the best approach for building a statistical model that factors in both spatial parameters and geographical features to predict blue carbon …

An Atomic Magnetometer Based On Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Polarization Rotation, Jiahui Li

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Magnetometers with high precision and accuracy have wide applications across various areas. We are developing an atomic magnetometer based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR). The magnetometer measures the polarization rotation of a light field, which is proportional to the magnetic field strength. However, such a magnetometer usually has a limited operation range and stops working for fields stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. To overcome this shortage, we implement frequency and amplitude modulation that induces side frequencies in the Fourier space which allows us to measure strong magnetic fields, up to 200 mG. We have achieved 60 pT sensitivity for …

Development Of A Vector Magnetometer Based On Electromagnetically Induced Transparency In 87rb Atomic Vapor, Alexander Toyryla

Undergraduate Honors Theses

We present progress towards the development of an atomic magnetometer capable of accurate scalar and vector magnetic field measurements with high sensitivity and no need for external calibration. The proposed device will use the interaction between a bi-chromatic laser field and rubidium vapor to derive magnetic field magnitude and direction from measured amplitudes of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) resonances. Since the proposed method requires precision control of light polarization, we observe the performance capabilities of a liquid crystal device to dynamically rotate the polarization of the laser field. Another goal in this project is to establish a polarization locking mechanism …

Gas-Phase Proton Affinities For Twenty Of The Proline-Containing Dipeptides, Henry Cardwell

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Peptide fragmentation plays a crucial role in the analysis of proteins through mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Most proteomics experiments take place in the low-energy regime and are governed by the mobile proton model which predicts random cleavages along the peptide backbone; however, there sometimes arise circumstances where the mobile proton model fails causing sequencing algorithms to misidentify peptides. One such example is noted in the “proline effect” wherein proline-containing peptides preferentially fragment N-terminal. While it has been established that the “proline effect” is due to the rigidity and basicity of the proline N-terminus, a further understanding of the factors influencing the …

Co-Planar Waveguides For Microwave Atom Chips, Morgan Logsdon

Undergraduate Honors Theses

This thesis describes research to develop co-planar waveguides (CPW) for coupling microwaves from mm-scale coaxial cables into 50 μm-scale microstrip transmission lines of a microwave atom chip. This new atom chip confines and manipulates atoms using spin-specific microwave AC Zeeman potentials and is particularly well suited for trapped atom interferometry. The coaxial-to-microstrip coupler scheme uses a focused CPW (FCPW) that shrinks the microwave field mode while maintaining a constant 50 Ω impedance for optimal power coupling. The FCPW development includes the simulation, design, fabrication, and testing of multiple CPW and microstrip prototypes using aluminum nitride substrates. Notably, the FCPW approach …

Climate Change And Conservation Of Milkweed: Evidence Of Extensive Admixture Between Common Milkweed And Poke Milkweed, Elizabeth Davies

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Global climate change can drive many changes in species interactions. One primary way it affects species is by changing climates, causing species to expand their ranges and allowing them to interact with species from whom they were previously isolated. In plants, new species interactions can result in hybridization – the creation of hybrid offspring between two separate species. This hybridization can increase gene flow between the species and lead to introgression, the transfer of genetic material from one species to another through hybrid backcrossing with the parent species. My thesis investigates hybridization in the model system Asclepias (milkweed) by analyzing …

Chemical Analysis Of Organic Compounds In Dew Water, Monica Dibley

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Water films on outdoor surfaces, such as dew, can act as a reservoir for organic molecules deposited from the atmosphere and they present a potential reactive medium for chemical transformations. To better understand the flux of volatile organic compounds from evaporating films, the composition and reactivity of the complex mixture of dissolved organic material (DOM) found in these films need to be characterized. Previous studies have measured the salts and the small organic molecules in dew collected on clean Teflon surfaces or condensers. Here, we expand on this by probing the organic chemicals found on natural outdoor surfaces covered in …

Investigation Of Tertiary Impact Cratering And Relation To Impact Physics Theory, Mikayla Huffman

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Extraterrestrial impact crater formation is important in many subfields of planetary science, including geochronology, planetary formation, and dynamic fragmentation theory. Current dynamic fragmentation theory lacks scale dependence and relies heavily on terrestrial data. Exploring a range of impact and ejecta velocities as is produced by cratering events on the Moon may bridge the gap between heavily terrestrial-based theory and planetary data. The secondary craters of secondary craters deemed “tertiary craters,” have been theorized, but planetary images have not been of sufficient resolution to effectively search for them until recently. Tertiary craters are formed by relatively low-velocity fragments ejected by nearby …

Modern Theory Of Copositive Matrices, Yuqiao Li

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Copositivity is a generalization of positive semidefiniteness. It has applications in theoretical economics, operations research, and statistics. An $n$-by-$n$ real, symmetric matrix $A$ is copositive (CoP) if $x^T Ax \ge 0$ for any nonnegative vector $x \ge 0.$ The set of all CoP matrices forms a convex cone. A CoP matrix is ordinary if it can be written as the sum of a positive semidefinite (PSD) matrix and a symmetric nonnegative (sN) matrix. When $n < 5,$ all CoP matrices are ordinary. However, recognizing whether a given CoP matrix is ordinary and determining an ordinary decomposition (PSD + sN) is still an unsolved problem. Here, we give an overview on modern theory of CoP matrices, talk about our progress on the ordinary recognition and decomposition problem, and emphasis the graph theory aspect of ordinary CoP matrices.

Enumerating Switching Isomorphism Classes Of Signed Graphs, Nathaniel Healy

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Let Γ be a simple connected graph, and let {+,−}^E(Γ) be the set of signatures of Γ. For σ a signature of Γ, we call the pair Σ = (Γ,σ) a signed graph of Γ. We may define switching functions ζ_X ∈ {+, −}^V (Γ) that negate the sign of every edge {u, v} incident with exactly one vertex in the fiber X = ζ^{−1}(−). The group Sw(Γ) of switching functions acts X on the set of signed graphs of Γ and induces an equivalence relation of switching classes in its orbits; there are 2^{|E(Γ)|−|V (Γ)|+1} such classes. More interestingly, …

Machicomoco State Park Shoreline Management Plan, Cameron W. Green, Donna A. Milligan, C. Scott Hardaway Jr., Christine A. Wilcox

Reports

Machicomoco State Park (MSP) is located along the York River in Gloucester County, Virginia, between Cedarbush Creek and Timberneck Creek. Figures are shown in Appendix A. Archaeological evidence dating to the Middle and Late Woodland Periods (200 BCE – 1000 CE) strongly suggests that the area is associated with Tsenacommacah and the Powhatan’s chiefdom (DCR, 2021).

The site was primarily used as a base for hunting, fishing, and oystering activities. The area was later settled by English colonists around 1639, and was eventually sold to John Catlett in 1792, where it remained in the Catlett family’s possession for over 200 …

Quantum Federated Learning: Training Hybrid Neural Networks Collaboratively, Anneliese Brei

Undergraduate Honors Theses

This thesis explores basic concepts of machine learning, neural networks, federated learning, and quantum computing in an effort to better understand Quantum Machine Learning, an emerging field of research. We propose Quantum Federated Learning (QFL), a schema for collaborative distributed learning that maintains privacy and low communication costs. We demonstrate the QFL framework and local and global update algorithms with implementations that utilize TensorFlow Quantum libraries. Our experiments test the effectiveness of frameworks of different sizes. We also test the effect of changing the number of training cycles and changing distribution of training data. This thesis serves as a synoptic …

Using Deep Learning With Satellite Imagery To Estimate Deforestation Rates, Maeve Naughton-Rockwell

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Previous studies have used Convolutional Neural Networks for regional detection of deforestation breaks. However, there is limited research into the capability of deep neural networks to identify sudden shifts in global forest cover from satellite imagery. Additionally, many deforestation detection models are trained on region specific data and need manual input thresholds. In this work, we develop a deep learning model to predict the percent of deforestation in a region between two points in time, trained on globally sourced data. Using the before and after satellite images of a deforestation event as inputs, we implemented a two input Convolutional Neural …

Differential Protein Expression In Bacteriophages Crimd And Larva, Daria Moody

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Proteomics studies allow us to answer questions about differential protein expression across different systems. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool in these studies due to the distinct masses of the amino acids that compose proteins. In our experiment, we used a bottom-up approach and focused on two bacteriophages found on the William & Mary campus, CrimD and Larva. The infection of Mycobacterium smegmatis, a nonpathogenic model for tuberculosis, by these two bacteriophages was frozen at five different timepoints, and our goal was to compare the differential protein expression across the samples in order to gain a greater understanding of …

Using A Machine Learning Model To Predict Plant Inflorescences Based Upon Its Soil Microbiome, Luke Denoncourt

Undergraduate Honors Theses

The UN estimates that the global population could reach 9.7 billion by 2050 (United Nations). As a result, the amount of food required to feed humanity is thought to double by 2050 (Ray et al., 2012). Humanity must find a way to increase crop production without increasing fertilizer usage and eutrophication, which can be done using the soil microbiome. Using potted plants with soils inoculated with Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas denitrificans, Bacillus polymyxa, and Mycobacterium phlei, both the shoot and root growth of pea and cotton plants was significantly increased (Egamberdieva & Höflich, 2004). In this study, utilizing a random forest …

The Enumeration Of Minimum Path Covers Of Trees, Merielyn Sher

Undergraduate Honors Theses

A path cover of a tree T is a collection of induced paths of T that are vertex disjoint and cover all the vertices of T. A minimum path cover (MPC) of T is a path cover with the minimum possible number of paths, and that minimum number is called the path cover number of T. A tree can have just one or several MPC's. Prior results have established equality between the path cover number of a tree T and the largest possible multiplicity of an eigenvalue that can occur in a symmetric matrix whose graph is that tree. We …

The Pandemic From Above: Estimating Covid-19 Cases Using Deep Learning And Satellite Imagery, John Hennin

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Monitoring the spread of an outbreak of disease (such as COVID-19) is an important component of any coordinated pandemic response. Across the globe, our ability to conduct such monitoring - especially at early stages of the COVID- 19 pandemic - was highly limited due to a lack of public reporting mechanisms. Today, the process of case data collection remains expensive and, in some regions, is subject to political considerations. Researchers have turned to some techniques leveraging Google Trends and Twitter data to overcome limitations in public data sources. Here, we provide another approach which leverages satellite information to provide estimates …

Determination Of The ^27al Neutron Distribution Radius From A Parity-Violating Electron Scattering Measurement, D. Androic, David S. Armstrong, Et Al.

Arts & Sciences Articles

We report the first measurement of the parity-violating elastic electron scattering asymmetry on 27Al. The 27Al elastic asymmetry is APV=2.16±0.11(stat)±0.16(syst)  ppm, and was measured at ⟨Q2⟩=0.02357±0.00010  GeV2, ⟨θlab⟩=7.61°±0.02°, and ⟨Elab⟩=1.157  GeV with the Qweak apparatus at Jefferson Lab. Predictions using a simple Born approximation as well as more sophisticated distorted-wave calculations are in good agreement with this result. From this asymmetry the 27Al neutron radius Rn=2.89±0.12  fm was determined using a many-models correlation technique. The corresponding neutron skin thickness Rn−Rp=−0.04±0.12  fm is small, as expected for a light nucleus with a neutron excess of only 1. This result thus serves …

Analysis Of Edna To Assess Effects Of Water Quality On Freshwater Fungal Diversity In A Virginia Coastal Watershed, Lauren French

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Freshwater fungi comprise a phylogenetically and functionally diverse group which contributes to wide-ranging ecosystem processes in aquatic systems. Saprotrophic fungi convert detritus into nutrient-rich food sources for fish and invertebrates, whereas pathogenic and parasitic fungi can cause disease and population declines of other aquatic organisms. With their diverse and important roles, changes in freshwater fungal community structure may have far-reaching impacts on ecosystems. To understand how natural and anthropogenic stressors to freshwater systems impact fungal-mediated ecosystem processes, a greater understanding of the taxonomic and functional composition of freshwater fungal communities is needed. We assessed relationships among freshwater habitat types, water …

Modeling And Analyses Of Mechanisms Underlying Network Synaptic Dynamics In Two Neural Circuits, Linda Ma

Undergraduate Honors Theses

In systems neuroscience, circuit models of cortical structures can be used to deconstruct mechanisms responsible for spike patterns that generate a variety of behaviors observed in the brain. In particular, mathematical simulations of these circuits can replicate complex dynamical behaviors that mirror not only macroscopically patterns observed in the brain, but also a significant amount of experimentally characterized minutiae. These models are capable of analyzing neural mechanisms by explicitly deconstructing connectivities between populations of neurons in ways that tend to be empirically inaccessible. This work presents two such models; one in the rat somatosensory barrel cortex, responsible for processing sensory …

Geologic Controls On 137cs Cycling By Terrestrial Vegetation In The Eastern U.S., Kathleen Chellman

Undergraduate Honors Theses

¹³⁷Cs is a radioactive trace metal (T_1/2 = 30 y) that was dispersed globally by nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s-1960s. Prevailing winds and precipitation systems caused some areas far from the test sites to receive significant fallout, which is still easily measured in soils, sediments and even some vegetation in the Eastern United States. Recent work near Chernobyl and Fukushima indicates that trace levels of ¹³⁷Cs can harm insects, pollination services, and other ecological functions. In areas with low soil potassium, ¹³⁷Cs is cycled in vegetation; however, soil potassium alone doesn't consistently predict the ^{137 …}

New Measurements Of The Beam-Normal Single Spin Asymmetry In Elastic Electron Scattering Over A Range Of Spin-0 Nuclei, D. Adhikari, (...), David S. Armstrong, Et Al.

Arts & Sciences Articles

We report precision determinations of the beam-normal single spin asymmetries (An) in the elastic scattering of 0.95 and 2.18 GeV electrons off 12C, 40Ca, 48Ca, and 208Pb at very forward angles where the most detailed theoretical calculations have been performed. The first measurements of An for 40Ca and 48Ca are found to be similar to that of 12C, consistent with expectations and thus demonstrating the validity of theoretical calculations for nuclei with Z≤20. We also report An for 208Pb at two new momentum transfers (Q2) extending the previous measurement. Our new data confirm the surprising result previously reported, with all …

Machine Learning In Healthcare: Improving The Diagnosis Of Pulmonary Embolism In Covid-19 Patients, Soheb Osmani

Undergraduate Honors Theses

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created new challenges for clinicians diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE). Clinicians currently rely on D-Dimer levels in conjunction with clinical prediction scores to rule out and diagnose PE. However, patients with COVID-19 (the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2) often present with elevated D-Dimer levels. D-Dimer levels in COVID-19 patients have been found to be positively correlated with the severity of disease. Symptoms of COVID-19 also often align with symptoms of PE. Therefore, it becomes more difficult for clinicians to identify which COVID-19 positive patients should undergo further testing for PE. This study evaluates …

Period Doubling Cascades From Data, Alexander Berliner

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Orbit diagrams of period doubling cascades represent systems going from periodicity to chaos. Here, we investigate whether a Gaussian process regression can be used to approximate a system from data and recover asymptotic dynamics in the orbit diagrams for period doubling cascades. To compare the orbits of a system to the approximation, we compute the Wasserstein metric between the point clouds of their obits for varying bifurcation parameter values. Visually comparing the period doubling cascades, we note that the exact bifurcation values may shift, which is confirmed in the plots of the Wasserstein distance. This has implications for studying dynamics …

Honey As A Biomonitor For Air Pollutant Deposition In The Eastern United States Using Ion Chromatography And Scanning Electron Microscopy, Cole Cochran

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Anthropogenic activities generate metal, acid, and particulate air pollutants which negatively impact human and ecological health. In the United States, power plant, industrial, and vehicle emissions are leading causes of air pollution, however, the measurement of air pollution at high-resolution spatial regimes remains a challenge. Honey has emerged as a powerful biomonitoring tool to effectively quantify contaminants without the need for a large array of monitoring instruments. I hypothesized that honey could be used to effectively measure and map modern air pollutant spatiotemporal relationships over the Eastern U.S. Using ion chromatography with sulfate as an indicator for air pollution and …

A General Pattern Of Trade-Offs Between Ecosystem Resistance And Resilience To Tropical Cyclones, Christopher J. Patrick, John S. Kominoski, (...), Enie Hensel, Marc J. S. Hense, Bradley A. Strickland, (..), A. K. Hardison, Sean Kinard, Et Al

VIMS Articles

Tropical cyclones drive coastal ecosystem dynamics, and their frequency, intensity, and spatial distribution are pre-dicted to shift with climate change. Patterns of resistance and resilience were synthesized for 4138 ecosystem time series from n = 26 storms occurring between 1985 and 2018 in the Northern Hemisphere to predict how coastal ecosystems will respond to future disturbance regimes. Data were grouped by ecosystems (fresh water, salt water, terrestrial, and wetland) and response categories (biogeochemistry, hydrography, mobile biota, sedentary fauna, and vascular plants). We observed a repeated pattern of trade-offs between resistance and resilience across analyses. These patterns are likely the outcomes …