Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Non-Conventional Silage For Arid Region, P. K. Malaviya, Dinesh Mishra, A. K. Patel

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Thar is one of the most heavily populated desert areas in the world and the main occupations of the people living here are agriculture and livestock production. Agriculture is not a dependable proposition in this area due to erratic rains and occurrence of frequent droughts. A large number of farmers in Thar Desert depend on animal husbandry for their livelihood. Animal husbandry, trees and grasses, intercropped with vegetables or fruit trees, is the most viable farming system for arid, drought-prone regions (Anonymous, 2012a,b). Further, livestock sector is expected to emerge as an engine of agricultural growth in the 12th plan …

Evaluation Of Grass Bales Stored Under Cover And Plinth System Of Storage, P. N. Dwivedi, P. K. Pathak, C. S. Sahay

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The feed and fodder requirement for dairy animals is primarily met by roughages, green fodder and homemade concentrate mixtures. Roughages are high in crude fibrous material which essentially consists of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and to some extent lignin. Livestock production is backbone of Indian Agriculture and source of employment in rural areas for centuries. To meet the demand of feeding these huge livestock population an adequate supply of feed throughout the year is the prerequisite for successful animal production programmes.

A huge gap between demand and supply of feed and fodder exists in our country. This huge gap between requirement and …

Macro Mineral Concentrations Of Five Contrasting Temperate Grassland Species Grown In Pure Stands Or Mixtures, Bodil E. Frankow-Lindberg

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Mixtures of grassland species often results in over-yielding (Finn et al., 2013). This may be due to complementarity in traits above- and below-ground. Here I report the concentrations of macro minerals in five grassland species grown as pure stands or in mixtures in a field fertilized with moderate amounts of nitrogen (N).

Development Of Greenhouse Dryer For Forage Conservation In Temperate Climate, Sanjay Kumar Singh, P. K. Pathak

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Greenhouse dryer implies drying of crops in covered structure that allows rapid harvesting of solar radiation and modification of agro climatic conditions conducive for proper drying. The environmental factors which affects plant growth includes air temperature, relative humidity, light, carbon dioxide concentration, soil temperature and moisture content of soil. The greenhouse may have heating, cooling and ventilating equipments for control over microclimates. Control over microclimate results in several fold increase in crop photosynthesis, and optimum thermal energy for forage conservation in the form of hay.

Chandra et al. (2002) have proposed the design of a naturally ventilated greenhouse. Several other …

Efficacy Of Laccases Obtained From The White Rot Basidiomycete Schizophyllum Commune-Ni 07 In Enhancing The In Vitro Digestibility Of Crop Residues For Ruminants, Vidya Pradeep Kumar, Manpal Sridhar, Chandrashekar Naik

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Crop residues like maize stover, finger millet straw, wheat straw, rice straw, etc. generally constitute the main dietary component for animals. The rumen microbial utilization of these crop residues is hindered by the presence of lignin, which limits its overall digestion process and can significantly influence animal performance, because it is resistant to most of the enzymatic hydrolysis by microorganisms. In nature lignin is degraded by lignolytic enzymes of white rot fungi (WRF). These residues can thus be converted into high quality feed by means of fungal delignification improving their nutritive value. Fungal ligninolysis breaks down the cellulose-hemicellulose matrix liberating …

Mineral Content Of Course Cereals Roughages As Well As Their Requirement In Dairy Animals, Asim Kumar Misra, K. K. Singh, M. M. Das

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The necessity of mineral for growth, reproduction and production as well as normal physiological functions of animal body is well documented. In most of the tropical countries coarse cereal stovers are second major feed resource after wheat and paddy straw used in the livestock feeding. The concentration of macro and trace minerals in crop residues depends on various factors including species (Singh et al., 2005). Further, limited information is available on coarse cereals stovers mineral content. Therefore, the present study was under taken to see the macro and micro mineral content of some coarse cereal stovers in relation to animal …

Plant C, N, P Stoichiometry Was Effected With Nitrogen Deposition On The Loess Plateau, China, Shulan Su, Xudong Li, Decao Niu, Haiyan Wen, Huige Han, Caixia Wu, Hua Fu

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The mass ratio of C:N:P (Carbon: Nitrogen: Phosphorus) in plant tissue can reflect the utilization efficiency of these basic elements (Piao et al. 2005). Additionally, the N:P ratio in plant tissue can be used to detect nutrient limita-tions as N, P or both are most often the driving force for ecosystem development and change (Koerselman and Meuleman 1996). N deposition has been increasing dramatically and it has great influence on the productivity, stability and nutrient supply conditions in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem in recent years (Wang and Yu 2008). Many scholars have focused on the C:N:P stoichiometry of …

Short-Term Effects Of Phosphorus Application On Phosphorus Content In Soil And Dominant Species Under Ungrazed And Grazed Conditions In The Tibetan Plateau, Yajing Guo, Zhengang Guo, Yuying Shen, Xianzhi Wang

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Phosphorus (P) availability in soils is an important indicator for health and growth in plants. The available phosphorus (AP) content of alpine meadow soil in northern China is low. Previous studies of alpine meadow have reported that soil nutrient levels have been significantly improved after a 9-year enclosure (Wu et al. 2010b) whereas continuous grazing over 19 years reduced total P (TP) by 25% in a Leymus chinensis steppe (Li 2001). Many studies have shown that the application of P fertilizer can improve dry matter production and forage quality in cultivated grasslands (Shi et al. 2007). However, the …

Evaluation Of Macro And Micro Mineral Concentration Of Some Common Forages Of Dausa District Of Rajasthan, Sheela Choudhary

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The Rajasthan state is blessed with huge livestock population but the fodder availability is limited in this region. To deal with scarcity the locally available tree leaves and forages are provided to the livestock. Fodder tree/shrub legumes have the potential for alleviating some of the feed shortages and nutritional deficiencies experienced in the dry season on small holder farms. Tree leaves are rich in protein, carotene and minerals and contribute a sizable amount of edible biomass and has been considered as a potential source of sustenance since ages for raising livestock, particularly sheep and goat which are principle grazing animals. …

Nutritional Values And Economics Of Leguminous Blocks As Goat Feed, P. K. Sampatrao Takawale, S. S. Jade, S. D. Ghorpade

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Rearing of ruminant animals i.e. sheep and goats, especially is hampered by the seasonal availability of good quality and quantity of feeds such that during the dry season months, the little available forage is of low quality. The consequences are weight loss, low birth weight, low resistance to disease and reduced animal performance (Fajemisin et al., 2010). One potential way for increasing the quality and availability of feeds for smallholder ruminant animals in the dry season may be through the use of fodder trees and shrub legumes. Leaf protein sources obtained in leaf vegetables, legume trees, fodder trees and …

Effect Of Mineral Supplementation On Rumen Metabolites And Enzymes In Sheep Fed Sorghum Stover Based Diets, Shweta Singh, S. K. Mahanta, Rishi Saxena

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Supplementation of area specific mineral mixture (ASMM) containing Ca, P, Na, Cu, and Zn to producing animals showed noticeable improvement in growth, milk production and reproductive performances. However, there was paucity of information on rumen metabolites and enzymes in animals supplemented with ASMM. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to study the effect of mineral supplementation (ASMM) on rumen metabolites and enzymes in sheep fed sorghum stover based diets.

Selenium Enrichment Of Laboratory Scale Silos Using Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculum, Michael R. F. Lee, Hannah R. Fleming, Christopher Hodgson, David Davies

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Selenium (Se) is a trace element essential for normal cellular function, which has been linked with reduced risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline and thyroid disease in humans. Se deficiency in livestock is associated with white muscle disease, retained placenta, ill-thrift and mastitis. Where Se status or bioavailability from the soil for plants is poor, livestock rely on supplemental Se in their diets either as sodium selenite (inorganic form) or seleno-yeast (organic form). As lactic acid bacteria have been shown to incorporate Se as either organic or elemental (Nano-Se) (Eszenyi et al., 2011) there may be potential to …

Enrichment Of Lactic Acid Silage Bacteria With Selenium By Growing Cultures In Modified Mrs Broth Supplemented With Sodium Selenite, Hannah R. Fleming, Michael R. F. Lee, Christopher Hodgson, Tristan Cogan, David Davies, Michael Lee

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Selenium (Se) is a trace element essential for normal cellular function, which has been linked with reduced risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline and thyroid disease in humans. Se deficiency in livestock is associated with white muscle disease, retained placenta, ill-thrift and mastitis. Where Se status or bioavailability from the soil for plants is poor, livestock rely on supplemental Se in their diets either as sodium selenite (inorganic form) or seleno-yeast (organic form). As lactic acid bacteria have been shown to incorporate Se as either organic or elemental (Nano-Se), (Eszenyi et al., 2011) there may be potential to use …

In-Vitro Fermentation Study Of Some Grasses Utilized By Camels In Arid Ecosystem, Ashok Kumar Nagpal

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Camel, the ship of desert feeds on a variety of feeds and fodders of grasses, crop residues and shrubs/bushes. The various types of feeds and fodders are the source of nutrient supply upon which depends the production performance of the animal. It is, thus, essential to create the data base of feeds and fodders and their nutrient contents for the formulation of balanced ration for the animals. The analysis of proximate components and detergent fibre components are generally done to get idea about the nutrient availability to the animal. In vivo evaluation provides the real picture of feeds and fodders …

Prediction Of The Chemical Composition And Fermentation Parameters Of Fresh Coarse Italian Ryegrass Haylage Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Hyung Soo Park, Sang Hoon Lee, Ki Choon Choi, Ji Hye Kim, Jong Geun Kim, Gi Jun Choi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is an annual forage grass species which is widely cultivated in South Korea. It grows extensively in the southern part of the country and is an important component of winter forage for livestock. Each year, in Korea, over one million hectares of Italian ryegrass is converted to round bale haylage. Quality control is an important field in forage utilization research and marketing, and involves the estimation of forage nutrient content. Wet chemistry is the traditional method used to analyze the nutrient content of forage. However, this technique is often destructive, expensive, and time consuming, …

Comparison Of Protein And Energy Intake, Passage Rate And Roughage Value Index Of A Common Reed (Phragmites Communis Trin.) Silage-Based Diet With Those Of A Hay-Based Diet In Ewes At Maintenance, Anri Kawasumi, Kohei Takahashi, Motohiko Ishida, Keigo Asano

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The international demand for hay has increased due to the rising needs of newly industrializing countries and the unstable production of feed caused by abnormal weather all over the world. The price of imported hay has thus risen sharply, resulting in problems at beef and dairy farms in Japan. The use of domestic hay has the potential to solve these issues. The common reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) is a wild grass distributed widely in abandoned paddy fields and riverside sites throughout Japan. Common reed has an annual dry matter (DM) yield of 10t ha–1 and is approx. 20% crude …

Milk Production And Nutrient Efficiency Of Lactation Goats On Diet Containing Linseed Cake, Mustard Cake And Guar Korma With Urea In Concentrates, Manoj Kumar Tripathi, Prabhat Tripathi, Ravindra Kumar, U. B. Chaudhary, D. L. Gupta, Ramkesh Meena

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Protein supplements, those conventionally used in goat feeding includes oil meals of ground nut, soybean meal, linseed and til etc., which are very costly and their availability is limited for ruminant feeding as these are most used in pig and poultry rations. However, mustard (Brassica juncea) oil meal is available in plenty at cheaper prices but their utilization in goat feeding is limited due to its bitterness (Pailan and Singhal, 2007), which arises upon degradation of glucosinolate contents of mustard (Tripathi and Mishra, 2007). Ruminant animals have unique capability of bioconversion of nonprotein nitrogen substances into microbial protein, …

Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics Of Integrated Crop-Pasture Systems With Annual And Perennial Forages, Maria V. Pravia, Armen R. Kemanian, José A. Terra

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Increased demand for food and bioenergy crops and the subsequent intensification of crop production creates a challenge for the conservation of natural resources in Latin America and the world. In Uruguay, no-till cash-crop production area has increased from 0.4 to 1.5 million ha in the last decade (DIEA 2011) mostly at the expense of pastureland through expanding grain production to soils with lower land use capability. Production systems based on crop-pasture rotations shifted to a longer annual cropping phase with a shorter pasture phase, or to continuous annual crop-ping. Long-term experiments in the country have shown that the rotation of …

Tiller Population Stability Of Aruana Guineagrass Subjected To Cutting Severities And Fertilized With Nitrogen, Alessandra A. Giacomini, Karina Batista, Maria T. Colozza, Waldssimiler T. Mattos, Luciana Gerdes, Ivani P. Otsuki, Joaquim C. Werner

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Tiller appearance, death and survival rates determine the persistency of each grass species and their herbage accumulation. The balance between these factors may vary with frequency and intensity of grazing and nitrogen (N) fertilization. Separated analysis of data on tiller appearance and survival or death may not indicate if tiller population is stable in a given time, that is, if tiller appearance in relation to tiller survival is large enough to maintain tiller population stable. In order to avoid that, an integrated analysis of tiller appearance and death was used, the tiller population stability index (SI), as defined by Bahmani …

Effect Of Different Additives On Fermentation Characteristics Of Fodder Sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor (L) Moench] Compared To Co-3 (Pennisetum Perpureum X Pennisetum Americarnum), Ayesha Abeysinghe, Sujatha Premaratne, G. G. C. Premalal

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Milk production plays a vital role to overcome the nutritional poverty in all aged groups of people. But there are many kinds of constraints to sustainable milk production in Sri Lanka. The biggest problem is high cost of feeding of dairy animals due to high price of compounded feeds, lack of knowledge on methods of low-cost feed supplementation and seasonal fluctuations in ruminant feed resources. Less availability of good quality green forages has led to low productivity from national dairy herd of Sri Lanka during the dry season (Premaratne and Premalal, 2006). Silage production is one of the most popular …

Effect Of Growth Stage On The Macro Mineral Concentrations Of Forbs And Grasses In A Semi-Arid Region Of Sudan, Sahar Ezzat, Babo Fadlalla

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Ruminants grazing forages in severely mineral-deficient areas may be more restricted by this condition than by inadequacy of energy or protein. Mineral imbalances in soils and forages are responsible for low production and reproduction in grazing livestock. As grazing livestock are not usually offered mineral supplements apart from common salt, they depend upon forages for their requirements. However forages rarely fully satisfy all mineral requirements. Mineral intakes of livestock are influenced by the factors that determine the mineral content of plants and their seeds. The concentrations of minerals in plants depend largely on plant genotype, soil environment, climate and stage …

The Effect Of Different Types Of Inoculants On The Characteristics Of Alfalfa, Ryegrass And Red Clover-Ryegrass-Timothy Silage, Vilma Vrotniakiene, Jonas Jatkauskas

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Silage inoculants based on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have demonstrated improvements in energy and nutrient recovery from grass and legume silages by lowering the pH and shifting the fermentation towards lactic acid production, by reducing storage losses due to spoilage and by increasing the aerobic stability during feed-out. There are different mixtures of strains currently on the market.

The present study was conducted according to the Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft Guidelines for the testing of silage additives in order to assess which mixtures of lactic acid bacteria would have a greater potential to improve fermentation profile of alfalfa, perennial ryegrass and red …

Silage Characteristics Of Sugarcane (Sacchrum Officinarum) Tops In Sri Lanka, Y. M. H. N. Jayathilake, Sujatha Premaratne, W. R. G. Witharama, G. G. C. Premalal

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Sugarcane tops (SCTs) is generally known to be a major byproduct of sugarcane industry which is currently not utilized in a profitable manner and it is widely available at low cost particularly during the dry period in Sri Lanka when the forage are scarce for feeding of ruminants. Usually, the residue after sugarcane harvesting contains dry leaves, fresh leaves and growing point of the stalk. It increases drying of leaves in the field within 2 to 3 days after harvesting due to dry weather conditions prevailing in the harvesting period and much of the tops are burned and wasted in …

Nutritive Value And Silage Quality In Fodder Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor), Maize (Zea Mays) And Hybrid Napier (Pennisetum Americarnum × P. Purpureum) Grown In Sri Lanka, P. G. G. Bandara, W. A. D. Nayananjalie, G. G. C. Premalal

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

For continuous genetic improvement of cows, nutrition and management conditions should be improved to allow cow to produce its inherited potential production. However, many farmers not pay desired attention on forage quality and one of the main reasons for the low productivity of dairy cattle is under nutrition. Therefore, production of high quality fodder varieties is vital for strengthening the dairy sector in Sri Lanka. Hybrid Napier var. CO-3 is widely used for cattle feeding in Sri Lanka. It is important to find out other forage varieties with maximum nutritive values and minimum anti-nutritive factors which can be used as …

Nitrogen Retention And Microbial Protein Yield Of Desmodium Uncunatum, Mucuna Pruriens And Vigna Unguiculata Forage Legumes In Goats, Joseph J. Baloyi, Katsande Simbarashe, F. V. Nherera-Chokuda, N. T. Ngongoni

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Forage legumes have high potential degradability, indicating that they might need to stay in the rumen for a longer time (MolinaAlcaide et al., 1996) to increase microbial protein yield. Microbial protein contributes about two thirds of the amino acids absorbed by ruminants (Pathak 2008). Protein supplements which have proper levels of rumen undegradable protein provide growth limiting amino acids like lysine and methionine (Rezai et al., 2012). Nyambati et al. (2003) showed that milk production can be increased by supplementing with velvet bean, highlighting the importance of integrating legumes into the low-input, mixed cropping systems in the tropics. The current …

Mineral Content Of Grasses From Natural Pasture In South West Nigeria, Alaba O. Jolaosho, Okukenu Oluwafemi Adeyemi, O. A. Okukenu, E. Fabusoro

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Nigeria’s grassland grows on uncultivated land on which animals have access for grazing. These are found along roadsides and fallow lands in the coastal forest zones of Nigeria. Most of the natural grassland/rangeland assumes more important proportions in the open derived savanna zones of the country. Ruminant production during dry season is limited by low productivity of pasture forages, which often contain too low mineral concentration to meet the minimum requirement for optimal productivity of livestock (Annison and Bryden, 1998).

Evaluation Of Biopesticides Against Spotted Alfalfa Aphid, Therioaphis Spp On Alfalfa, M. Anuradha, R. Susheela, T. Shashikala, M. Shanti, G. Anitha

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Alfalfa or Lucerne, Medicago sativa L. recognised as the oldest among the forage crops, also called as Queen of forages is considered as a superior feed for dairy, horses etc because it is quickly digested, relatively high in protein, low in NDF, excellent source of Ca, Mg, P, vit D and carotene. As a legume it is also known to improve soil structure because it is effective source of biological nitrogen. It mainly suffers both qualitatively and quantitatively from the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata and pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Green fodder yield losses were reported to be 33% …

Seed Biopriming A Novel Tool For Production Of Disease Free Fodder, H. B. Singh

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Indian agriculture is characterized by intertwined practices of crop production and animal husbandry. Domesticated animals have been energy source for farm operations and protein source. Fodder crops vitally serve as main source of food for the livestock. Major limitations in production of fodder crops are poor distribution of resources due to their noncommercial status, non-availability of quality/certified seeds and various diseases.

Integrated Disease Management Of Root Rot Disease Of Cowpea ( Vigna Unguiculata (L) Walp.), Pradeep Saxena, R. B. Bhaskar

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) is a warm season annual leguminous fodder crop. It is rich in protein and forms an excellent mixture with maize, sorghum, pearl millet and teosinte for increasing the milk production. The productivity of green fodder cowpea is approximately 25-45 t/ha in India. Pests and diseases hampers crop establishment, impair forage quality and reduces green fodder and seed yield. Besides causing direct yield losses they also suppress nodulation and consequently negating the maximum nitrogen fixation. The losses in green fodder and seed yields were estimated to be about 28.8 and 39.7 per cent, respectively (Ram …

Efficacy Of Various Ipm Modules On Biotic Pressure And Green Forage Yield In A Forage Production System (Cowpea + Bn Hybrid – Berseem Mixed With Mustard + Bn Hybrid), N. K. Shah, R. B. Bhaskar, M. I. Azmi, P. K. Tyagi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Various control measures by themselves are not free from one or the other limitations to provide safe, economically viable and efficient in pest population suppression. The economics is much more relevant when we talk of low value commodity like forage crops. Viewing this multifaceted problem and inherent limitations of each control method the ultimate solution lies in integrated pest control expedient. The connotation of the approach is to utilize all the possible methods of control including maximum exploitation of naturally existing populations and regulating factors in as compatible manner as possible to keep the pest population levels below economic threshold. …