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- Simulation (131)
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- Modeling and simulation (34)
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- Collision detection (14)
- Deep reinforcement learning (14)
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Articles 241 - 270 of 3363
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Simulation Of Pedestrian Emergency Evacuation Considering Terrorist Attack Mode, Shuchao Cao, Jialong Qian
Simulation Of Pedestrian Emergency Evacuation Considering Terrorist Attack Mode, Shuchao Cao, Jialong Qian
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To investigate pedestrian evacuation under the sudden terrorist attack, an evacuation model is established for pedestrians taking into account the terrorist attack mode. The terrorist can take two strategies including attacking the nearest pedestrian and attacking the crowd in the model. The evacuation time, casualties and location distribution in various scenarios under different attack modes are analyzed. The results show that pedestrians need to maintain a proper escape intention when avoiding the terrorist. The closer the initial position of the terrorists to the exit, the greater the number of casualties and the longer the evacuation time. The effect of …
Modeling And Analysis Of Metro Emergency Decision Based On Logical Game Probability Petri Net, Zhe Yan, Wei Liu, Yuyue Du
Modeling And Analysis Of Metro Emergency Decision Based On Logical Game Probability Petri Net, Zhe Yan, Wei Liu, Yuyue Du
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problem that logical Petri net can not describe dynamic game process well, logical game probabilistic Petri net is proposed. The four elements of the game are integrated into the logical Petri net, and the players of the game are defined as an attribute of Token, for which the strategy set and utility function are defined, and the information database is introduced. Probability change and vector are introduced to represent the transformation relationship of empirical probability in the process of game, and fuzzy theory is introduced on the basis of Bayes formula to solve the …
Path Planning Of Mobile Robots Based On Memristor Reinforcement Learning In Dynamic Environment, Hailan Yang, Yongqiang Qi, Baolei Wu, Dan Rong
Path Planning Of Mobile Robots Based On Memristor Reinforcement Learning In Dynamic Environment, Hailan Yang, Yongqiang Qi, Baolei Wu, Dan Rong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the path planning problem of mobile robots in dynamic environment, two-layer path planning algorithm based on improved ant colony algorithm and MA-DQN algorithm is proposed. Static global path planning is accomplished by ant colony algorithm that improved the probabilistic transfer function and the pheromone updating principle; the traditional DQN algorithm structure is improved by using the memristor as the synaptic structure of neural network, and then completed the local dynamic obstacle avoidance of the mobile robot. The path planning mechanism is switched according to whether there are dynamic obstacles within the sensing range of the …
Research On Nested Named Entity Recognition In Missile Field Text, Jingwen Guan, Xiao Song, Xiaoqing Li, Tong Yang, Junhua Zhou
Research On Nested Named Entity Recognition In Missile Field Text, Jingwen Guan, Xiao Song, Xiaoqing Li, Tong Yang, Junhua Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Compared with the text recognition in conventional fields, it is difficult to recognize the large number of nested named entities in professional terms. This is also one of the care challenges in building the knowledge graph in aerospace field. For the named entity recognition technologies, bidirectional long short-term memory network plus conditional random field (BiLSTM-CRF) is often used to identify entities, which is difficult to distinguish the complex relationships such as nesting and intersection of terms in missile field. In order to solve the problem, based on the nested entity labeling of domain text, a nested named entity recognition …
Robot Path Planning By Fusing Particle Swarm Algorithm And Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm, Menglong Cao, Wenbin Zhao, Zhiqiang Chen
Robot Path Planning By Fusing Particle Swarm Algorithm And Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm, Menglong Cao, Wenbin Zhao, Zhiqiang Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the long paths and slow convergence speed of GWO algorithm in robot path planning, a hybrid PSO-GWO algorithm based on PSO algorithm and the improved GWO algorithm is proposed. By running PSO algorithm for many times, the initial wolf group size and initial fitness value are determined. A nonlinear convergence factor is introduced to balance the exploration and development capabilities of GWO algorithm, and a dynamic inertia weight factor is proposed to ensure the leadership system of alpha wolf and to promote the population communication. Levy flight and greedy strategy are used to effectively avoid the local …
Lidar Slam Mapping Method Adapted To Environmental Spatial Changes, Songming Jiao, Xin Yao, Hui Ding, Yufei Zhong
Lidar Slam Mapping Method Adapted To Environmental Spatial Changes, Songming Jiao, Xin Yao, Hui Ding, Yufei Zhong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In the environment with obvious changes in space size, aiming at the drift and other problems of the existing algorithm, Adp-lio-sam mapping method is proposed to adapt to the environment space changes, and improve the generality of lio-sam algorithm. Point cloud dewarping method is improved, and Kalman filter algorithm is used to carry out the motion compensation data by fusing lidar interframe pose interpolation and IMU interpolation. Fuzzy algorithm is used to adapt different points filtering thresholds for different spatial environments and the constraints of loop closure detection are optimized. Experimental results show that, compared with the existing …
Learning Variable Neighborhood Search Algorithm For Transportation-Assembly Collaborative Optimization Problem, Tengfei Zhang, Rong Hu, Bin Qian, Lü Yang
Learning Variable Neighborhood Search Algorithm For Transportation-Assembly Collaborative Optimization Problem, Tengfei Zhang, Rong Hu, Bin Qian, Lü Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Aiming at transportation-assembly collaborative optimization problems,an integer programming model is established, and a learning variable neighborhood search with decomposition strategy (LVNS_DS) is proposed. To reduce the difficulty of solving the problem, a decomposition strategy is designed to decompose the original problem into a path planning problem and an assembly line balance problem. LVNS is used to solve the two subproblems, and the subproblem solutions are merged to obtain the complete solution of the original problem.Compared with the conventional VNS, LVNS transforms the neighborhood structure according to the neighborhood action probability value, and dynamically updates the probability value according …
Ar-Assisted Sign Language Letter Recognition Method Based On Improved Mobilenet Network, Chunhong Liu, Song Wang, Fupan Wang, Wensheng Tang, Yunqiang Pei, Dongsheng Tian, Yadong Wu
Ar-Assisted Sign Language Letter Recognition Method Based On Improved Mobilenet Network, Chunhong Liu, Song Wang, Fupan Wang, Wensheng Tang, Yunqiang Pei, Dongsheng Tian, Yadong Wu
Journal of System Simulation
An AR-assisted sign language letter recognition algorithm MS-MobileNet is proposed for the problems of sign language gestures needing to be standardized and low recognition rate. A multi-scale convolution module is designed to extract the low-level features and enhance the feature extraction ability. ELU activation function is used to retain the negative feature information, which combined with a lightweight MobileNet model for the web to improve the recognition accuracy and real-time performance for mobile AR applications. Test results show that compared with the original model, the recognition accuracy of MS-MobileNet on the datasets ASL-M, NUS-II and Creative Senz3D is improved by …
Evolution Analysis Of Manufacturing Supply Chain Layout Considering Import Tax Burden And Customs Clearance Delay, Wuqiang Li
Journal of System Simulation
For foreign suppliers located in the special customs supervision area of free trade zone (FTZ), they can avoid the import tax burden of the remaining inventory can be avoided, but the import clearance may affect the timeliness of supply.Considering the widespread application of pull production, evolutionary game is introduced to study the influence of import tax burden and customs clearance delay on supply chain layout in FTZ. Three evolutionary stability strategies (ESS) are researched, which can be determined by the three conditions constructed by the import tax burden and customs clearance delay. The impact of import tax burden …
Research On Energy Coordination Control Strategy In Dc Microgrid, Zibao Lu, Hao Ding, Fangyun Sun, Ziqiong Ding, Li Gong, Rui Zheng
Research On Energy Coordination Control Strategy In Dc Microgrid, Zibao Lu, Hao Ding, Fangyun Sun, Ziqiong Ding, Li Gong, Rui Zheng
Journal of System Simulation
Aiming of the bus voltage stability and energy flow balance in DC microgrids,a switching control strategy based on the energy balance relationship of DC microgrid is proposed. The bus voltage balance of DC microgrid is transformed into energy balance, and DC microgrid is modeled as a linear switching system with five modes. A controller is designed for each mode to stabilize the bus voltage. To achieve the seamless and smooth switching between modes, on the basis of maintaining the stability of any switching, the corresponding mode switching rules are given based on the energy flow characteristics of microgrid.Theoretical …
Semantic Segmentation Model Based On Adaptive Fusion And Attention Refinement, Yun Wei, Qi Luo, Yingzhi Zhao
Semantic Segmentation Model Based On Adaptive Fusion And Attention Refinement, Yun Wei, Qi Luo, Yingzhi Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Aiming at the insufficient use of context information and loss of detail information of the existing semantic segmentation, a model based on adaptive fusion and attention refinement is proposed.The model introduces an adaptive fusion module in the process of coding, and solves the insufficient use of context information by fusing each feature map according to the corresponding weight. An attention thinning module is designed in the process of decoding, so that the low-order features and high-order features can guide and optimize each other to solve the loss of detail information.The experimental results show that the average intersection union …
Summary Of Simulation Technology And Its Application In Training Field, Zhiming Qiu, Heng Li, Yufang Zhou, Duzheng Qing
Summary Of Simulation Technology And Its Application In Training Field, Zhiming Qiu, Heng Li, Yufang Zhou, Duzheng Qing
Journal of System Simulation
High-tech weapons operations and battlefield environment become more and more increasingly sophisticated. It is an effective way to resolve the conflicts between huge equipment training cost and limited resources and improve training quality by building networked systematic and intelligent simulation training equipment and system and conducting systematic countermeasure simulation training based on present simulation technologies and training resources. The current situation and trend of the development of system architecture of simulation simulation modeling enemy simulation information system simulation etc are evaluated and summarized. It initially analyses the application and efficacy on the US Navy's normalized training environment typical systems such …
Particle Swarm Optimization For New Energy Truck Scheduling In Network Environment, Chuanchao Zhao, Rui Zheng, Li Gong, Xiaolu Ma
Particle Swarm Optimization For New Energy Truck Scheduling In Network Environment, Chuanchao Zhao, Rui Zheng, Li Gong, Xiaolu Ma
Journal of System Simulation
In V2X intelligent network environment, the dispatching system of new energy trucks needs real-time dynamic information.The system under traditional particle swarm scheduling method is prone to fall into local optimum and low solution efficienty.An improved particle swarm scheduling method for new energy trucks is proposed on the basis of multi-objective optiminaztion research. The inertia weight update method is improvedso that the inertia weight decreases non-linearly, andthe risk of the system falling into local optimum is reduced.A priori path encoding method is designed and optimized,the solution efficiency of the algorithm is improved, …
Application Of Digital Twin In Digital Transformation Of Thermal Power Units, Ze Dong, Wei Jiang, Xiaoyan Wang, Lei Liu
Application Of Digital Twin In Digital Transformation Of Thermal Power Units, Ze Dong, Wei Jiang, Xiaoyan Wang, Lei Liu
Journal of System Simulation
A new state estimation algorithm is proposed to improve the accuracy to obtain the optimal state estimation of distribution network against FDI attack. In the case of phasor measurement units being attacked and the measurement results being alteredthe optimal Kalman estimate can be decomposed into a weighted sum of local state estimates. Focusing on the insecurity of the weighted sum methoda convex optimization based on local estimation is proposed to replace the method and combine the local estimation into a secure state estimation. The simulation results show that the proposed estimator is consistent with the Kalman …
Secure State Estimation Of Distribution Network Based On Kalman Filter Decomposition, Xinghua Liu, Siwen Dong, Jiaqiang Tian
Secure State Estimation Of Distribution Network Based On Kalman Filter Decomposition, Xinghua Liu, Siwen Dong, Jiaqiang Tian
Journal of System Simulation
A new state estimation algorithm is proposed to improve the accuracy to obtain the optimal state estimation of distribution network against FDI attack. In the case of phasor measurement units being attacked and the measurement results being altered,the optimal Kalman estimate can be decomposed into a weighted sum of local state estimates. Focusing on the insecurity of the weighted sum method,a convex optimization based on local estimation is proposed to replace the method and combine the local estimation into a secure state estimation. The simulation results show that the proposed estimator is consistent with the Kalman …
Joint Optimization Strategy Of Computing Offloading And Edge Caching For Intelligent Connected Vehicles, Fei Ding, Yuchen Sha, Ying Hong, Xiao Kuai, Dengyin Zhang
Joint Optimization Strategy Of Computing Offloading And Edge Caching For Intelligent Connected Vehicles, Fei Ding, Yuchen Sha, Ying Hong, Xiao Kuai, Dengyin Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
To guarantee the low-delay communication of intelligent connected vehicles, the V2X channel model and the multi-access edge computing (MEC) technology, are used to carry out the research of the joint optimization strategy of computing offloading and edge caching.An intelligent connected vehicle with task offloading and edge caching model least-deep deterministic policy gradient(L-DDPG) is developed.By integrating the vehicular local and edge computing resources, the classification processing of different computing tasks in V2X scenarios is supported.The vehicular computing request is prejudged by edge platform to ensure the rapid response of continuous homogeneous computing tasks. Combining with the least recently …
An Approach To Solving The Incoming Target Based On Uncertain Time Series, Jing Yang, Minghua Lu, Xingchen Hu, Jinping Wu
An Approach To Solving The Incoming Target Based On Uncertain Time Series, Jing Yang, Minghua Lu, Xingchen Hu, Jinping Wu
Journal of System Simulation
The traditional solution method for the incoming attacking target in water lacks the time series characteristics mining on multi-dimensional and uncertain observation data. Aiming at the time series prediction with high complexity and missing data, a method based on adaptive window interpolation and deep variable weight long-term and short-term memory network model for missing time series observation data with multiple sampling frequencies is proposed, which is compared and verified on the simulation data and public test data set.Aiming at the random missing problem caused by the inconsistency of sampling frequency of multi-source observation information, an adaptive window imputation method …
Opto-Mechanical-Thermal Coupling Analysis Method And Implementation Of High-Precision Optical System, Liang Zhao, Zhigang Zhang, Yao Sun
Opto-Mechanical-Thermal Coupling Analysis Method And Implementation Of High-Precision Optical System, Liang Zhao, Zhigang Zhang, Yao Sun
Journal of System Simulation
High-precision optical system is easy to be affected by space environment. Under the condition of high temperature, structural load, etc., the image quality of the optical system becomes poor, and the opto-mechanical-thermal coupling analysis is needed. Due to the independent development of the optical simulation, structure simulation, thermal simulation and others, the simulation data can not be effectively coupled and transferred.An interdisciplinary coupling analysis method is proposed, in which the integrated analysis idea is adopted and the polynomial fitting is used as the interface to solve the irregular deformation of optical element surface. Through the implement of the best …
Simulation Research On Cooperative Control For Aircraft Ground Deicing Operation, Liwen Wang, Biao Li, Zhiwei Xing, Guan Lian
Simulation Research On Cooperative Control For Aircraft Ground Deicing Operation, Liwen Wang, Biao Li, Zhiwei Xing, Guan Lian
Journal of System Simulation
Aiming at the weak cooperation and low efficiency in aircraft ground deicing operation,a cooperative control method for deicing operations is designed based on the consistency of information states.A two-stage deicing Agent model is proposed and a multi-objective collaborative optimization model with the best deicing effect and the shortest deicing time is established. Lagrangian relaxation algorithm is applied to construct a feasible solution for the optimal operating parameters. Combined with the deicing process and mode, the cooperative graph of deicing operation is studied based on the operating topology, and the cooperative control method of ground deicing is constructed …
Agent-Based Ecosystem Simulation Research Under Forest Fire, Ying Li, Nisuo Du, Zhi Ouyang
Agent-Based Ecosystem Simulation Research Under Forest Fire, Ying Li, Nisuo Du, Zhi Ouyang
Journal of System Simulation
An Agent-based multi-species simulation model under forest fireis proposed to study the effect of forest fire on the balance of animal species population.By abstracting elements of each type of species and fire in the forest fire process as agents, the attributes and behavior rules of each type of agents according to the real characteristics of each type of species and forest fire are refined. ABM model is used to show the characteristics of multi-agent interaction in complex systems, and construct a multi-species forest ecological model and a forest fire model. On the basis of validating the rationality of …
Fault Indicator Configuration Optimization Based On Cooperative Game Particle Swarm Algorithm, Xu Wang, Weidong Ji, Guohui Zhou
Fault Indicator Configuration Optimization Based On Cooperative Game Particle Swarm Algorithm, Xu Wang, Weidong Ji, Guohui Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
In order to balance the reliability and economy of distribution network fault indicator, a multispace cooperative game particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. Based on the idea of population space grouping, the population activity space is adaptively divided, the particle game evolution in subspace is achieved, and the game calculation of particle fusion cosine similar reverse strategy is carried out, which well balances the convergence and diversity of the algorithm. The simulation results show that the adaptive multi-space division of population is conducive to jumping out of the local extreme value, and the game calculation integrating cosine similar reverse is …
Golden Eagle Optimizer Algorithm Combining Levy Flight And Brownian Motion, Jiaxin Deng, Damin Zhang, Qing He, Jianping Zhao
Golden Eagle Optimizer Algorithm Combining Levy Flight And Brownian Motion, Jiaxin Deng, Damin Zhang, Qing He, Jianping Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Aiming at the slow attenuation and low convergence precision of golden eagle optimization algorithm, a new algorithm combining Levy fight and Brownian motion is proposed.In order to increase the diversity, Fuch chaotic map is introduced to initialize the golden eagle individuals. Levy flight mechanism and Brownian motion mechanism are introduced into the position update formula of golden eagle individual to improve the search accuracy and help to the jump out of local optimum. The reduction factor is introduced into the overall position update formula of the golden eagle individual to improve the convergence speed. Compared with 9 original …
Research On Application Of Monarch Butterfly Optimization Particle Filter In Slam, Zhiqiang Chen, Menglong Cao, Wenbin Zhao
Research On Application Of Monarch Butterfly Optimization Particle Filter In Slam, Zhiqiang Chen, Menglong Cao, Wenbin Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
In traditional particle filter resampling, weight degradation and loss of particle diversity are prone to occur, which leads to the decrease in filtering accuracy and result in inaccurate robot positioning and inaccurate mapping. An optimized particle filter algorithm based on the improved monarch butterfly algorithm is proposed.The algorithm replaces the particle individual with the monarch butterfly individual, and integrates the migration operator and adjustment operator in the monarch butterfly algorithm into the particle filter algorithm. The adaptive genetic parameters are introduced to the iterative update process of the monarch butterfly, and the linear combination optimization resampling method is used …
Point Cloud Surface Matching Method Based On Precise Matching Of Critical Point, Xiaojuan Ning, Chunxu Li, Jiahao Wang, Jing Tang, Yinghui Wang, Haiyan Jin
Point Cloud Surface Matching Method Based On Precise Matching Of Critical Point, Xiaojuan Ning, Chunxu Li, Jiahao Wang, Jing Tang, Yinghui Wang, Haiyan Jin
Journal of System Simulation
To solve the low matching efficiency and insufficient accuracy of feature-based point cloud surface matching method during critical point matching, a point cloud surface matching method based on the pairing exaction of critical points is proposed.An improved 3D scale-invariant feature transform(3D-SIFT) algorithm based on curvature information is presented to extract the critical points. Fast point feature histograms(FPFH) feature, the angle between the vector from the center to critical points and the principal direction of the model are taken as the constraints to obtain the exact critical point matching point pair set. The initial matching of the model surface is …
Dynamic Simulation Of Urban Agglomeration Passenger Transport Network Vulnerability Based On Multi-Agent, Chengbing Li, Yunfei Li, Peng Wu
Dynamic Simulation Of Urban Agglomeration Passenger Transport Network Vulnerability Based On Multi-Agent, Chengbing Li, Yunfei Li, Peng Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Research on vulnerability of comprehensive passenger transportation network in urban agglomerations helps to ensure the transportation efficiency of intercity travel.A comprehensive passenger transport network model of urban agglomeration is built based on multi-layer complex network theory. Urban transportation transfer factors are considered, actual passenger flow is used to calibrate the station load and capacity and a dynamic model of network cascading failure is constructed. Multi-agents are used to simulate the actual passenger flow, Dijkstra algorithm is used to find the shortest path, and two time-dimensional vulnerability evaluation indicators are proposed.MATLAB is used to carry out the dynamic simulation …
Multi-Robot Formation Control Based On Improved Virtual Spring Model, Yimei Chen, Xiaofan Shi, Baoquan Li
Multi-Robot Formation Control Based On Improved Virtual Spring Model, Yimei Chen, Xiaofan Shi, Baoquan Li
Journal of System Simulation
Aiming at multi-robot system being difficult to avoid obstacles and maintain formation in unknown environment, a cooperative formation obstacle avoidance control algorithm based on the improved virtual spring model is proposed.The virtual spring model is introduced on the basis of leader-follower formation approach, which solves the problems of easy touch and out of formation. The attractive elastic force formula between the robot and the target point is established, and the virtual spring model of the obstacle with adjustable damping is designed to complete the obstacle avoidance behavior of robot. Aiming at some complex concave obstacles, the concept of additional …
A Uav Target Tracking And Control Algorithm Based On Siamrpn, Songming Jiao, Hui Ding, Yufei Zhong, Xin Yao, Jiahao Jiahao Zheng
A Uav Target Tracking And Control Algorithm Based On Siamrpn, Songming Jiao, Hui Ding, Yufei Zhong, Xin Yao, Jiahao Jiahao Zheng
Journal of System Simulation
Aiming at the requirement of autonomously tracking land moving targets of rotary-wing UAVs, an autonomous and stable UAV tracking and control system that can adapt to the common interference environments such as scale changes, occlusions, and attitude changes is constructed.The system extracts the imaging position of the target in airborne camera through the twin network based on deep learning, and obtains the relative pose of the target. The image processing algorithm is designed to process the icons in the tracking frame, and the yaw angle of UAV relative to the tracking target is obtained, Kalman filter is introduced to …
Research And Development Of Immersive Aero-Engine Scene Simulation System, Shun Yao, Zhongzhi Hu, Wenyu Cao, Jiali Yang
Research And Development Of Immersive Aero-Engine Scene Simulation System, Shun Yao, Zhongzhi Hu, Wenyu Cao, Jiali Yang
Journal of System Simulation
The research and development of aero-engines has the characteristics of high precision and interdiscipline. In order to reduce communication costs and to display the engine structure and the state of semi-physical simulator, by applying virtual reality technology,an immersive scene simulation system is built. By studying CAD data lightweight technology and physics-based real-time rendering technology,a rendering optimization method for similar object dynamic batching is proposed, which effectively improves the rendering frame rate. A dynamic parallax adjustment algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of dizziness when having a close look to stereoscopic images. The system achieves the …
Improved Social Force Model Based On Enhancing Psych Behavioral Heterogeneity, Yandong Liu, Gaoxiang Huang, Wen Chen
Improved Social Force Model Based On Enhancing Psych Behavioral Heterogeneity, Yandong Liu, Gaoxiang Huang, Wen Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Simulating the evacuation behavior of people under anxiety is of great significance for solving the kinematic problems such as escape. At present, most at home and abroad studies consider the anxiety factors as the only medium of population evacuation without considering how external key factors affect anxiety factors in such emergency environments. The improved social force model is proposed, combined with Agent-based stampede risk assessment, the influence of key environmental variables on the anxiety factor is quantified. The psychological force parameters are introduced, and the impact of the anxiety factor on the actual evacuation process is applied to the …
Simulation Of Real-Time Path Planning And Formation Control For Unmanned Surface Vessel, Dalei Song, Wenhao Gan, Yingzhi Xu, Xiuqing Qu, Jiangli Cao
Simulation Of Real-Time Path Planning And Formation Control For Unmanned Surface Vessel, Dalei Song, Wenhao Gan, Yingzhi Xu, Xiuqing Qu, Jiangli Cao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Safety and collision-free navigation are the basis of normal navigation of an unmanned surface vessel. The high-fidelity virtual ocean is constructed by using Unity3D.On the basis of the vessel modeling, a real-time path planning and formation control method for unknown complex environments is proposed. Firstly, the local environment information is obtained by the laser sensor. Then the real-time local path planning is completed by combining A-star and route-thinning methods under the replanning strategy. In addition, formation control is carried out based on the leader-follower strategy and consistency method, and the artificial potential field …