Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

A Feasibility Study For Using Computerized Water Well Records To Delineate Areas Of Recharge-Discharge Potential, Lauren D. Hughes

Masters Theses

A method for delineating areas of recharge-discharge potential has been developed utilizing computerized water well records. The methodology is based on the vertical head differences found between wells with shallow depths of submergence and those with deeper depths of submergence. The residual values generated represent the magnitude of vertical potential and can be contoured to delineate areas of recharge-discharge potential. Well data were obtained from the Kalamazoo County Groundwater Database. Well selection was based on depth of submergence and total well depth.

The methodology was tested in Texas and Schoolcraft Townships, the Donnell Lake Study Area, and Kalamazoo County. Regularly …

Geophysical Investigation At The Mouth Of The St. Joseph River Valley And Adjacent Lake Michigan Shoreline In St. Joseph And Benton Harbor, Michigan, David L. Seng

Masters Theses

A combination of geophysical methods were employed in an attempt to characterize a small section of the shoreline of the St. Joseph, Michigan, region of the Lake Michigan shoreline. Electrical resistivity and Ground Penetrating Radar profiles conducted along the shoreline and within the nearshore environment reveal a buried valley of the ancestral St. Joseph river. This valley represents incision of the channel during lowered lake levels at the end of the Pleistocene.

Lakeward dipping radar reflectors are identified throughout the study site. Within the buried valley the reflectors are not glacial till as is the case outside the inferred valley …

Planar Over The Cell Routing, Srinivasa R. Danda

Masters Theses

Planar over the cell routing in standard cell layouts is an important problem and it has been studied quite extensively. In two layer standard cell design methodology, Ml layer is typically used for connections internal to the cell, and the M2 layer is available for routing over-the-cell. In this thesis, we consider the Two Row Maximum Planar Subset (TRMPS) problem in Over-The-Cell routing. The TRMPS problem requires selection of the maximum planar subset of nets, which can be routed between two rows of terminals in a cell row. This problem was first encountered by Cong, Liu, and Preas [3]. They …

Hydrogeochemical Delineation Of A Groundwater Flow System, Berrien County, Michigan, Patrick J. Bartnik

Masters Theses

The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of determining groundwater flow directions from natural variations in groundwater chemistry. Groundwater samples were analyzed for major cation and anion concentrations. These data were to have been contoured and then compared with groundwater flow maps generated by conventional methods. The purpose was to determine whether a correlation could be drawn between the two methods. However, the results of the study did not allow for this comparison.

The plotted major cation and anion data did not lend themselves to contouring, which suggests that greater control may be required during the selection …

An Experimental Apparatus For Studying Differential Scattering Of Multiply-Charged Ions From Neutral Targets Following Capture, John Edward Edens

Masters Theses

An experimental apparatus has been designed, enabling measurement of angular differential cross sections for single-electron capture (SEC). The design consists of a microchannel plate detector with a one-dimensional position sensitive anode. A bow-time shaped aperture was employed to convert a radially scattered distribution into an approximate linear one. An electrostatic retarding grid was used to separate SEC contributions from the reaction products. Measurements were made of the angular differential cross sections for SEC of Ar^q+ (q=4-6,8) ions scattering from He and Ar at impact energies of 600 to 3000 eV and angles between 0 and 23 mrad. The experimental …

A Unified Approach To Multilayer Routing, Sreekrishna Madhwapathy

Masters Theses

Several Over-the-Cell (OTC) routing algorithms have been proposed for two and three layer processes. All the existing OTC routers assume that the terminals are laid out in a specific predetermined fashion. These restrictions on the terminals complicate the task of cell design and increase the width of the cells.

In this thesis, we report two results. First, we present a new layout methodology, for obtaining minimum width cells, with arbitrarily located terminals. Next, we develop a multilayer routing approach, which is independent of the cell model used in the layout design. Freed from fixed terminal placement restrictions, cell designers can …

Structural Effects On Micellar Catalyzed Hydrolysis Of Hydroxamic Acids With Perfluorooctanoic Acid As Surfactant, Xing Zhang

Masters Theses

This thesis demonstrated the structural effects on micellar catalyzed hydrolysis of hydroxamic acids with prefluorooctanoic acid as the reactive counterion surfactant in aqueous acetonitrile solution.

For different hydroxamic acids, the observed pseudo-first order rate constant-surfactant concentration profiles were obtained and were used in the determination of critical micellar concentrations (cmc).

The micellar catalytic effect was satisfactorily explained by the pseudo-phase ion exchange (PPIE) model. The PPIE model was successfully applied in the determination of the reaction rate constants both in the water phase and in micellar pseudo-phase.

Further investigation into more appropriate hydroxamic acids is suggested in order to obtain …

The Synthesis Of N-Chlorosulfonyl Β-Lactams And Their Rearrangements, Lihua Zhang

Masters Theses

The synthesis of several N-chlorosulfonyl-β-lactams and their rearrangements have been carried out via CSI (chlorosulfonylisocyanate) reaction. The mechanism of β-lactam synthesis as well as its rearrangements were also studied. The characterization of β-lactams was performed with IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, and HRMS. β-lactams 2-chlorosulfonyl-1-methyl-2-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octan-3-one (71), 1-chlorosulfonyl-4-methyl-4- (phenylmethyl)azetidin-2-one (74) and 1-chlorosulfonyl-4,4- (diphenylmethyl)azetidin-2-one (75) were synthesized for the first time. β-lactam 4-chlorosulfonyl-3, 9, 9-trimethyl-4-azatricyclo [6.1.0.0^3,6] nonan-5-one (73) was obtained as crystalline solid instead of liquid.

Different effects, such as temperature, solvents and catalysts, on the rearrangement of the …

Equilibrium And Kinetic Studies Of Isomerization Of (Oc)5m[Η1-Pph2ch2ch(Pph2)2] And (Oc)5m[Η1-Pph2ch(Pph2)Ch2pph2] (M=Cr, Mo, W), Weiying Lin

Masters Theses

It has been found that (OC)₅M[η¹-PPh₂CH₂CH(PPh₂)₂] and (OC)₅M[η¹-PPh₂CH(PPh₂)CH₂PPh₂] (M=Cr, Mo, W) exist in equilibrium in solution. This linkage isomerization is the first experimental evidence for the exchange of terminal and coordinated phosphorus groups in pentacarbonyl complexes of group 6 metals.

(OC)₅M[η¹-PPh₂CH₂CH(PPh₂)₂] ⇌ (OC)₅M[η¹-PPh₂CH(PPh₂)CH₂PPh₂]

(M = Cr, Mo, W)

In this work, equilibrium …

Reproductive Success Of Grassland Birds At East-Central Illinois Airports, Eric L. Kershner

Masters Theses

We determined the densities and reproductive success of birds on airport grasslands in east-central Illinois. Seven airports were sampled between 10 April and 15 August 1994 in Clark, Coles, Crawford, Douglas, Edgar, Macon and Richland counties. Nineteen species were detected on the airport grasslands and 147 nests were found representing six different species. Eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) were the most abundant nesting species found; 105 out of the 147 nests (71%). Other nesting species included: grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) and horned lark (Eremophilia alpestris). Overall nest success was …

The Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel 5,6-Disubstituted 1,10-Phenanthrolines, Liansheng Zeng

Masters Theses

Two new ligands, 5-amino-6-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (5-NH₂-6-NO₂-phen), produced by amination of 5-NO₂-1,10-phenanthroline, and 5,6-diamino-1,10-phenanthroline (5,6-(NH₂) ₂-phen) ,produced by reduction of 5-NH₂-6-NO₂-phen, have been synthesized and characterized. The ligand 5-NH₂-6-NO₂-phen has been coordinated to a Ru(II) metal center to produce the Ru(II)-polypyridine complex [ (bpy) ₂Ru (5-NH₂-6-NO₂-phen)] (PF₆ ) ₂ (bpy= 2, 2' -bipyridine) . This complex has been characterized by IR, UV-Vis, ¹H-NMR, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) .

Isomerization And Chelation Studies Of Dangling Phosphine Complexes Of Group 6, Zhongjiang Jia

Masters Theses

Vinyl addition reactions, catalyzed by 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), have been used to prepare six pentacarbonyl complexes of group 6, each of which contains a dangling Ph₂PCH₂CH₂P(p-tol)₂ ligand.

Each of the six complexes undergoes slow isomerizationand chelation at 55 °C in perdeuterated toluene:

The reactions were monitored by ³¹P{¹H} NMR spectroscopy. The isomerization reactions are reversible in solution, while the chelated products form irreversibly with the loss of carbon monoxide. The rate constants, K₁ and K_-1, have been determined for the three pairs of linkage isomers. Equilibrium …

Novel Compounds (Including Transition-Metal Complexes) Based On 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-Dione, Hui Zhou

Masters Theses

This thesis describes the synthesis of the transition metal complex [(bpy) ₂Os^II (pptd)] (PF₆)₂^·2H₂O, an analog of [(bpy) ₂Ru^II (pptd)] (PF₆)₂^·2H₂O. Spectroscopic and electrochemical data on this complex are reported here. It was found that the electronic communication between the metal center and the pteridinedione portion of pptd did not appear to be enhanced in the Os(II) complex relative to its Ru(II) analog. The increased ability of Os(II) to undergo backbonding appeared to affect only the 1,10-phenanthroline portion of pptd.

A useful …

The Synthesis And Characterization Of [Ruii (Bpy) 2 (Biphen) ] (Pf6)2 And [ (Bpy) 2ruii (Biphen) Ruii (Bpy) 2] (Pf6)4, Mei-Yueh Chang

Masters Theses

A new bidentate polypyridine bridging ligand (biphen), produced by the condensation of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione with 5,6-diamino-phenanthroline has been synthesized and characterized. In addition the monometallic complex [(bpy)₂Ru^II(biphen)](PF₆)₂ and the bimetallic complex [(bpy)₂Ru^II(biphen)Ru^II(bpy)₂](PF₆)₄ have been prepared. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and by cyclic voltsmmetry(CV).

The results of these analyses seem to indicate that biphen acts like two independent units when attached to a - Ru^II(bpy)₂ fragment. a bipyridine portion and a phenazine portion. Moreover, …

The Photonic Band Structure Of Dielectric Systems With A Frequency Dependent Dielectric Function, Jiezhou Liu

Masters Theses

The concepts of band theory for electrons can be employed to describe the behavior of electromagnetic waves propagaiting in periodic dielectric structures with a frequency independent dielectric function. These periodic structures can produce photonic band gaps in which the propagation of electromagnetic waves is strictly prohibited. The introduction of a frequency dependent dielectric function in such systems gives rise to strong changes of the photonic bands in the neighborhood of the frequency resonance of the dielectric function.

In my thesis, the photonic band structure of a dielectric system with a frequency dependent dielectric function which undergoes a dielectric resonance will …

An Experimental Apparatus For Studying Double Differential Scattering By Low-Energy Multiply Charged Ions From Atomic Targets, Meenatchi S. Gopinathan

Masters Theses

A new differential energy-gain spectrometer with a movable parallel-plate electrostatic energy analyzer has been constructed and tested for the study of double differential (in energy and angle) cross sections for state-selective electron capture processes in collisions of low-energy multiply charged ions with atomic gases. The ion beam is produced by extracting recoil ions from a primary interaction region where these ions are generated in collisions between a neutral target gas and a fast fluorine beam from the WMU tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. An einzel lens is used to focus the ion beam extracted from the recoil-ion source into a …

Geological And Hydrogeological Characterization Of The Schoolcraft Aquifer, Schoolcraft, Michigan, William K. Steinmann

Masters Theses

Newly installed monitoring wells, county well logs, gamma-ray logs, head measurements, flow nets, slug tests, and full aquifer pumping tests were utilized to characterize the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions of the area. Evaluation of the geologic conditions indicate that the study area is best described as a glacially generated, humid type, alluvial fan. A hydrogeologic facies model concept aided in the initial evaluation of the hydrogeologic conditions and was utilized for the placement of several vertically nested monitoring wells. Further evaluation indicates an unconfined aquifer comprised of two separate flow systems: a shallow, local flow system interacting with flow-through surface …

Investigations Of Glacial-Drift Aquifer-Lake Interactions Using Hydrogeology, Geochemistry, And Stable Isotopes At Asylum Lake, Michigan, Vincent E. Buening

Masters Theses

A hydrogeological investigation of Asylum Lake and its associated unconfined glacial-drift aquifer in Kalamazoo, Michigan was undertaken to define the lake-aquifer interaction at the study area. In addition, the impact of development proximal to the study area on ground water and lake-water quality was evaluated. Hydrogeology, inorganic water chemistry, and stable isotopic ratios of deuterium to hydrogen were employed to establish the interaction of the lake and the aquifer.

The findings from this study indicated that: (a) the sandy unconfined glacial-drift aquifer discharges into the lake along its western margin and is recharged by the lake along its eastern margin; …

Absolute Photonic Band Gaps Of Zincblende, Ulrich Bass

Masters Theses

One concept of examining the propagation of an electromagnetic wave through a periodic structure is the dispersion curve which relates the frequency of the propagating wave to its wave vector. In some cases frequency ranges occur where no propagation is possible. These ranges are called absolute photonic band gaps as far as periodic dielectric structures are concerned.

In my thesis I am interested in the dispersion curve of a Zincblende type dielectric array. Zincblende is a diamond-like structure and it has been shown that diamond structures possess absolute photonic band gaps. In studying Zincblende we want to gain deeper insight …

An Evaluation Of Five Perfluorinated Hydrocarbons As Tracers In Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids, Jennifer K. Bergin

Masters Theses

Tracers are used in many facets of hydrogeological investigations. At this time, only tracers for aqueous phase liquids are known. The object of this investigation is to assess the viability of a suite of hydrocarbons as tracers m underground spills of non-aqueous phase liquids.

Laboratory experiments were performed to determine if the potential tracers were soluble in common petroleum hydrocarbons, non-volatile, differentiable and quantifiable by GC/MS, and conservative.

The first compound tested, perfluorokerosene, was detected but could not effectively be determined quantitatively with the GC/MS. Its use should be restricted to investigations in which only its presence, and not its …

Subsurface Glacial Geology Of The Area Between The Tekonsha And Kalamazoo Moraines, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, Kim Finkbeiner

Masters Theses

Cross sections profiling the stratigraphy of the glacial sediments were created using the geological logs recorded on water well records. Glacial sediments in the study area comprise a large outwash complex between two moraines. The surficial landforms are the result of the last Wisconsinan advance and retreat through the area.

Cross sections contructed for this project reveal at least three major till units. An additional till unit contains a weathered soil sequence. Therefore, it is possible that this paleosol represents the Sangamon Interglacial period between the Wisconsinan and Illinoian stages. No obvious evidence of movement of the Saginaw Lobe remains …

Determination Of The Bulk Modulus Of A Lennard-Jones Solid, Spencer A. Van Roekel

Masters Theses

The quantum Monte Carlo method is used to determine the bulk modulus of a Lennard-Jones solid. The quantum Monte Carlo method is discussed in detail and is compared with other numerical methods used previously.

The zero pressure bulk modulus of a Lennard-Jones solid is computed at a number of different temperatures and compared with experimental data.

The Reaction Of Caffeic Acid And Copper (Ii) In Natural Water, Ling Xiaozheng Xu

Masters Theses

The interaction of the lignin precursor compound caffeic acid with copper(lI) in aqueous solution was studied. In the presence of a reducible transition metal, such as copper, caffeic acid undergoes oxidation. Oxygen was shown to play an important role in the reaction. The UV-visible data demonstrated that the conjugated double bond in the propenoic acid side chain of caffeic acid slowly disappeared during the reaction. The molecular weight experiments indicated that the product was a dimer. FTIR spectrum agreed with two possible dimer structures involving the side chain of caffeic acid. In addition, the reaction was shown to be reversible. …

A Procedure For G-Matrix Calculation From A Momentum Space Potential, Zhaohui Gao Busche

Masters Theses

In this work a numerical procedure was found to calculate the G-matrix in momentum space with a momentum space potential. The integral equation for the G-matrix was solved by conversion to a matrix equation. Two numerical integral methods, three-point Simpson method and Gaussian integral method, were employed in this process to determine the more efficient method.

The resulting G-matrix in momentum space was Fourier transformed into coordinate space. This was compared with the results of the G-matrix calculated from coordinate space directly as well as the results from solving the Bethe-Goldstone equation. A 2% accuracy was achieved with both the …

Problems Associated With Using Ground Penetrating Radar To Locate A Lnapl Plume, Jodie Mcneil

Masters Theses

The Crystal Refinery in Carson City, Michigan was the site used to test the hypothesis that Ground Penetrating Radar can locate LNAPL plumes. The contamination at the site is in the form of two tree product plumes and a dissolved plume. Three Ground Penetrating Radar antennas were used, a 100 MHz, a 300 MHz and a 500 MHz. Borings with a hand auger were made on some of the GPR lines. Gravel and coarse sand along with product in the form of residual stain and tree product were found in some locations. A vertical electrical sounding and a resistivity profile …

Total Organic Carbon In A Glacial Aquifer: Measurement And Effects Upon Transport Of Organic Compounds, Jiang Wu

Masters Theses

Organic contaminant transport processes in subsurface systems have been paid increasing attention recently. Sorption of organic compounds on the aquifer solid matrix (retardation) is one of the most important processes influencing contaminant transport. The extent of sorption has been estimated by determination of organic carbon in aquifer materials and assumptions concerning sorption constants.

This paper focuses upon the sensitivity of organic contaminant transport to the total organic carbon (TOC) content in a natural aquifer. This study was composed of two phases. The first phase was methodology development and laboratory analysis of organic carbon contents in soil samples. Acidification and furnace …

Photoionization With Excitation Of The 4s And 4p Subshells In Krypton, Ahmad Farhat

Masters Theses

High-resolution photoelectron spectra of the nd, Rydberg satellites in krypton have been measured for the first time for six different angles and for photon energies between 68.5 and 250 eV. The relative intensities of these satellites with respect to the 4s and 4p main lines are in very good accord with the most recent measurements of Krause et al. (1992) at 68.5 eV. They also confirm that the theoretical predictions for the relative intensity of these satellites are too high. We determine the ratios for nd satellites with respect to the 4s and 4p main lines, and extract the angular …

Allozyme Variation Within And Between Populations Of Ruth's Golden Aster, Pityopsis Ruthii (Small) Small, Steven A. Sloan

Masters Theses

Genetic structure of the two known populations of Ruth's golden aster, Pityopsis ruthii (Small) Small, was determined. Pityopsis ruthii is a rare, endemic plant species restricted to exposed phyllite and graywacke rock outcrops in the flooding zones of the Hiwassee and Ocoee River drainages in Polk County, Tennessee. There are an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 P. ruthii plants on the Hiwassee and ~600 on the Ocoee River. Patterns of variation at three enzyme loci were examined. Two loci, Pgm-2 and Prx-1, were polymorphic in both river populations. Despite limited habitat and subsequent restricted ranges (~ 5 kmalong each river), populations …

Floorplanning For Mixed Block And Cell Designs, Arun G. Shanbhag

Masters Theses

Floorplanning is one of the important phases of the VLSI Physical Design cycle. The quality of a floorplan is usually not evident until the routing phase. A bad floorplan can lead to an unroutable design requiring another iteration of the floorplanning phase. Use of over-the-cell routing has led to zero routing footprints. Any further reduction in area of the layout is possible only by reducing the white space or the vacant space from the floorplan, that is by improving the floorplan of the layout.

Currently, the Mixed Block and Cell (MBC) design style is gaining popularity. This evolving design style …

Application Of A Modified Analytical Derivatization Method To The Determination Of Microbial Metabolites In Aquifer Systems, Jie Lu

Masters Theses

The geochemical evolution of Low Molecular Weight Fatty Acids (LMWFA's) in various ground water samples and aquifer solid samples from both contaminated and uncontaminated sites has been studied. An improved analytical method has been established for both qualitative and quantitative determination of LMWFA's. The low molecular weight (LMW) organic acids are metabolic intermediates of the oxidative biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminants. The hydrocarbons are believed to be the electron donors in these redox reactions. Formic and acetic acids were found to be the major LMWFA's in these ground water samples and aquifer solid samples. Their concentrations increase as the redox condition …