Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Reverse Osmosis In The Treatment Of Drinking Water, R. Ryan Dupont, Talbert N. Eisenberg, E. Joe Middlebrooks

Reports

An extensive review of the literature was conducted and results were evaluated for the use of the reverse osmosis process in the treatment of drinking water supplies. All aspects of reverse osmosis technology, including pretreatment requirements; membrane type and configuration; membrane cleaning and maintenance; and reverse osmosis removal of organics, inorganics, and microbial contaminants were incorporated inot the literature evaluation. A survey (Appendix E) of existing full scale reverse osmosis installations was also carried out and results of the survey are discussed. In light of data presented in the literature and results of the survey conducted, the following recommendations were …

Water Quality Trends In The Northwest River : A Report To The Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency, Bruce J. Neilson

Reports

During the initial 208 studies of the Hampton Roads area, no mathematical model of receiving water quality was applied to the Northwest River. At the request of the City of Chesapeake, the HRWQA P003085-03 work program included tasks leading to development of a water quality model of the Northwest River. Data from field studies conducted in 1980 and 1981 and the math model applied to the river have been presented in a companion volume report (Kuo et al., 1982). This report summarizes the results of model simulations made to determine future water quality conditions and trends.

The Effects Of Atrazine On Zostera Marina In The Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, Carl H. Hershner, Keith B. Ward, Jerome E. Illowsky, Et Al

Reports

This project was designed to assess the effects of agricultural herbicides on submerged aquatic vegetation in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Atrazine was selected for testing because it is the most widely utilized herbicide in the Bay region. Zostera marina was the submerged vegetation studied.

The project began with two surveys. The first survey, conducted in 1979, covered forty eight stations throughout the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay. The survey was designed to indicate typical atrazine loading for the lower Bay. A second survey in 1980 was limited to the Severn River, and was intended to indicate the duration of …

Ware River Intensive Watershed Study - Part 2. Estuarine Receiving Water Quality, Cindy Bosco, Gary F. Anderson, Bruce Neilson

Reports

The Ware River Intensive Watershed Study contains results of runoff from small catchments, instream transport of runoff and the impacts on estuarine water quality, which are contained in two volumes: 1. Nonpoint Source Pollution and 2. Estuarine Receiving Water Quality

Estuarine Studies: The Ware River is a relatively "clean" estuarine system. However, during summer months some of the nutrients, particularly inorganic phosphorous and organic nitrogen, achieve levels associated with moderate enrichment. The Ware is typical of other small tributaries of Chesapeake Bay: nutrient levels are higher at low tide, the estuary is more homogenous laterally than longitudinally, and vertical gradients …

Ware River Intensive Watershed Study- Part 1. Nonpoint Source Contributions, Gary F. Anderson, Cindy Bosco, Bruce Neilson

Reports

Runoff quantity and quality were monitored for row crop, residential and forested lands in the Ware basin for the period of October 1979 to July 1981. Loading rates have been calculated for both baseflow and stormflow contributions at each study site.

An Evaluation Of The Performance Of A Modified Overland Flow Wastewater Treatment System: Sloped Rock-Grass Filtration, Daria Wightman, Dennis B. George, John H. Zirschky, Daniel S. Filip, Judith Sims

Reports

The effectiveness of a sloped rock-grass filtration system in treating municipal wastewater was tested on a 24 m by 36 m (80 ft by 120 ft) slope on a 2.5 percent grade sown with a mixture of rye grass, fescue grass, and bluegrass. The field was divided into six plots, each approximately 3.5 m wide and 36 m long. Three of the plots (slope-rock) were constructed with 9 m of gravel, 7.6 cm deep, on the upper reaches of the slope. Raw (screened, degritted) municipal wastewater from Hyrum, Utah, was applied to the slope-rock sections at application rates of 13 …

Catalytic Oxidation Of Sulfur Dioxide In Wastewater, Ernest J. Upton, V. Dean Adams

Reports

Sulfur dioxide has been shown to be an effective wastewater disinfectant. The aqueous sulfur dioxide creates and oxygen demand in the effulent which must be removed prior to discharge. Oxidation to sulfate is one means of accomplishing this task. Experiments were carried out to determine the effectiveness of transition metals and activated carbon as catalysts for the oxidation of S+IV species in wastewater. Both the metals and carbon are known catalysis, but what inhibitory effect the wastewater might have was unknown. Effectiveness was defined as a combination of catalyst life, effluent quality, and cost. Tradition metals were eliminated as potential …

A Chance-Constrained Programming Model Of Water Allocations In Utah, John E. Keith, Gustavo A. Martinez Gerstl, Rangesan Narayanan, Donald L. Snyder

Reports

A chance-constrained separable programming model of water allocations between agriculture and energy production was developed in order to examine the effect of the variability of water supplies in Utah. Using an incomplete gamma function, based on method of moments estimation of parameters, the water flows at 85, 90, and 95 percent probabilities of occurence were generated. These flows were then used as constraints in the allocation model. Results indicate that water quality could be a more significant constraint on irrigated agriculture than water quantity in the face of large scale energy development, and the variability of water availability alone is …

Baseline Sediment Studies To Determine Distribution, Physical Properties, Sedimentation Budgets And Rates In The Virginia Portion Of The Chesapeake Bay : Final Report, Robert J. Byrne, Carl H. Hobbs Iii, Michael J. Carron

Reports

No abstract provided.

Deep-Sea Bottom Fishes Caught On The 14th Cruise Of The R/V Akademik Kurchatov, T. S. Rass, V A. Grigorash, V. D. Spanovskaya, Y. N. Shcherbachev

Reports

Captures of deep-sea fish in waters of the American Mediterranean Sea and adjacent Bahama-Bermuda region of the Atlantic Ocean prior to our work were performed by a series of expeditions: Coast and Geodetic Survey of the USA ("Blake," 1877-1880), New York Zoological Society ("Zaca" and "Arcturus," 1929-1931), Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory of Yale University, USA ("Pawnee," 1927), the Danish Carlsberg Foundation ("Dana," 1920-1922 and 1928-1930), Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, USA ("Oregon," "Oregon II" and others between 1950 and 1960), and the University of Miami ("Pillsbury," 1969). However, only the latter of these expeditions working in the region of the Puerto Rico …

A Water Quality Study Of The Northwest River, Virginia, Albert Y. Kuo, Bruce Neilson, Paul V. Hyer

Reports

The Northwest River is a small, coastal plains river lying to the south of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It flows in a southeasterly direction from the Dismal Swamp, its headwaters, to North Carolina where it empties into Currituck Sound. Lunar tides in the river are quite small, but flow reversals due to winds are not uncommon.

Previous studies of the river have evaluated its potential as a drinking water source and the environmental changes that would occur as a result of water withdrawal. The latter concern was primarily that downstream locations would experience higher salinity levels once fresh water …

Monthly Report On The State Of Rivers 1982, Albert Kuo

Reports

Chiefly graphs showing monthly salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen distributions at slackwater for the James, York, Pamunkey, and Rappahannock Rivers.

1982: June, September, October, November

A Natural Resources Survey And Habitat Evaluation Of The Willoughby Disposal Area, U.S. Naval Base, Norfolk, Virginia, Walter I. Priest, C. Richard Terman, Willliam Ihle

Reports

The purpose of this study is to determine the living natural resources utilizing the U.S. Navy's dredged material disposal area located adjacent to Willoughby Bay in Norfolk, Virginia and to determine the habitat value of this area to these resources.

Oyster Spatfall In Virginia Rivers: 1981 Annual Summary, Dexter S. Haven, Paul C. Kendall

Reports

The Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) conducts weekly surveys from June through early October to obtain oystet spatfall information, Spat counts are made from oyster shells strung on wire and suspended from stakes on public and private beds, The number of spat on shells are counted each week of the spawning season to determine the potential of a particular area for receiving a strike and to predict the most likely period the strikes will occur.

Report To The Coastal Erosion Abatement Commission Commonwealth Of Virginia Concerning The Inventory Of Sand Supplies In The Southern Chesapeake Bay, Robert J. Byrne, Carl H. Hobbs Iii, Robert A. Gammish

Reports

In its report to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia (Senate Document No. 4, Commonwealth of Virginia, 1979), the Coastal Erosion Abatement Commission found that "there is a need to locate sources of sand supplies for rebuilding public beaches. Certain bottom areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay should be studied as possible sources of sand supply for public beaches." And toward that end, the Commission recommended that "The School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, study and analyze possible sources of sand supply in the lower Chesapeake Bay and vicinity for …

Monthly Salinity Data For The York River Plotted By River Mile By Month, Frank J. Wojcik

Reports

This report presents graphs on the mean salinities yearly by five mile intervals upriver from the mouth of the York River, and these are overlaid with 25-year average data for the same month, along with the 95% confidence intervals.

Organic Compounds In Surface Sediments And Oyster Tissues From The Chesapeake Bay, R. H. Bieri, P. O. Dufur, R. J. Huggett, W. Macintyre, P. Shou, C. L. Smith, C. W. Su

Reports

This report contains three parts. In Part I, the methodology to extract and analyze sediment and oyster tissue samples from the Chesapeake Bay is described in detail. Remaining problems are clearly identified. Part II contains the results and their discussion. Part III contains a number of appendices with detailed data. For those readers interested in still more detail, the complete bank of processed data is on computer tapes at this institute and at the Environmental Protection Agency-Chesapeake Bay Program office at Annapolis, Maryland. Also included in Part III we give the results of volatile halogenated organic compounds determined in water …

The Present State Of Organic Xenobiotics In The Chesapeake Bay - A Synthesis Paper, R. J. Huggett, R. H. Bieri, P. O. Defur, W. G. Macintyre, P. Shou, C. L. Smith, C. W. Su

Reports

This manuscript discusses the results of the first two and one half years of a three-year study designed to determine the present state of xenobiotic compounds in the Chesapeake Bay. It shows that polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are the most frequently encountered compounds and are the most abundant. Concentrations are highest in the Northern Bay with several sources implicated. During this study an apparent dumping of the pesticide, DDT, occurred. Either the quantity disposed of was small enough or the assimulation capacity was large enough that no adverse effects were noted. The detection by us of 6-phenyldodecane in bottom sediments of …

Response To Freshwater Inflow In The Rappahannock Estuary, Virginia : Operation Hiflo '78, Maynard M. Nichols, L. Eugene Cronin, William B. Cronin, M. Grant Gross, Bruce W. Nelson, Jack W. Pierce, Robert E. Ulanowicz

Reports

More sediment, nutrients and pollutants are discharged into an estuary during a few days of flood inflow than during many months or years of average inflow (Meade, 1972; Schubel, 1977), but few observations document the sedimentary response of an estuary to high freshwater inflow. Such inflows are usually unexpected and estuarine water charact~ristics change too rapidly to permit systematic measurements. Moreover, the expenditure of effort and number of sampling vessels required on short notice is beyond the resources of a single research group or institute. Yet, freshwater inflow observations are a key to improving water quality; especially to ameliorate the …

Landsat Analysis Of The Dynamics Of The Chesapeake Bay Plume On The Continental Shelf, John C. Munday, Michael S. Fedosh

Reports

The dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay plume have been studied by examination of 81 dates of Landsat images with color additive enhancement and single-band density slicing. The "plume" was interpreted from surface turbidity discontinuties as revealed in images from multispectral scanner (MSS) bands 4-7. Results show that the Chesapeake Bay plume usually frequents the Virginia coast south of the Bay mouth. Wind and tide vectors are the principal variables affecting the plume dynamics. Southwestern (compared to northern) winds spread and disperse the plume easterly over a large area. Ebb tide images (compared to flood tide images) show a more dispersed …

Final Report Of The Hillsborough Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program, City Of Tampa Department Of Sanitary Sewers

Reports

The report presented here is the final communication of data collected during the first year and a half of plant operation at variance standards. In addition, earlier data collected by the City of Tampa are also presented in this report in order to give background information of conditions existing prior to operation under the variance (Appendix C). The earlier data may also describe long term trends and normal seasonal cycles occurring in the bay.

Continuous Flow Nutrient Bioassays With Natural Phytoplankton Populations Collected In Hillsborough Bay, Florida, City Of Tampa Department Of Sanitary Sewers

Reports

The enclosure system chosen for these experiments was continuous and similar to one described by Jones, Tett, Wallis, and Wood (1978a sn b). They successfully maintained for 41 days in the laboratory, with reasonable constant diversity, a natural phytoplankton community from a Scottish Sea-loch.

Development And Application Of An Index To Assess Nutrient Enrichment In Estuaries : A Report To The Chesapeake Bay Program, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Bruce J. Neilson

Reports

An index is 11 something used or serving to point out", "a guide", "a sign, token or indication" (.14) +. Indexes* such as those used in books, magazines and newspapers are not the subject of this study. Rather we are concerned with the use of indexes in technical fields. Even these are encountered often in everyday life. For example, a recent front-page newspaper article noted that "the government's index designed to forecast future economic trends dropped .... after rising for six straight months". An editorial column in the same issue addressed the use of "the existing Consumer Price Index as …

A Preliminary Study Of Community Oxygen Metabolism In The Vicinity Of The C. P. Crane Electric Power Generating Station : Final Report, Paul L. Zubkoff

Reports

The community metabolism of the waters in the vicinity of C. P. Crane electric power generating station is reported for two seasonal periods in 1979. The early autumn period (October) is generally characterized by warm water temperatures (20°C) and an insolation period of 11 hours; the late autumn period (December) is generally characterized by cold water temperatures (4-6°C) and an insolation period of approximately 9 hours. Both sets of observations, were taken during periods which were significantly influenced by winds. ... more.

Ontogenesis And Phylogenetic Interrelationships Of Parasitic Flatworms, Boris E. Bychowsky

Reports

The purpose of this report is to establish relationship among individual groups of parasitic flatworms, namely, among monogenetic trematodes (Monogenea), digenetic trematodes (Digenea), tapeworms proper (Cestoda), and the so-called Cestodaria group (AMPHILINIDAE and GYROCGTYLIDAE). The attempt to establish the above-mentioned relationships is made to a variable degree for different groups. The main point of this report is the establishment of phylogenetic relationship in the Monogenea, not only for the entire group as a whole, but also for the individual families which are members of this group. We feel that another important point is our attempt at clarifying the phylogenetic position …

Evaluation Of Wastewater Filtration, Bryant L. Benth, E. Joe Middlebrooks, Dennis B. George, James H. Reynolds

Reports

Tertiary filtration of secondary wastewater is frequently used to improve wastewater treatment plant effluent quality. Four experimental filter columns were operated at the Preston, Idaho, Wastewater Treatment Plant to evaluate the effectiveness of granular media, gravity filtration. The Preston plant is a trickling filter secondary treatment plant and services a population of approximately 3600 people. Four filter medium configurations were studied. Multi-media, dual-media, and single-media beds were constructed with the following media configurations: (1) coal-sand-garnet; (2) coal-sand; (3) sand-garnet; and (4) all sand. The filters were operated at two hydraulic loading rates. Effluents from the primary clarifier, trickling filter, and …

Erosion Inhibitor Performance Evaluation Under Simulated Wind And Rain, C. Earl Israelsen, Eugene K. Israelsen, William N. Mcneill

Reports

Introduction: Increasing public awareness of the desireability of protecting the environment from soil erosion caused by wind and water has centered attention on large construction projects such as highways and housing subdivisions, as well as on individual building sites and parking lots. If unattended, sediment produced from these areas pollutes surface water, restricts drainage, fills reservoirs, damages adjacent land, and upsets the natural ecology of lakes and streams. The search continues for products and practices that will prevent of lessen the amount of sediment leaving construction sites. Products currently in use include chemical as well as organic materials, and they …

Fielding Ditch Pipeline Computer Simulation Study, Calvin G. Clyde, J. Paul Tullis, Roland W. Jeppson

Reports

The Fielding Ditch Company Pipeline is almost 3 miles long and supplies irrigation water under low pressure to adjacent fields through 33 turnouts along its length. The 24-inch non-reinforced concrete pipeline began to experience repeated structural failures soon after it was placed in operation. This study was done for the Soil Conservation Service by the Utah Water Research Laboratory to gather field data on the pipeline operating characteristics, to analyze the hydraulic transients in the pipeline with the help of a computer simulation model, and to suggest modification to protect the pipeline from future failures caused by transient pressures. Following …

Model Choice: An Operational Comparison Of Stochastic Streamflow Models For Droughts, W. Robert James, David S. Bowles, Nath T. Kottegoda

Reports

The rapid development of stochastic or operational hydrology over the past 10 years has led to the need for some comparative analyses of the currently available long-term persistence models. Five annual stochastic streamflow generation models (autoregressive, autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA), ARMA-Markov, fast fractional Gaussian noise, and broken line) are compared on their ability to preserve drought-related time series properties and annual statistics. Using Monte Carlo generation procedures and comparing the average generated statistics and drought or water supply properties, a basis is established to evalute model performance on four different Utah study streams. A seasonal disaggregation model is applied to each of …

Ph Neutralization And Phosphorus Removal From A Sulfur Dioxide (So2) Treated Wastewater Using Lime (Ca(Oh)2) Addition, V. Dean Adams, Richard J. Watts

Reports

No abstract provided.