Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Articles 2761 - 2790 of 3020

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Relativistic Electromagnetism In Rotating Media, Pierre Hillion Jan 2010

Relativistic Electromagnetism In Rotating Media, Pierre Hillion

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This work concerns relativistic electromagnetism in a cylindrical Frenet-Serret frame. The tensor formalism of Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic fields in a vacuum is first developed in terms of cylindrical coordinates and afterwards applied to a rotating frame using the relativistic Trocheris-Takeno description of rotations. The metric ds^2 = g_{\mu \nu} dx^{\mu} dx^{\nu} of this frame is then obtained to find the determinant g of the g_{\mu \nu} matrix intervening in the relativistic Maxwell's equations, where the Greek indices take on the values 1,2,3,4. The propagation of harmonic cylindrical waves in rotating media is analyzed and it is shown that these …


Remote Sensing Applications Of Hf Skywave Radar: The Australian Experience, Stuart Anderson Jan 2010

Remote Sensing Applications Of Hf Skywave Radar: The Australian Experience, Stuart Anderson

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Australia has conducted research into over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) for almost sixty years. Early programs focused exclusively on military capabilities, such as the detection of aircraft, missiles and ships, but in 1974 a team was formed to design a new OTHR for which a remote sensing mission was proposed. Oceanic wind mapping experiments in 1977-78 yielded promising results so remote sensing became a recognised mission assigned to the new radar, known as Jindalee Stage B. This capability was progressively expanded over the period 1982-87 to include mapping of wave height and other oceanographic variables. A real-time data link to the Australian …


Dual-Use Of Compact Hf Radars For The Detection Of Mid- And Large-Size Vessels, Hugh Roarty, Don Barrick, Josh Kohut, Scott Glenn Jan 2010

Dual-Use Of Compact Hf Radars For The Detection Of Mid- And Large-Size Vessels, Hugh Roarty, Don Barrick, Josh Kohut, Scott Glenn

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper describes the development of the SeaSonde High Frequency Radar system into a dual-use application for the mapping of ocean surface currents and detection of ships at sea. This development entailed the creation of a new radar waveform that would permit this dual-use as well as a detection algorithm to identify the ships in the radar spectra. The detection algorithm utilizes two methods for calculating a background signal level: an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter and a two-dimensional median filter. These two methods are employed simultaneously with multiple length averaging times to maximize the number of detections. The initial …


Oceanography Radar System Wera: Features, Accuracy, Reliability And Limitations, Thomas Helzel, Matthias Kniephoff, Leif Petersen Jan 2010

Oceanography Radar System Wera: Features, Accuracy, Reliability And Limitations, Thomas Helzel, Matthias Kniephoff, Leif Petersen

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The WERA system (WavE RAdar) is a shore based remote sensing system to monitor ocean surface currents, waves and wind direction. This long range, high resolution monitoring system based on short radio wave radar technology. The vertical polarised electromagnetic wave is coupled to the conductive ocean surface and follows the curvature of the earth. This over the horizon oceanography radar can pick up back-scattered signals from the rough ocean surface (Bragg effect) from ranges of up to 200 km. The physical background, technical concept and environmental boundary conditions are explained. Results for various installations from all over the world demonstrates …


Modeling And Simulation Strategies In High Frequency Surface Wave Radars, Levent Sevgi̇ Jan 2010

Modeling And Simulation Strategies In High Frequency Surface Wave Radars, Levent Sevgi̇

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Surface Wave High Frequency Radars (SWHFR) are taken into account in the content of modeling and simulation challenges. Examples related to multi-mixed path surface wave propagation, radar cross section (RCS) prediction, and total radar echo showing target, clutter, noise, and interference are presented.


Radar Cross-Section (Rcs) Analysis Of High Frequency Surface Wave Radar Targets, Gonca Çakir, Levent Sevgi̇ Jan 2010

Radar Cross-Section (Rcs) Analysis Of High Frequency Surface Wave Radar Targets, Gonca Çakir, Levent Sevgi̇

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Realistic high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) targets are investigated numerically in terms of electromagnetic wave -- target interactions. Radar cross sections (RCS) of these targets are simulated via both the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the Method of Moments (MoM). The virtual RCS prediction tool that was introduced in previous work is used for these investigations. The virtual tool automatically creates the discrete FDTD model of the target under investigation and performs the FDTD RCS analysis. It also automatically constructs a MoM wire grid model of the target; therefore, it is also possible to compare FDTD results against the …


New Approach Fpga-Based Implementation Of Discontinuous Svpwm}, Tole Sutikno, Auzani Jidin, Nik Rumzi Nik Idris Jan 2010

New Approach Fpga-Based Implementation Of Discontinuous Svpwm}, Tole Sutikno, Auzani Jidin, Nik Rumzi Nik Idris

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The discontinuous space vector pulse-width modulation (DSVPWM) is a well-known technique offering lower switching losses than continuous SVPWM. At the same, average switching frequency, or a switching frequency 1.5 times higher than utilized in continuous SVPWM, the discontinuous SVPWM results in lower current harmonic distortions than that obtained in continuous SVPWM at high modulation indices. This paper is concerned with the design and realization of new FPGA approach based a 5-segment discontinuous SVPWM operated at 40 kHz switching frequency. It will be shown that the implementation of the discontinuous SVPWM utilized in FPGA, to execute some complex tasks, is simplified …


Securing Fuzzy Vault Schemes Through Biometric Hashing, Cengi̇z Örenci̇k, Thomas Brochmann Pedersen, Erkay Savaş, Mehmet Keski̇nöz Jan 2010

Securing Fuzzy Vault Schemes Through Biometric Hashing, Cengi̇z Örenci̇k, Thomas Brochmann Pedersen, Erkay Savaş, Mehmet Keski̇nöz

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The fuzzy vault scheme is a well-known technique to mitigate privacy, security, and usability related problems in biometric identification applications. The basic idea is to hide biometric data along with secret information amongst randomly selected chaff points during the enrollment process. Only the owner of the biometric data who presents correct biometrics can recover the secret and identify himself. Recent research, however, has shown that the scheme is vulnerable to certain types of attacks. The recently proposed ``correlation attack'', that allows linking two vaults of the same biometric, pose serious privacy risks that have not been sufficiently addressed. The primary …


Washout Filter Based Control For The Hodgkin-Huxley Nerve Cell Dynamics, Reşat Özgür Doruk Jan 2010

Washout Filter Based Control For The Hodgkin-Huxley Nerve Cell Dynamics, Reşat Özgür Doruk

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this work we present a washout filter based control approach for stabilizing the oscillations in Hodgkin-Huxley type neurons. The oscillations occur due to the bifurcations that arise from the potassium and sodium channel conductance deviations. The MATCONT toolbox software environment was used for analysis of the bifurcation points in conjunction with MATLAB. The simulations of the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model at those points are provided to validate the results obtained from the MATCONT software. Then a washout filter is proposed to stabilize the oscillations occur at the Hopf bifurcation points where the external current injection is used to provide the …


A Robust Method For State Estimation Of Power System With Upfc, Mehrdad Tarafdar Hagh, Mehdi Ahmadi Jirdehi Jan 2010

A Robust Method For State Estimation Of Power System With Upfc, Mehrdad Tarafdar Hagh, Mehdi Ahmadi Jirdehi

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper presents a Least Absolute Value (LAV) state estimator for power system using a new method called Recursive Least Squares (RLS). Also, a suitable model is used for state estimation of power system that includes a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The IEEE 14-bus test system is used to show the validity of the proposed algorithm in estimation of power system states as well as the states of controllable parameters of UPFC.


A Small Scale Education Experiment Kit With Wind Generator-Pem Electrolyser System And Modelling, Özcan Atlam Jan 2010

A Small Scale Education Experiment Kit With Wind Generator-Pem Electrolyser System And Modelling, Özcan Atlam

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

A small scale experiment wind energy kit is prepared in order to introduce renewable energy applications. The kit consists of a wind turbine with horizontal axis, a direct current (dc) motor as generator and variable wind excitation system. Performance characteristics of the wind system are defined for different wind speeds. It is found that at the highest 10 m/s wind excitation, the maximum turbine mechanical power from wind is about 0.30 W at 5.3 V., maximum output power of the generator is about 0.18 W and maximum electrical efficiency is about 7% at 4.27 V., wind turbine power coefficients C_p …


A Novel Method For Lung Segmentation On Chest Ct Images: Complex-Valued Artificial Neural Network With Complex Wavelet Transform, Murat Ceylan, Yüksel Özbay, Osman Nuri̇ Uçan, Erkan Yildirim Jan 2010

A Novel Method For Lung Segmentation On Chest Ct Images: Complex-Valued Artificial Neural Network With Complex Wavelet Transform, Murat Ceylan, Yüksel Özbay, Osman Nuri̇ Uçan, Erkan Yildirim

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Image segmentation is an important step in many computer vision algorithms. The objective of segmentation is to obtained an optimal region of convergences (ROC). Error in this stage will impact all higher level activities. This paper focuses on a new efficient method denoted as Complex-Valued Artificial Neural Network with Complex Wavelet Transform (CWT-CVANN) for the segmentation of lung region on chest CT images. In this combined architecture is composed of two cascade stages: feature extraction with various levels of complex wavelet transform and segmentation with complex-valued artificial neural network. Here, 32 CT images of 6 female and 26 male patients …


Fault Detection And Identification For Voltage Sag State Estimation In Power Systems, Jamal Beiza, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, Behrooz Vahidi Jan 2010

Fault Detection And Identification For Voltage Sag State Estimation In Power Systems, Jamal Beiza, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, Behrooz Vahidi

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper presents a novel approach for fault detection and identification in order to estimate voltage sag during a fault. One of the best approaches for voltage sag estimation is instantaneous voltage estimation. The approach uses traditional state estimation where redundant measurements are available. The proposed method is used to estimate voltage sag performance during a fault. At the fault duration, the grid topology is changed. In such a case the measurement matrix must be re-determined at the fault duration. The proposed approach is an efficient method for fault detection and identification which is based on residual analysis and topology …


Robust Feedback Design For Nonlinear Systems: A Survey, Alberto Isidori Jan 2010

Robust Feedback Design For Nonlinear Systems: A Survey, Alberto Isidori

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

No abstract provided.


Sdre Optimal Control Of Drug Administration In Cancer Treatment, Mehmet İti̇k, Meti̇n Uymaz Salamci̇, Stephen Paul Banks Jan 2010

Sdre Optimal Control Of Drug Administration In Cancer Treatment, Mehmet İti̇k, Meti̇n Uymaz Salamci̇, Stephen Paul Banks

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this study, we apply State Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) based optimal control technique to a nonlinear tumor growth model. The model consists of three biological cells which are normal tissue, tumor and immune cells. The effect of chemotherapy treatment is also included in the model. Chemotherapy administration is considered as a control input to the nonlinear cancer dynamics and the amount of administered drug is determined by using SDRE optimal control. The optimal control is applied to the model in order not only to drive the tumor cells to the healthy equilibrium state but also to minimize the amount …


Fractional Order Sliding Mode Control With Reaching Law Approach, Mehmet Önder Efe Jan 2010

Fractional Order Sliding Mode Control With Reaching Law Approach, Mehmet Önder Efe

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Fractional order sliding mode control is studied in this paper. The control objectives are achieved by adopting the reaching law approach of sliding mode control. The main contribution of this work is to show that the philosophy of integer order sliding mode control is valid also for the systems represented by fractional order operators. A sufficient condition and its implications for stability are given. Matched and unmatched uncertainties are studied. The attractor nature of the switching manifold is analyzed together with a stable sliding subspace design condition. The claims are justified through a set of simulations and the results obtained …


Asynchronous Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Search With A Multi-Robot System: Simulation And Implementation On A Real Robotic System, Sali̇h Burak Akat, Veysel Gazi̇, Lino Marques Jan 2010

Asynchronous Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Search With A Multi-Robot System: Simulation And Implementation On A Real Robotic System, Sali̇h Burak Akat, Veysel Gazi̇, Lino Marques

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this article we consider a version of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm which is appropriate for search tasks of multi-agent systems consisting of small robots with limited sensing capability. The proposed method adopts asynchronous mechanism for information exchange and position (way point) updates of the agents. Moreover, at each (information exchange) step the agents communicate with only a possibly different subset of the other agents leading to a dynamic neighborhood topology. We implement the algorithm using the Player/Stage realistic robot simulator as well as on real KheperaIII robots using experimentally collected realistic data of ethanol gas concentration. Simulation …


A Novel Algorithm For Sensorless Motion Control Of Flexible Structures, Islam Shoukry Mohammed Khalil, Emrah Deni̇z Kunt, Asif Sabanovic Jan 2010

A Novel Algorithm For Sensorless Motion Control Of Flexible Structures, Islam Shoukry Mohammed Khalil, Emrah Deni̇z Kunt, Asif Sabanovic

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This article demonstrates the validity of using an actuator as a single platform for measurements during a motion control assignment of flexible systems kept free from any kind of measurement. System acceleration level dynamics, parameters and interaction forces with the environment are coupled in an incident reaction torque that naturally rises when a flexible system is subjected to an action imposed by an attached actuator to the system. This work attempts to decouple each of the system parameters out of the incident coupled reaction torque at the interface point of the actuator with the flexible system by way of measurements …


Experimental Investigation Of Shaft Transducerless Speed And Position Control Of Ac Induction And Interior Permanent Magnet Motors, Ömer Göksu, Ahmet Masum Hava Jan 2010

Experimental Investigation Of Shaft Transducerless Speed And Position Control Of Ac Induction And Interior Permanent Magnet Motors, Ömer Göksu, Ahmet Masum Hava

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In order to drive AC motors with high efficiency and high motion performance, and to provide accurate speed/position control, motor shaft speed and/or position feedback is required. For this purpose, usually transducers (encoder, tachogenerator, resolver, etc.) are installed on the shaft. However, transducers are not preferred in most of the applications since they increase the cost and decrease the reliability of the drive due to their failure prone structure and connections. In such applications, the speed and/or position information of the motor is obtained by estimation methods without using shaft transducers. In this work, motor types and speed/position estimation methods …


Direct Discrete-Time Control Of Port Controlled Hamiltonian Systems, Yaprak Yalçin, Leyla Gören Sümer Jan 2010

Direct Discrete-Time Control Of Port Controlled Hamiltonian Systems, Yaprak Yalçin, Leyla Gören Sümer

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The direct discrete time control of Port Controlled Hamiltonian Systems (PCHS) in the sense of energy shaping and damping injection is considered. In order to give a direct discrete time design method for PCHS, firstly an appropriate discrete gradient is proposed, which enables the derivation of a discrete time equation corresponding to the discrete time counterpart of Hamiltonian Systems. Using this proposed discrete-time model, the discrete-time counterpart of Passivity Based Control (PBC) technique is developed for n-degrees-of-freedom mechanical systems. The discrete-time control rules which correspond to the energy shaping and damping assignment are obtained directly using the discrete time model …


Design And Evaluation Of A Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator For Positioning Tasks, António Espírito Santo, Rosário Calado, Carlos Cabrita Jan 2010

Design And Evaluation Of A Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator For Positioning Tasks, António Espírito Santo, Rosário Calado, Carlos Cabrita

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper presents the development of a new linear switched reluctance actuator and confirms its applicability to perform positioning tasks. After the explanation of the actuator working principle and the presentation of its electromechanical topology, an analysis is accomplished using a finite elements tool. Based on the theoretical results, an experimental prototype that can develop 150 N was constructed. Its behaviour is observed under two different control methods implemented with microcontrollers. Initially, position is controlled applying a single pulse-driving scheme. Meanwhile, significant improvements are obtained with the introduction of a sliding-mode controller, allowing movements with 1 mm of resolution.


Parameter Identification Of A Separately Excited Dc Motor Via Inverse Problem Methodology, Mounir Hadef, Mohamed Rachid Mekideche Jan 2009

Parameter Identification Of A Separately Excited Dc Motor Via Inverse Problem Methodology, Mounir Hadef, Mohamed Rachid Mekideche

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Identification is considered to be among the main applications of inverse theory and its objective for a given physical system is to use data which is easily observable, to infer some of the geometric parameters which are not directly observable. In this paper, a parameter identification method using inverse problem methodology is proposed. The minimisation of the objective function with respect to the desired vector of design parameters is the most important procedure in solving the inverse problem. The conjugate gradient method is used to determine the unknown parameters, and Tikhonov's regularization method is then used to replace the original …


Insulation Condition Assessment Of Power Transformers Using Accelerated Ageing Tests, Mohammad Mirzaie, Ahmad Gholami, Hamid Reza Tayebi Jan 2009

Insulation Condition Assessment Of Power Transformers Using Accelerated Ageing Tests, Mohammad Mirzaie, Ahmad Gholami, Hamid Reza Tayebi

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Thermal stress due to losses and environment temperature causes degradation to paper/oil insulation systems in transformers, even at operating temperature. Experience indicates that thermal ageing of oil and paper in power transformers leads to the change of some insulation characteristics. In this paper, insulating papers immersed in oil have been acceleratory aged at 140, 150, and 160 °C under laboratory conditions. Some of the oil properties, such as water content, breakdown voltage, acidity, together with the aged insulating paper properties such as electric strength, dielectric dissipation factor and tensile strength were measured and analyzed. Also, insulation system conditions under thermal …


Voltage Control Of Self-Excited Induction Generator Using Genetic Algorithm, Dheeraj Joshi, Kanwarjit Singh Sandhu, Mahender Kumar Soni Jan 2009

Voltage Control Of Self-Excited Induction Generator Using Genetic Algorithm, Dheeraj Joshi, Kanwarjit Singh Sandhu, Mahender Kumar Soni

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Self-excited induction generators (SEIG) are found to be most suitable candidate for wind energy conversion application required at remote windy locations. Such generators are not able to maintain the terminal voltage with load as, a literature survey reveals, the voltage profile falls sharply with load. In this paper an attempt has been made to improve the voltage profile of a self-excited induction generator. A new methodology based upon Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed to compute the steady state performance of the model including core loss branch. Further efforts are made to control the terminal voltage under loaded conditions. Simulated results …


Variance And Kurtosis-Based Characterization Of Resonances In Stochastic Transmission Lines: Local Versus Global Random Geometries, Ousmane Sy, Martijn Van Beurden, Bastiaan Michielsen, Antonius Tijhuis Jan 2009

Variance And Kurtosis-Based Characterization Of Resonances In Stochastic Transmission Lines: Local Versus Global Random Geometries, Ousmane Sy, Martijn Van Beurden, Bastiaan Michielsen, Antonius Tijhuis

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

A stochastic method is proposed to characterize electromagnetic couplings involving geometrically perturbed transmission lines. A combined exploitation of suitably defined statistical tools is presented to appreciate the intensity of the dispersion of response variables both physically via the variance, and statistically through the kurtosis or fourth-order moment. The usefulness of this method to analyze resonances is illustrated by the study of a transmission line affected by two different types of random geometrical perturbations, viz. a local deformation modeled by a wavelet and global sinusoidal undulations.


Electronic Differential With Direct Torque Fuzzy Control For Vehicle Propulsion System, Kada Hartani, Mohamed Bourahla, Yahia Miloud, Mohamed Sekour Jan 2009

Electronic Differential With Direct Torque Fuzzy Control For Vehicle Propulsion System, Kada Hartani, Mohamed Bourahla, Yahia Miloud, Mohamed Sekour

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

We model an electronic differential that will offer the best vehicle stability on a curved road. The proposed traction system consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) machines that ensure the drive of two back-driving wheels. The contribution of each wheel to the advance of the vehicle is represented by an element conveying the accumulation of mechanical coupling. The proposed control structure is based on the direct torque fuzzy control for each wheel-motor. Different simulations have been carried out: vehicle driven ons straight road, vehicle driven on straight road with slope, and vehicle driven over a road curved left and …


Conductive Emi Noise Measurement For Switched Reluctance Drive, Hao Chen, Xiaohui Qiu, Yang Zhao Jan 2009

Conductive Emi Noise Measurement For Switched Reluctance Drive, Hao Chen, Xiaohui Qiu, Yang Zhao

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The component parts of the tested four-phase Switched Reluctance drive are described with the four-phase 8/6 structure double salient reluctance motor, the four-phase asymmetric bridge power converter and the 89C52 MCU digital controller. The conductive electromagnetic interference noise measurement equipment is described with the function of separated common-mode noise and differential-mode noise. The tested results of common-mode noise and differential-mode noise of the tested Switched Reluctance drive are presented and the tested results of frequency spectrum are given.


An Intelligent Face Features Generation System From Fingerprints, Şeref Sağiroğlu, Necla Özkaya Jan 2009

An Intelligent Face Features Generation System From Fingerprints, Şeref Sağiroğlu, Necla Özkaya

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In this study, a novel intelligent system based on artificial neural networks was designed and introduced for generating faces from fingerprints with high accuracy. The proposed system has a number of modules including two feature enrolment modules for acquiring the fingerprints and faces into the system, two feature extractors for extracting the feature sets of fingerprint and face biometrics, an artificial neural network module that was configured with the help of Taguchi experimental design method for establishing relationships among the biometric features, a face re-constructor for building up face features from the results of the system, and a test module …


Modeling And Calculation Of Electromagnetic Field In The Surroundings Of A Large Power Transformer, Leonardo Strac, Franjo Kelemen, Damir Zarko Jan 2009

Modeling And Calculation Of Electromagnetic Field In The Surroundings Of A Large Power Transformer, Leonardo Strac, Franjo Kelemen, Damir Zarko

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The presented study compares measured and calculated electromagnetic field quantities in the surroundings of a large power transformer with the aim to avoid the necessity of measuring the field on subsequent units and use a computer model instead. The influences of various objects located in the vicinity of the transformer during measurement are also analyzed and are taken into account in a computer model.


A Novel Ep Approach For Multi-Area Economic Dispatch With Multiple Fuel Options, P. S. Manoharan, P. S. Kannan, V. Ramanathan Jan 2009

A Novel Ep Approach For Multi-Area Economic Dispatch With Multiple Fuel Options, P. S. Manoharan, P. S. Kannan, V. Ramanathan

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper presents a novel approach to multi-area economic dispatch problems with multiple fuel options using a hybrid evolutionary programming method. The objective is to minimize the operation cost of the entire system while satisfying the tie line constraints. In this paper, EP-LMO (Evolutionary Programming with Levenberg-Marquardt Optimization) technique is proposed to solve multi-area economic dispatch problems with multiple fuel options. The EP-LMO is developed in such a way that a simple evolutionary programming (EP) is applied as a base level search to find the direction of the optimal global region. And Levenberg-Marquardt Optimization (LMO) method is used as a …