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Articles 14461 - 14490 of 16633
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
History Of Long Cave, Stanley D. Sides, Norman L. Warnell
History Of Long Cave, Stanley D. Sides, Norman L. Warnell
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
The story of Long Cave, later to become Grand Avenue Cave, is thoroughly intertwined in the rich history of saltpeter production and the show cave industry of Central Kentucky. The cave’s history parallels the early history of Mammoth Cave that is five miles away, the history of nearby Short Cave, and the development of Diamond Cave and Proctor Cave as show caves by the Proctor families. Today the cave is an important bat hibernaculum protected by the National Park Service. The cave is gated and locked, and entry is by research approval only.
Evaluation Of Stormwater Filters At Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, 2011-12, Sean Mcmillian, Ashley West, David Solomon, Roger Diehl, Victor Roland, Irucka Embry, Rick Toomey
Evaluation Of Stormwater Filters At Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, 2011-12, Sean Mcmillian, Ashley West, David Solomon, Roger Diehl, Victor Roland, Irucka Embry, Rick Toomey
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Studies in the 1970s found potentially toxic levels of metals entering Mammoth Cave’s underground streams through storm recharge. Additional studies confirmed that stormwater from parking lots and buildings fl owed rapidly into critical cave habitats. The Park’s management responded to these findings by installing storm runoff filter systems on the most heavily used parking lots in 2001. The Park entered an agreement (2010-12) with Tennessee State University, the USGS, and WKU-Mammoth Cave International Center for Science and Learning to evaluate the filter systems to determine if they were removing hazardous compounds from stormwater runoff . The objective of this study …
Lidar: A Multi-Application Management Tool, John Wall, Hugh Devine, George Crothers, Justin Shedd
Lidar: A Multi-Application Management Tool, John Wall, Hugh Devine, George Crothers, Justin Shedd
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
The amount of information contained within LiDAR is enormous as to its potential. Applications and management objectives that a single LiDAR dataset can address span everything from natural resources to fire research to archaeology. This presentation will discuss the LiDAR acquired for Mammoth Cave National Park, initial processing methods and derived products (to date). Different algorithms were deployed depending on the intent of the management objective. Natural Resources wanted to expand their polygon vegetation dataset, creating a 3-D vegetation map. Fire Management wanted to quantify the fuel loading across the park; therefore a baseline fuels map was developed. Cultural Resources …
Effects Of Prescribed Fire On Mammoth Cave National Park’S Oak-Hickory Vegetation, Jesse A. Burton
Effects Of Prescribed Fire On Mammoth Cave National Park’S Oak-Hickory Vegetation, Jesse A. Burton
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Mammoth Cave National Park contains a spectacular suite of plant communities; many of which are dependent on wildland fire as a disturbance process for their preservation. Over a third of the park is dominated by oak-hickory forests and woodlands. Fire is a fundamental process in the development and maintenance of this important community type. Since the park’s first prescribed fire in 2002, 16,700 acres of forest, woodlands, and barrens have been treated with prescribed fire. Initial goals for the prescribed fires were to reduce the density of tree saplings in the understory and increase the cover of herbaceous herbs in …
Ozone And Foliar Injury At Mammoth Cave National Park, Johathan Jernigan
Ozone And Foliar Injury At Mammoth Cave National Park, Johathan Jernigan
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Ozone is harmful to both visitors and plants in NPS units. The Cumberland Piedmont Network (CUPN) has been monitoring ozone and its associated foliar injury since 2008. The goal is to determine if ozone concentrations are high enough to cause injury to plants and whether that injury is actually occurring. Each year, ozone monitoring and foliar injury surveys are completed at two CUPN parks. Further, foliar injury surveys are completed every year at Mammoth Cave NP (and ozone data are collected annually by the park and its partners). Summarized data from 2008 through 2012 will be presented. The relationship between …
Monitoring Cave Bats At Mammoth Cave National Park, Steven Thomas
Monitoring Cave Bats At Mammoth Cave National Park, Steven Thomas
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Cave-roosting bats are important to the nutrient-poor cave ecosystem because they import organic material which supports a specialized cave invertebrate community. Nine of thirteen bat species found at Mammoth Cave National Park are generally associated with caves at some time of the year. Two of the species that inhabit park caves are on the Federal Endangered Species List: gray bat (Myotis grisescens) and Indiana bat (M. sodalis). Regular population monitoring of hibernating endangered bats has occurred in a few park caves since the early 1980s. Since the early 2000s, cave bat monitoring on the park has expanded to include additional …
Maps (Monitoring Avian Productivity And Survivorship), Brice Leech
Maps (Monitoring Avian Productivity And Survivorship), Brice Leech
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
The Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) Program comprises a continent-wide network of hundreds of constant-effort mist netting stations. Analyses of the resulting banding data provide critical information relating to the ecology, conservation, and management of North American landbird populations, and the factors responsible for changes in their populations. MAPS is coordinated by the Institute for Bird Populations which also conducts winter monitoring programs MoSI (Monitoreo de Sobrevivencia Invernal) in the Neotropics & MAWS (Monitoring Avian Winter Survival) program in temperate North America.
Influences Of A Cladophora Bloom On The Diets Of Amblema Plicata And Elliptio Dilatata In The Upper Green River, Kentucky, Jennifer Yates, Scott Grubbs, Albert Meier, Michael Collyer
Influences Of A Cladophora Bloom On The Diets Of Amblema Plicata And Elliptio Dilatata In The Upper Green River, Kentucky, Jennifer Yates, Scott Grubbs, Albert Meier, Michael Collyer
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Freshwater mussels are the most imperiled group of freshwater invertebrates globally. Recent research suggests a better understanding of mussel feeding ecology may facilitate and improve conservation efforts. The use of stable isotopes is becoming an increasingly common method to study aquatic food webs. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most frequently employed elements in food web studies. Differences in natural abundance of 13C/12C can indicate which food sources are the basal sources of carbon incorporated into a consumer’s tissue, while the ratio of 15N /14N provides a method of assessing trophic position within a food web. Attached …
Remote Sensing Of Forest Trends At Mammoth Cave National Park From 2000 To 2011, Sean Taylor Hutchinson, John All
Remote Sensing Of Forest Trends At Mammoth Cave National Park From 2000 To 2011, Sean Taylor Hutchinson, John All
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
The influence of climate change and other environmental stressors on the health of midlatitude forests is an important, yet understudied topic for resource managers. Using vegetation indices derived from satellite remote sensing, slight changes in photosynthetic activity can be detected at the spatial scales needed for long-term forest monitoring. This study used remote sensing and geographic information systems to track the photosynthetic activity within Mammoth Cave National Park from 2000 to 2011. Relationships are examined between climate variables and the vegetation indices for the forest as a whole and at selected areas within the park.
The Cave Beetle Neaphaenops Tellkampfi Erichson: Relationships Within And Among Related Genera Using Molecular Data, T. Keith Philips, Elise Valkanas, Kurt Helf
The Cave Beetle Neaphaenops Tellkampfi Erichson: Relationships Within And Among Related Genera Using Molecular Data, T. Keith Philips, Elise Valkanas, Kurt Helf
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Studies of North American cave beetle systematics have been based primarily on morphology. This project analyzes the relationships and validity of the four subspecies of the monotypic Neaphaenops based on monophyly, as well as relationships with the remaining four eastern N.A. cave beetle genera (Pseudanophthalmus, Nelsonites, Darlingtonea, and Ameroduvalius) using molecular methods. This study utilized 39 beetle samples collected from 27 Kentucky caves and one outgroup accessed from GenBank. Evidence for phylogenetic hypotheses is based on sequences of one nuclear protein-coding gene (arginine kinase) and one mitochondrial gene (CO1). Analyses support Neaphaenops as sister to all other taxa. One subspecies …
The Mammoth Eagle: The Ccc Era At Mammoth Cave, David H. Kime
The Mammoth Eagle: The Ccc Era At Mammoth Cave, David H. Kime
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Today’s visitors to Mammoth Cave National Park sleep in cabins, drive over roads, and hike on miles of surface and cave trail constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and others during the 1930s and 40s to create Mammoth Cave National Park. While this was without question a difficult transition for the residents and region, the work completed during this time is nothing short of monumental. Compiling information from archives, oral histories, and camp newspapers, as well as field observations, this presentation will shed light on several forgotten or misunderstood stories from this period in Mammoth Cave history. The creation …
Archaeological Evidence Of Historic Mining At Forestville Saltpeter Cave (15ht94), Hart County, Kentucky, Darlene Applegate, Emily L. Duke
Archaeological Evidence Of Historic Mining At Forestville Saltpeter Cave (15ht94), Hart County, Kentucky, Darlene Applegate, Emily L. Duke
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Forestville Saltpeter Cave is 1.5 km east of Mammoth Cave National Park on the WKU Green River Preserve. Historically, miners removed sediment from the cave to extract saltpeter for the production of gunpowder. Though dozens of peter-mining sites are known in western Kentucky, Forestville Saltpeter Cave is only the third site investigated by archaeologists. Intensive surface survey documented evidence of mining activity in the cave: working bays, rock piles, tally and other marks, tool marks, inscriptions, and lighting material. The mining likely occurred during the early nineteenth century. The operations were extensive throughout all passages and extracted 856 cu m …
From Board Games To Tobacco Products: U.S. Patents Related To Mammoth Cave, Margaret M. Gripshover
From Board Games To Tobacco Products: U.S. Patents Related To Mammoth Cave, Margaret M. Gripshover
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
The archives of the U.S. Patent Office off er a unique window into the location, creativity, and entrepreneurial spirit of millions of inventors. What might the Patent Office records tell us about Mammoth Cave? A search of patents issued since 1836 resulted in 34 inventions that mention Mammoth Cave in their descriptions. Of these 34 patents, four were for technical aspects of cave environments such as ventilation, six were games or educational products, and 23 were related to Mammoth Cave Twist, a brand of chewing tobacco. The first Mammoth Cave-related patent was granted in 1915 for a board game and …
2011 Vegetation Map For Mammoth Cave National Park, Rick Olson, Lillian Scoggins, Rick Toomey, Jesse Burton
2011 Vegetation Map For Mammoth Cave National Park, Rick Olson, Lillian Scoggins, Rick Toomey, Jesse Burton
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
An accuracy assessment on a 2009 Vegetation Map of Mammoth Cave National Park produced by University of Georgia indicated inadequate reliability. As well, there were significant polygon boundary errors and unclassified polygons left blank on the map. With pressing need for a vegetation map to support the park’s Fire Management Plan (FMP), a derivative of the 2008 Landfire map was produced. Specifically, 24 categories were regrouped into 4 vegetation categories useful for the FMP. Barrens and Prairie Plantation categories were added as superimposed polygons, and the same approach was taken for both fire and storm-linked forest canopy gaps. Accuracy assessment …
Seasonal Occurrence And Habitat Affi Liations Of Trichoptera At Mammoth Cave National Park, Luke E. Dodd, Michael A. Floyd, David A. Etnier
Seasonal Occurrence And Habitat Affi Liations Of Trichoptera At Mammoth Cave National Park, Luke E. Dodd, Michael A. Floyd, David A. Etnier
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
The order Trichoptera is an ecologically-important, diverse group of insects. We investigated the relative abundance and occurrence of these insects at Mammoth Cave National Park (MCNP). We focused our efforts on adults captured at blacklight traps placed across four forest habitats in MCNP on 14 nights during 2010-2011. Large-bodied Trichoptera (≥ 10 mm in length) were identified and enumerated, yielding 2,153 specimens of ≥ 45 species and 11 families. Unique captures were recorded at mixed deciduous-dominated, mixed coniferdominated, and upland deciduous sites (13, 4, and 3 species, respectively). While composition of the assemblage varied across collection sites, as well as …
Long-Term Monitoring Of Aquatic Biota Using Occupancy Modeling, Kurt Helf
Long-Term Monitoring Of Aquatic Biota Using Occupancy Modeling, Kurt Helf
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Monitoring populations of organisms over time is difficult even under the best circumstances; this is especially true of cave organisms. Cave organisms may not be detected during a monitoring survey even though they may be present. Indeed, detectability, i.e., the probability of detecting target taxa during a survey given they’re present at the site, undoubtedly varies among cave habitats (e.g., terrestrial versus aquatic) and cave organisms (e.g., cave beetles versus cave fish). However, to make reliable inferences regarding the relationship between the probability a sampling site is occupied by a cave organism (i.e., occupancy) and abiotic/ biotic factors that affect …
Inventory Of Terrestrial Wild Mammals At Mammoth Cave National Park: 2005-2010, Steven Thomas
Inventory Of Terrestrial Wild Mammals At Mammoth Cave National Park: 2005-2010, Steven Thomas
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
An inventory aimed at documenting the occurrence of at least 90% of the terrestrial wild mammal species potentially present on Mammoth Cave National Park took place from 2005 to 2010. Documentation of mammal occurrence was accomplished via visual encounters and trapping. Visual encounters included methods like sighting individuals, conducting spotlight surveys by boat, locating mammal sign, hearing mammal calls, and finding dead individuals. A variety of trapping methods were used, including remote “trail” cameras, live traps, pitfall traps, drift fence-pitfall arrays, and several other opportunistic capture methods. 663 mammal records were documented by visual encounter or some trapping method representing …
White-Nose Syndrome At Mammoth Cave National Park: Actions Before And After Its Detection, Rick Toomey, Steven Thomas, Joel Gillespie, Vickie Carson, Shannon R. Trimboli
White-Nose Syndrome At Mammoth Cave National Park: Actions Before And After Its Detection, Rick Toomey, Steven Thomas, Joel Gillespie, Vickie Carson, Shannon R. Trimboli
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Since it was identified in the United States in 2006, white-nose syndrome (WNS) in bats has become an important issue in the management of caves and bats at Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA). The threat of its arrival has led to more intense monitoring of bat populations, increased studies, and interventions with both the visiting public and researchers. The timeline of MACA’s WNS response is shown in Table 1.
Mercury Analysis In Rafi Nesque Big Eared Bat Populations, Lara Van Der Heiden, Cathleen J. Webb
Mercury Analysis In Rafi Nesque Big Eared Bat Populations, Lara Van Der Heiden, Cathleen J. Webb
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Mercury (Hg) from atmospheric deposition from coal-burning power plants and other anthropogenic sources was analyzed in Rafinesque’s big-eared bats from Mammoth Cave National Park. The mercury from water progressively moves up the food chain through insects, and eventually into bats. In 2011, 58 bats were collected and hair samples were taken for an analysis. The AMA254 Mercury Analyzer was used to determine the mercury concentration from the bat hair in parts per million. A considerable amount of mercury was discovered in the bats analyzed. The mercury concentration of juvenile Rafinesque’s bigeared bats averaged between 0.5-1.0 ppm. Mercury levels in adult …
Contribution Of Freshwater Bivalves To Muskrat Diets In The Green River, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, Kimberly Asmus Hersey, Joseph D. Clark, James B. Layzer
Contribution Of Freshwater Bivalves To Muskrat Diets In The Green River, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, Kimberly Asmus Hersey, Joseph D. Clark, James B. Layzer
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) are known to prey on freshwater bivalves (mussels and clams) and can negatively impact imperiled mussel species. However, factors that infl uence muskrat predation on bivalves are poorly understood. We evaluated the feeding ecology of muskrats at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky by using stable isotope analysis of muskrat hair samples and by monitoring bivalve shell deposition at muskrat middens. Bayesian mixing-model analysis of stable isotope δ15N and δ13C ratios revealed that the median muskrat biomass derived from bivalves was 51.4% (5th and 95th percentiles were 39.1 to 63.4%, respectively), a much higher dietary proportion than previously …
Fire Regimes, Buff Alo And The Presettlement Landscape Of Mammoth Cave National Park, Cecil C. Frost, Jesse A. Burton, Lillian Scoggins
Fire Regimes, Buff Alo And The Presettlement Landscape Of Mammoth Cave National Park, Cecil C. Frost, Jesse A. Burton, Lillian Scoggins
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
The glory of the caves has long overshadowed other features of the park but the neglected upland landscape has its own extraordinary tale to tell. The park occupies a naturally fire sheltered setting in a historically vast fire landscape of barrens and woodlands once populated by Native Americans, bison and elk. The events above ground, spanning several thousand years before the arrival of Europeans and the subsequent explosive transformation of the land add rich layers of natural and human history, sadly neglected in development and interpretation of the park. This is the tale of the Barrens region itself.
We constructed …
Using Lidar To Link Forest Canopy Structure With Bat Activity And Insect Occurrence: Preliminary Findings, Luke E. Dodd, Nicholas S. Skowronski, Matthew B. Dickinson, Michael J. Lacki, Lynne K. Rieske
Using Lidar To Link Forest Canopy Structure With Bat Activity And Insect Occurrence: Preliminary Findings, Luke E. Dodd, Nicholas S. Skowronski, Matthew B. Dickinson, Michael J. Lacki, Lynne K. Rieske
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Bats are an imperiled, yet ecologically-important group of vertebrate predators. Our ongoing research focuses on testing hypotheses about the relationships between the effects of fire on canopy structure and insect prey availability, and how these factors relate to use of foraging space by bats during the pre- and post-hibernation periods at Mammoth Cave National Park (MCNP). LiDAR-derived data (October 2010) were intersected with spatially explicit sampling of bat and insect populations (2010-2011) in order to characterize relationships between canopy structure, insect abundance, and bat activity. A canonical correspondence analysis for bat data suggested that forest canopy structure has a strong …
Assessing The Impact Of Mercury Bioaccumulation In Mammoth Cave National Park, Cahtleen Webb
Assessing The Impact Of Mercury Bioaccumulation In Mammoth Cave National Park, Cahtleen Webb
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
This project will examine the fate and transport of mercury in Mammoth Cave National Park, which has an extensive karst ecosystem. Contaminant transport in karst systems (limestone based surface geology) is rapid and extensive. Mercury’s mobility in surface and ground water is of great concern due to its toxicity and ability to bio-magnify within food chains. However, mercury interacts with limestone, thus impairing its mobility. A number of federally listed species are declining in the parks. Further, Kentucky has issued a statewide mercury fish consumption advisory. With eight new coal-fired power plant applications under consideration in Kentucky, the potential exists …
Establishment Of Long-Term Forest Vegetation Monitoring Plots Within Mammoth Cave National Park, Bill Moore, Teresa Leibfreid, Rickie White
Establishment Of Long-Term Forest Vegetation Monitoring Plots Within Mammoth Cave National Park, Bill Moore, Teresa Leibfreid, Rickie White
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Beginning in 2011, the Cumberland Piedmont Network (CUPN) of the National Park Service (NPS) in cooperation with NatureServe, began monitoring forested vegetation communities within all 14 network parks, including Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA). The primary objectives of this effort are to: detect meaningful changes in species composition and vegetation structure within each park’s forested habitat and determine whether these changes are correlated with trends in “key stressors.” Thus far, 16 permanent long-term monitoring plots have been established within MACA. An additional 16 plots will be established in 2013- 2014. Within the permanent plots, data are collected on forest structure; …
A Functional Visual System In The Cave Beetle Ptomaphagus Hirtus, Markus Friedrich, Rui Chen, Elke K. Buschbeck, Stewart Peck
A Functional Visual System In The Cave Beetle Ptomaphagus Hirtus, Markus Friedrich, Rui Chen, Elke K. Buschbeck, Stewart Peck
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Cave species exhibit a suite of dramatic differences in comparison to their surface living relatives, commonly referred to as troglomorphy (Christiansen 2005). One hallmark feature of troglomorphy is the severe reduction or complete loss of eyes and functional vision. The two most abundant cave beetle species in Mammoth cave, the 2-3 mm small carrion beetle Ptomaphagus hirtus (Packard 1888; Peck 1973; Peck 1975; Tellkampf 1844) and the 6-8 mm long predatory ground beetle Neaphaenops tellkampfii are good examples of this (Barr 1979). P. hirtus tends to hide in crevices and usually goes unnoted to the regular visitor of Mammoth cave. …
Disjunct Eastern Hemlock Populations Of The Central Hardwood Forests: Ancient Relicts Or Recent Long Distance Dispersal Events?, F. Collin Hobbs, Keith Clay
Disjunct Eastern Hemlock Populations Of The Central Hardwood Forests: Ancient Relicts Or Recent Long Distance Dispersal Events?, F. Collin Hobbs, Keith Clay
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is an evergreen conifer with a contiguous distribution extending from the southern Appalachian Mountains north to Nova Scotia and west across the Great Lakes region. Eastern hemlock is threatened with extirpation from much of this range by an introduced pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Orwig et al. 2002). In addition to the contiguous distribution, many small, isolated populations are located within the central hardwood forest region of Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio (Braun 1928, Potzger and Friesner 1937, Van Stockum 1979). These disjunct populations form clearly delineated, often monospecific stands associated with unique natural features such as …
Breeding Bird Survey Summary From Mammoth Cave National Park, 1995 - 2012, Steve Kistler
Breeding Bird Survey Summary From Mammoth Cave National Park, 1995 - 2012, Steve Kistler
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Breeding bird surveys are used by ornithologists to study the variations in bird populations across the United States and Canada. Initiated in 1966, the surveys were originally created by Chandler Robbins and colleagues to study the effects of pesticide use on bird populations.
Today, these data are used to monitor changes in avian populations due to habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, land-use changes, and chemical contamination. The administration of these surveys is jointly run by the US Geological Survey and the Canadian Wildlife Service. Almost fifty years of continuous surveying also provides excellent baseline data which can be used to determine …
Landscape Genetics Of The Marbled Salamander, Ambystoma Opacum, In A Nationally Protected Park, Kevin Tewell, Jarrett Johnson
Landscape Genetics Of The Marbled Salamander, Ambystoma Opacum, In A Nationally Protected Park, Kevin Tewell, Jarrett Johnson
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Landscape features may influence the patterns of migration and dispersal of amphibian species and create genetic structure. A primary goal of landscape genetics is to analyze these influences in order to make more informed management decisions. We sampled larvae from 50 breeding ponds within the boundaries of Mammoth Cave National Park and genotyped 12 individuals per pond at 10 microsatellite loci to estimate gene fl ow between ponds. We used GIS layers of habitat types to conduct a least-cost path analysis and determine the relative cost of movement through each habitat type. We were interested in answering two questions: does …
Evaluating Interactions Between River Otters And Muskrats At Bridge Crossings In Kentucky, Ryan Williamson, Joseph Clark
Evaluating Interactions Between River Otters And Muskrats At Bridge Crossings In Kentucky, Ryan Williamson, Joseph Clark
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) prey on freshwater mussels in the Green River within Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA), many species of which are threatened or endangered. Reportedly, muskrat populations have been reduced in some streams where North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) were reintroduced and it has been suggested that river otter reintroduction at MACA might help conserve endangered mussels. To test that idea, we used occupancy estimation methods to evaluate the ecological relationship between muskrats and otters by collecting presence/absence data based on field sign found at bridge crossings in eastern and central Kentucky. Mean detection (p) and occupancy probabilities …
Mammoth Cave In Poetry: Davis Mccombs’ Ultima Thule, Judith Hatchett
Mammoth Cave In Poetry: Davis Mccombs’ Ultima Thule, Judith Hatchett
Mammoth Cave Research Symposia
Davis McCombs, former Mammoth Cave park ranger, received the Yale Younger Poets Award for Ultima Thule, his collection of poems based on his experiences in and with Mammoth Cave, not only of his actual experiences as ranger and cave explorer, but also of the history of the cave, including poems in the voice of Stephen Bishop, cave explorer, cave guide, and also a slave. The detail of McCombs’ examination produces what poet W.S. Merwin called “a grave, attentive holding of a light.” In a sense, his poetry illuminates the cave the way ancient torches and modern lighting have done. This …