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Articles 181 - 210 of 16610
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Use Of Irrigated Lucerne At Different Growth Stages. I. Evaluation Under Cutting, Patrucio O. Soto, E B. Jahn
Use Of Irrigated Lucerne At Different Growth Stages. I. Evaluation Under Cutting, Patrucio O. Soto, E B. Jahn
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Lucerne (Medicago sativa) cv. Huinca with medium winter dormancy was used to evaluate different cutting sequences. Treatments were: prebud (PB), bud (B), 10% flower (lOPP), SO% 0ower (SOPP) and combinations of these, giving 12 treatments in total. Lucerne was 3 years old at the beginning of the trial. A complete block design with 4 replicates and 2 x 6 m plots was used. Cuts were made at a height of SO mm. During the S seasons the cutting sequence B-I0PP had the highest yields (lS-19 t DM/ha) and was significantly higher (P<0.0S) than always cutting at B stage. B-IOPP was similar (P<0.0S) to I0PF, Plant density decreased from 65 to 25 plants/m1 for treatments cut at B. Percentage crude protein varied from IS.3 to 20.4% and acid detergent fibre ranged from 34.8 to 40.5%.
Pasture Productivity Of Different Species Evaluated Under Grazing In The Central Valley Of Chile, Patricio Soto, E Jahn, H Acuna, C Ovalle
Pasture Productivity Of Different Species Evaluated Under Grazing In The Central Valley Of Chile, Patricio Soto, E Jahn, H Acuna, C Ovalle
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Seven irrigated mixtures growing on volcanic ash soil were evaluated during 8 years. Five mixtures of white clover (Trifolium repens) (WC) with: ( I) ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (WC-R), (2) fescue (Festuca arundinacea) (WC-F), (3) orchardgrass (Dacrylis glomerara) (WCO), (4) orchardgrass-ryegrass (WC-O-R), (S) red clover-ryegrass (Trifolilun pratense) (WC-RC-R), (6) lucerne alone (Medicago saliva) (L), and lucerne-orchardgrass (L-0). Plots were 300 m2 in a complete block design with 3 replicates, grazed individually according to growth at 1S0-200 mm height for treatments with WC and 10% bloom for L. Pasture availability and ungrazed …
Change In Botanical Composition, Dry Matter Yield And Forage Quality Of Grassland After Five Seasons Of Extensification, W Kuhbauch, J Schellberg
Change In Botanical Composition, Dry Matter Yield And Forage Quality Of Grassland After Five Seasons Of Extensification, W Kuhbauch, J Schellberg
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Extensification of grassland management in Germany has 2 major objectives (I) to reduce the surplus of crop and animal products, and (2) to diminish unwanted side effects against the environment from intensive production systems. Some of the programmes on offer require a reduced number of cuttings and grazings per season, including a very late first cut of the sward and a reduction of nitrogen fertiliser. In a 5-yenr experiment at the grassland research station Rengen, Eifel-mountain-range, Germany, extensification of this type on productive grassland sites created an unbalanced botanical composition and, with nitrogen applied, a major portion of quackgrass in …
Initial Growth And Herbage Quality Trends For Leaves And Stems Of Two Forage Sorghums, A G. Matches, T P. Karnezos, J W. Keeling
Initial Growth And Herbage Quality Trends For Leaves And Stems Of Two Forage Sorghums, A G. Matches, T P. Karnezos, J W. Keeling
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) are commonly grown on the southern Great Plains of the USA as pasture, hay or emergency feed. Grazing and harvesting schedules generally span a wide range of plant maturities, Therefore, we measured at weekly intervals (from 32 to 96 days after planting) the herbage yield and quality of leaves and stems for Trudan 8 (hybrid sudangrass) and Funk-G 1990 (FG- 1990) (hybrid forage sorghum), Replicated plantings were grown under irrigation at Lubbock, Texas in 1990 and 1991. Trudan 8 generally had a lower propo1tion of leaves, leaf yield/plant, digestibility and crude protein levels …
Effects Of Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilizers On Forage Yield And Quality Of Dwarf Napiergrass, F H. Hsu, K Y. Hong
Effects Of Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilizers On Forage Yield And Quality Of Dwarf Napiergrass, F H. Hsu, K Y. Hong
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The experiment was conducted to determine effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilisers on forage yield and quality of dwarf napiergrass (Pennisteum purpuretum). Four levels of N (460, 690, 920 and 1150 kg/ha), and 4 levels of K2O (150, 300, 450 and 600 kg/ha), and 1 level of P2O5 (144 kg/ha), were applied. Forage yield, leaf area per tiller, leaf elongation rate and forage quality of dwarf napiergrass were increased when N level applied was increased. Leaf growth, tiller number and forage yield were not affected by K applied. However, Ca and Mg contents in plant were reduced and …
Hadean Recipes, Stephen Mojzsis
Hadean Recipes, Stephen Mojzsis
FRONTIERS UNBOUND: Exploring Extreme Environments
No abstract provided.
Effect Of Stocking Rate On Rhodes Grass-Stylo Pasture In The Northern Guinea Savanna Zone Of Nigeria 1. Herbage Yield, O S. Onifade, I F. Adu, J O. Akinola
Effect Of Stocking Rate On Rhodes Grass-Stylo Pasture In The Northern Guinea Savanna Zone Of Nigeria 1. Herbage Yield, O S. Onifade, I F. Adu, J O. Akinola
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The potential herbage production of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Callide)•stylo (Stylosanthes gulanensis cv. Cook) pasture was assessed during S (late wet to dry season) periods at Shika, Nigeria. The pasture received 200 kg N and 30 kg P/ha during the first (198S- 1986) and fifth (1989-1990) grazing periods (GP). Some P only was applied in other periods. The stocking rates (SR) were 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 Yankasa sheep/ha while the duration of grazing varied from 1S4 to 210 days. Sty lo, with production below 1.0 Vha, was eliminated in the first year of utilisation, …
Efficiency Of Different Implements For Pasture Interseeding, J A. Josifovich
Efficiency Of Different Implements For Pasture Interseeding, J A. Josifovich
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Pasture renovation with grasses and legumes appears to be a good practice to increase primary and secondary production. Trials were planted in 6 locations in Buenos Aires province, Argentina, 2 in Pergamino and 4 200 and 300 km south east of Pergamino, to evaluate 3 different implement combinations: a) rigid chisel coulter, b) spring tooth heavy duty coulter, with teeth 30 cm apart followed by spring tooth cultivators, and c) spring tooth heavy duty coulter 30 cm used twice in the same direction. The species sown were: fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), brome (Bromus uniolides H.B.K.), chicory (Cichoriu, intybus …
Effect Of Artificial Drought On Sward Tiller Density In Lolium And Festuca, Y Gao, D Wilman
Effect Of Artificial Drought On Sward Tiller Density In Lolium And Festuca, Y Gao, D Wilman
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Eight grasses, grown in field swards, were compared in four replicates on each of two adjacent sites. One site received normal rainfall; the other site was protected from rain by plot covers of clear polythene from June 1990 (the year after sowing) to October 1991. All plots were cut every 5 weeks from March to October. The numbers of tillers of the sown species per 0.1 m2 were recorded on all plots four times in the period September- December 1990 and four times in the period March-October 1991. The drought conditions created by the covers reduced the numbers of tillers …
Influence Of Spring Grazing Management On Summer Autumn Production Of Dairy Pastures, S C. Da Silva, C Matthew, P.N P. Matthews, J Hodgson
Influence Of Spring Grazing Management On Summer Autumn Production Of Dairy Pastures, S C. Da Silva, C Matthew, P.N P. Matthews, J Hodgson
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Three grazing treatments were allocated at random within e11ch of five 2.6 ha paddocks of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture. The treatments involved variation i'n the timing and degree of control of ryegrass reproductive growlh in two successive pasture growth seasons (1990-91 and 1991- 92). In 1990-91, swards in which reproductive growth was controlled at anthesis (20 November; LHC) produced 4330 kg OM/ha between 18 December and 11 April, compared with 3980 kg DM/ha for swards controlled on 18 December (VLHC) and 3210 kg OM/ha for swards controlled on 9 October …
Pasture Composition, As Affected By Grazing Management, And Its Effects On Milk Production By Grazing Dairy Cows, C W. Holmes, C J. Hoogendoorn, V R. Rugambwa, M P. Ryan, A.C P. Chu
Pasture Composition, As Affected By Grazing Management, And Its Effects On Milk Production By Grazing Dairy Cows, C W. Holmes, C J. Hoogendoorn, V R. Rugambwa, M P. Ryan, A.C P. Chu
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Prcgrazing herbage mass was controlled al higher or lower levels by grazing management (intensity or frequency). Three of the experiments used ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) swards, while the fourth included Grasslands Matua prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and white clover swards. The high mass swards generally contained higher proportions of dead matter and stem, and the herbage from these swards was always less digestible. When offered a common daily herbage allowance, cows grazing on the high mass swards produced less milk than those on the low mass swards. The data suggest …
Defoliation Of Grass (Cut Or Grazed) And Its Effect On Forage Quantity, H C. Hughes
Defoliation Of Grass (Cut Or Grazed) And Its Effect On Forage Quantity, H C. Hughes
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
All grassland farmers should try to optimise their grassland output during the growing season. Grassland farmers would improve their production results if they paid more attention to plant defoliation processes. Careful management of the grass ley will increase outputs by more than one third, without needing further inputs. Most grassland farmers need to have this improvement with no additional cost, especially in the present world economy.
Role Of Mixed Animal Type Grazing In Range Preservation And Increasing Animal Product Output, T Nolan, J Connolly, C Sall
Role Of Mixed Animal Type Grazing In Range Preservation And Increasing Animal Product Output, T Nolan, J Connolly, C Sall
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
fhe work was part of a research programme to a) evaluate the role of mixed animal type grazing in increasing production, b) explain any; benefits obtained and c) develop improved whole grazing ecosystems in temperate and semi-arid areas. Its specific ai was to improve domestic food production from range grazing livestock and to preserve or improve native range resources. This paper discusses some recent results from the Senegalese Sahel related to· animal preferential and differential selection, animal performance and the role of mixed grazing in improving the relationships between them to secure the objectives stated. The use of these results …
Pasture Botanical Changes And Steer Gains On Continuously Stocked Hay-Type And Grazing-Tolerant Lucerne Cultivars At Three Grazing Pressures, Carl S. Hoveland, M A. Mccann, J H. Bouton, N S. Hill
Pasture Botanical Changes And Steer Gains On Continuously Stocked Hay-Type And Grazing-Tolerant Lucerne Cultivars At Three Grazing Pressures, Carl S. Hoveland, M A. Mccann, J H. Bouton, N S. Hill
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Alfagraze (grazing-tolerant) and Apollo (hay-type) lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars were stocked continuously with beef steers at 3 grazing pressures (GP) for 3 years In central Georgia, USA. Lucerne stands declined at the highest GP, Apollo stand density being only 23% of that of Alfagraze in grass-free areas at the end of 3 years. Rapid encroachment by volunteer bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers,) at high GP resulted in greater stand loss in Apollo than Alfagraze. Steer average daily'gain on both cultivars declined from 0.95 kg at low GP to 0.76 kg at medium GP with a further …
Effect Of Grass-White Clover Mixtures On Steer Performance And Sward Characteristics In Atlantic Canada, H T. Kunelius, P Narasimhalu
Effect Of Grass-White Clover Mixtures On Steer Performance And Sward Characteristics In Atlantic Canada, H T. Kunelius, P Narasimhalu
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Pasture production in winter cold regions such as Atlantic Canada is limited by the availability of winter hardy and productive grass and legume species, Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), meadow fescue (Festuca prarensis Huds.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) grown in binary mixtures with white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and naturalised pasture consisting of Poa spp., Agrostis spp. and white clover, were compared under grazing, Steers were used to graze the swards from 16-26 cm down to 8 or 11 cm post-grazing surface heights, Dry matter intake was higher for natural pasture than for sown pastures, …
Range Management: Optimizing Forage Production And Qualityy, J E. Danckwerts, N M. Tainton
Range Management: Optimizing Forage Production And Qualityy, J E. Danckwerts, N M. Tainton
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Range management involves optimising forage production and quality, both in the short term and in the long term. In the short term, temporal climatic variability, stocking rate, grazing system, fire, animal type. and spatial variability, inter alia, strongly, influence forage production and quality. On the other hand, long-term optimisation requires prevention of range deterioration. The nature of this process seems to be profoundly different between humid and arid rangelands, at least in tropical and subtropical zones. In the former, changes are relatively predictable, overgrazing resulting in gradual deterioration. In the latter, change is event driven, providing the grazier with …
An Ecological Approach To Forage Management, J L. Brock, R.J M. Hay
An Ecological Approach To Forage Management, J L. Brock, R.J M. Hay
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The principles of defoliation management for maximum production of quality herbage are well researched, namely the manipulation of frequency and severity of defoliation, but their impact on the various levels of ecological organisation in pastures is nol fully understood or their interpretation appreciated. Using grazed ryegrass-white clover pasture as; example, detailed sward studies have suggested the following model. Defoliation frequency and severity interact lo produce varying levels of physiological stress and morphological adaptation which affecl the survival rate and size of individual growth units, the lowest level of organisation. Increasing frequency of defoliation reduces organ size but increases survival rate …
Land Use In Non-Affluent Countries As Determined By Social Infrastructure And Population Patterns, Bore Motsamai
Land Use In Non-Affluent Countries As Determined By Social Infrastructure And Population Patterns, Bore Motsamai
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Tenure of land in most developing countries is predominantly communal, with a mixture of introduced systems of individual ownership. Since nations attained independence structural- changes have been made in order to introduce land reform. Countries are caught up in a dilemma of having to provide social justice and greater equity through land reform, but face increasing population and landlessness. For example, Lesotho's landless rural people increased from 7.2% in 1950 to 38.5% in 1987, and 17.2% are without land and livestock. Employment opportunities fall short of satisfying the labour mBrket. With limited land resources and high population pressure, rational and …
The Future Of Sustainable Agriculture In The United States, Dennis R. Keeney
The Future Of Sustainable Agriculture In The United States, Dennis R. Keeney
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
In the United States, sustainable agriculture remains complicated and controversial as a concept, particularly to define and apply in terms of practices and policies to achieve sustainability. Many consider current agricultural practices to be sustainable in the near term with regard to the dependable, affordable supply of food and fibre, but unsustainable in terms of environmental quality and social costs. Production agriculture hos been linked to soil erosion and water pollution, and the emphasis on efficiency has contributed to the loss of many farmers and increasing instability in rural communities. Many of agriculture's dilemmas can be linked to policies of …
Livestock Production Systems In The Cameroon Sahelo-Sudanian Region, E Tedonkeng Pamo, R D. Pieper
Livestock Production Systems In The Cameroon Sahelo-Sudanian Region, E Tedonkeng Pamo, R D. Pieper
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The Sahelo-Sudanian region of Cameroon extends from 7° to 13° N. The region receives 400-1000 mm rainfall and is covered by a complex mosaic of. vegelation and plant communities. Animal production has always been a cornerstone of the economy of this region. The range use system of the region is extensive. The major problem faced by pastoralists has been a compression of their range not only by the northward-moving cultivation, but also by the southward moving desertification. Various grazing melhods have been suggested but none have yet been implemented, and nomadism and transhumance remain the major production systems. Analysis of …
Runoff Studies In Different Cropping Systems And Preliminary Results For Nitrogen Leaching, Ragnar Eltun
Runoff Studies In Different Cropping Systems And Preliminary Results For Nitrogen Leaching, Ragnar Eltun
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
A cropping system project was started at Apelsvoll Research Station in 1990, with the aim of developing cropping systems to minimise nutrient leaching and maximise food quality and economy. The experiment involves cash crop and forage crop systems with conventional, integrated and organic farming. This paper presents the experimental layout and preliminary measurements of nitrogen leaching. Both drainage water concentrations and runoff results shows that nitrogen leaching is less from cropping systems dominated by forages than from cash crop systems with cereals and potatoes.
Land Subdivision In The Falkland Islands, O W. Summers, W.J R. Haydock, A Kerr
Land Subdivision In The Falkland Islands, O W. Summers, W.J R. Haydock, A Kerr
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
The Falkland Islands agricultural industry depends mainly on wool production. This paper reviews the structure of an induslry which has changed radically in the last 10 years. Lord Shackleton completed his economic survey of the Falkland Islands in 1976 when there where only 36 fanns, most of which were owned by companies based mainly in the UK, and an absentee-landlord system prevailed. Shackleton advocated that the Falkland Islands Government should purchase large fanns and split them into smaller family units for sale to local people. Presently (1991-92) there are 92 farms and most of the Islands is in local ownership. …
Disparities In The Utilization Of Nambia's Grassland: A Need For Adjustments In The Beef Industry, Helmke Sartorius Von Bach, Johan Van Zyl
Disparities In The Utilization Of Nambia's Grassland: A Need For Adjustments In The Beef Industry, Helmke Sartorius Von Bach, Johan Van Zyl
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Extensive beef production, Namibia's life-line in agriculture, depends entirely on natural pastures. Socioeconomic and environmental disparities, namely (a) the· traditional smallholder communal sector versus the commercial sector and (b) areas in the vicinity versus distant from centralised abattoirs, are analysed by' using econometric analysis of time-series data on the regional influence of prices and· access to markets on beef numbers. This is particulary relevant because Namibia is in a process of structural adjustment, and in view of the beef sector's importance in the Namibian economy. The results accentuate the role of access to markets and productive opportunities for beef production …
Comparison Between Fodder Cropping Rotations Carried With Or Without Meadow In The Intensive Farming System Of The Po Valley Plain (Italy), Mario Onofrii, Cesare Tomasoni, Lamberto Borrelli
Comparison Between Fodder Cropping Rotations Carried With Or Without Meadow In The Intensive Farming System Of The Po Valley Plain (Italy), Mario Onofrii, Cesare Tomasoni, Lamberto Borrelli
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Pour fodder cropping rotations were compared at different degrees of crop intensification: (RI) a I-year continuous monoculture of Italian ryegrass (Loll111n multij/orum Lam.) +silage maize (Zea mays L.); (R3) a 3-year rotation of Italian ryegrass+silage maize - barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)+silage mai1:e - grain maize; (R6) a 6-year rotation of Italian ryegrass+silage maize for 3 years followed by meadow for 3 years (Trifolium repe11s L. + Festuca ari111di11acea Schreb,): (PM) a monoculture of permanent meadow. The most efficient rotation for dairy cattle feeding, on sandy-loam soils, was the I-year rotation of Italian ryegrass, followed by silage maize, with 22 9S0 …
Cadmium In Soil, Pasture And Grazing Ruminants, J Lee, N D. Grace, A D. Mackay, M J. Hedley, J R. Rouce
Cadmium In Soil, Pasture And Grazing Ruminants, J Lee, N D. Grace, A D. Mackay, M J. Hedley, J R. Rouce
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Cadmium, present in New Zealand hill country pastures rrom Cdamended phosphatic fertiliser use, is assimilated by grazing ruminants. Concentrations of Cd in plasma from sheep grazing pastures containing low (0.1-0.2µglg dry weight) or high (0.8-1.4 µgig dry weight) levels of Cd were 0.15±0.04 nglg and 0,35:1:0.15 ng/g, respectively (P<0.08). Cadmium in pasture was highly correlated (P<0,001) with soil O.IM HCl-extractable Cd (log10 Soiled= -0.98+0.26 Plantcd).
Nitrogen Dynamics In Three Contrasting Grassland Systems: Implications For Pasture Productivity And The Potential For Environmental Pollution, B E. Ruz-Jerez, R E. White, P Roger Ball
Nitrogen Dynamics In Three Contrasting Grassland Systems: Implications For Pasture Productivity And The Potential For Environmental Pollution, B E. Ruz-Jerez, R E. White, P Roger Ball
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Nitrogen (N) dynamics were compared in 3 contrasting grassland systems (2 legume-based and I receiving fertiliser N) in a cool temperate region of New Zealand. The study was concentrated on the various N transfers that occurred during and after grazing. Critical periods for N loss by different processes have been identified, allowing a more comprehensive understanding of the role of N in the productivity of different types of pasture, and the potential for environmental pollution, Calculation of N inputs and outputs for the three pastures indicated that the two legume-based systems were more or less in balance, but in the …
Reduction Of Nutrient Losses For Dairy Farms, With Emphasis On Nitrogen, W Luten, D J. Den Boer
Reduction Of Nutrient Losses For Dairy Farms, With Emphasis On Nitrogen, W Luten, D J. Den Boer
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Recently the Dutch government presented several policy papers in which standards are given for maximum allowed emissions to air, groundwater and surface water. Depending on the farm situation an optimum combination of measures in relation to housing, slurry storage, slurry and fertiliser application, and composition of the ration can be taken. In general a better use of nutrients from animal manure by applying slurry with low emission techniques in the growing season and a reduction of the stocking rate by a higher milk production per cow are the most effective and cheapest measures to reach these targets. There is a …
Revolutionizing Medical Education: Harnessing Ai To Cultivate Critical Thinking Skills, Alex Zuo, Anthony L. Alanis
Revolutionizing Medical Education: Harnessing Ai To Cultivate Critical Thinking Skills, Alex Zuo, Anthony L. Alanis
Research Colloquium
In our study, we explore the integration of AI technologies and innovative teaching methodologies to enhance medical education. We examine the implementation of AI-driven tools, such as adaptive learning systems, virtual patient simulations, and AI-powered assessment methods, to promote critical thinking, problem-solving, and engagement among medical students. Faculty development workshops, online resources, and collaborative research projects are outlined as key strategies for fostering an environment of continuous learning and improvement. The research also delves into AI-generated imagery and open educational resources, highlighting their potential to enrich curricula and personalize learning experiences. By leveraging AI for data storytelling, medical educators can …
Use Of Pasture As A Receivers For Swine Lagoon Effluent, J P. Mueller, J C. Barker, J P. Zublena, M H. Poore, R W. Harvey, J T. Green
Use Of Pasture As A Receivers For Swine Lagoon Effluent, J P. Mueller, J C. Barker, J P. Zublena, M H. Poore, R W. Harvey, J T. Green
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Swine waste management-cattle grazing systems were monitored on 2 North Carolina farms from 1990-1992, Farmers co-operated directly in the project by furnishing land, labour, equipment and cattle and by maintaining records of grazing and waste applications. Local county agricultural extension agents helped with management decisions, recordkeeping and co-ordinating activities among project participants. On a fann where waste was applied to pastures for 5 years, soil N in the upper l m averaged from 230-500 kg/ha, NO3 -N in the forage remained above 10 g/kg for the grazing season and 2 of 4 test wells recorded NO3 levels above 10 mg/I. …
Pastoral Systems Of Central Himalaya: How Long Will They Survive?, K S. Rao, K G. Saxena
Pastoral Systems Of Central Himalaya: How Long Will They Survive?, K S. Rao, K G. Saxena
IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)
Pastoral systems of Central Himalaya are very old and until recent time were in balance with environment, Recent changes in sociopolitical setup have drastically altered the status of these systems. The change of political power in trans-Himalayan Tibetean plateau has resulted in closure of international boarders, thus taking away the mercantile aspects of pastoralists and reducing pastoral area. Increased human disturbances on fragile Himalayan marginal lands and excessive onslaught on forests for fuel and fodder by the sedentary population has resulted in degradation and non-productive grasslands which do not help pastoralists sustain existing systems. Changes in relations between migratory pastoralists …