Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Model To Demonstrate Effects Of Mass Transfer And Applied Current In An Electrolytic Cell, George Ankrah

Reviews, Analyses, and Instructional Studies in Electrochemistry (RAISE)

This study investigates the relationship between applied current and resulting cell potential in an electrolytic system, considering the transport of electroactive species. By applying Michael Faraday's laws of electrolysis and the Nernst-Planck equation, the behavior of electroactive species in diffusion-controlled systems with and without stirring is modeled. The plots demonstrate how stirring enhances ion transport and establishes a stable Nernst diffusion layer, affecting the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing electrolysis processes.

Model Of The Effect Of Voltage On Contact Angle In An Electrolytic Cell Reaction, Aaron Essilfie

Reviews, Analyses, and Instructional Studies in Electrochemistry (RAISE)

This paper investigates the hypothesis that the contact angle at the meniscus of an electrode-electrolyte can be altered during a redox reaction through the coupled understanding of electrowetting and capillarity rise. Recent studies in electrowetting have focused on dielectric surfaces but research on contact angle at the electrode-electrolyte surface is lacking. The study employs a basic electrolytic cell. By applying principles of electrowetting and capillary rise the research aims to understand the relationship between applied voltage and contact angle, to advancements in electrochemistry and microfluidics.

Review Of Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements For Uranium In Flinak Molten Salt, Jackson Ivory

Reviews, Analyses, and Instructional Studies in Electrochemistry (RAISE)

The electrochemical behavior of uranium FLiNaK molten salts is explored, focusing on cyclic voltammetry (CV) as a powerful tool for redox characterization and diffusion studies. Through a comprehensive review of recent research, the study highlights the significance of CV in understanding electrode kinetics, material compatibility, and process optimization in molten salt environments. The findings underscore the potential of FLiNaK molten salt reactors in advancing nuclear energy technologies, fuel processing, and waste management strategies. Collaborative interdisciplinary efforts are emphasized to address challenges and accelerate innovation in electrochemical methods for nuclear applications.

Surmounting Challenges In Aggregating Results From Static Analysis Tools, Dr. Ann Marie Reinhold, Brittany Boles, A. Redempta Manzi Muneza, Thomas Mcelroy, Dr. Clemente Izurieta

Military Cyber Affairs

Aggregation poses a significant challenge for software practitioners because it requires a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of raw data from diverse sources. Suites of static-analysis tools (SATs) are commonly used to assess organizational security but simultaneously introduce significant challenges. Challenges include unique results, scales, configuration environments for each SAT execution, and incompatible formats between SAT outputs. Here, we document our experiences addressing these issues. We highlight the problem of relying on a single vendor's SAT version and offer a solution for aggregating findings across multiple SATs, aiming to enhance software security practices and deter threats early with robust defensive operations.

Generative Machine Learning For Cyber Security, James Halvorsen, Dr. Assefaw Gebremedhin

Military Cyber Affairs

Automated approaches to cyber security based on machine learning will be necessary to combat the next generation of cyber-attacks. Current machine learning tools, however, are difficult to develop and deploy due to issues such as data availability and high false positive rates. Generative models can help solve data-related issues by creating high quality synthetic data for training and testing. Furthermore, some generative architectures are multipurpose, and when used for tasks such as intrusion detection, can outperform existing classifier models. This paper demonstrates how the future of cyber security stands to benefit from continued research on generative models.

Approval Gap Of Weighted K-Majority Tournaments, Jeremy Coste, Breeann Flesch, Joshua D. Laison, Erin Mcnicholas, Dane Miyata

Theory and Applications of Graphs

A $k$-majority tournament $T$ on a finite set of vertices $V$ is defined by a set of $2k-1$ linear orders on $V$, with an edge $u \to v$ in $T$ if $u>v$ in a majority of the linear orders. We think of the linear orders as voter preferences and the vertices of $T$ as candidates, with an edge $u \to v$ in $T$ if a majority of voters prefer candidate $u$ to candidate $v$. In this paper we introduce weighted $k$-majority tournaments, with each edge $u \to v$ weighted by the number of voters preferring $u$.

We define the …

No Sword, No Shield, No Problem: Ai In Pro Se Section 1983 Suits, Michaela Calhoun

University of Colorado Law Review Forum

Originating during the Reconstruction era, 42 U.S.C. 1983 emerged as a legislative tool to safeguard individuals’ constitutional rights and liberties. Initially designed to combat state-sanctioned violence, its efficacy has been eroded over time by subsequent judicial and legislative action. Unfortunately, the current state of Section 1983 falls short of this envisioned role, particularly for incarcerated individuals who find themselves navigating the complexities of the federal court system as pro se litigants.

Faced with a landscape devoid of resources, incarcerated individuals struggle to realize their constitutional rights, further perpetuating their collective status as a second-class citizenry—a status imposed by their own …

Entropy Analysis For Three-Dimensional Stretched Flow Of Viscous Fluid Engaging Radiation Effect And Double Diffusion Phenomenon, Syed Tehseen Abbas, Muhammad Sohail, Imran Haider

International Journal of Emerging Multidisciplinaries: Mathematics

A useful technique for comprehending the thermodynamic behavior of fluid flows is entropy analysis. In this paper, we explore the involvement and transfer of entropy in a stretched three-dimensional flow of a viscous fluid. The flow is presumed to be both laminar and incompressible, whereas the properties of the fluid are considered to be unchanged. The governing equations: continuity; momentum; and energy equations; are calculated using the necessary boundary conditions. Considering the acquired velocity and temperature profiles, the entropy generation rate and fluxes are calculated. The results demonstrate that entropy production is significantly influenced by the flow's stretching rate. Through …

Technology Development And Materials Research To Enable A Sustainable D-T Fusion Energy Fuel Cycle, Brenda L. Garcia-Diaz, David Babineau, James Klein, Robert Allgood, George Larsen, Holly B. Flynn, Dale Hitchcock, Tim Krentz, Chris Dandeneau, Lucas Angelette, Robert Sindelar

Journal of the South Carolina Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Table Of Contents

Journal of the South Carolina Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

A Comparative Analysis Of Field Electron Emission From Carbon Black Embedded Within Insulated Copper Hollowed Wires And Glass Tubes, Hatem A. Al-Braikat, Ahmad M D Jaber, Adel M. Abuamr, Mazen A. Madanat, Aseel A. Al-Jbarart, M-Ali H. Al-Akhras, Marwan S. Mousa

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In this study, two different methods are used to investigate carbon black as a cold field electron emitter. The first method is to incorporate carbon black into a specially designed insulated copper hollowed wire. The wire has a cup-shaped structure created by electrochemical etching. The second method involves the incorporation of carbon black into narrow glass tubes. A Comparative analyses is carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of each method. To evaluate the performance of the samples, the current-voltage characteristics will be examined using field electron microscopes. This analysis will provide an understanding of the emission of the carbon black …

Learning To Teach About Climate Justice And Social Justice In Science Methods, Mindy J. Chappell

Northwest Journal of Teacher Education

In November, the Editors of NWJTE sat down for a conversation with Dr. Mindy J. Chappell, a Science Teacher Educator in the College of Education at Portland State University. Dr. Chappell’s passions include developing teachers who are prepared to disrupt normative science ideologies and provide young people with science instruction that encourages and empowers them to be leaders in their communities. She engages in arts-based educational science research through the methodology of Ethnodance (a term she coined). She places young people and their lived experiences at the heart of her work.

Feminist Political Ecology In The Classroom, Ella J. Yeigh

Northwest Journal of Teacher Education

As the effects of climate change are being felt more frequently, discussions on how to combat such a massive issue are increasingly prevalent. Finding solutions to the climate crisis requires an understanding of how mainstream economic systems have led to the climate crisis and using these same principles to get out of the climate crisis is misguided. Economic actions have inherent value biases that have real political effects. Feminist Political Ecology (FPE) as a theoretical model presents a better understanding of how values that are inherent in economic models such as reliance on efficiency, markets, and continual economic growth have …

Art And Math Via Cubic Polynomials, Polynomiography And Modulus Visualization, Bahman Kalantari

LASER Journal

Throughout history, both quadratic and cubic polynomials have been rich sources for the discovery and development of deep mathematical properties, concepts, and algorithms. In this article, we explore both classical and modern findings concerning three key attributes of polynomials: roots, fixed points, and modulus. Not only do these concepts lead to fertile ground for exploring sophisticated mathematics and engaging educational tools, but they also serve as artistic activities. By utilizing innovative practices like polynomiography—visualizations associated with polynomial root finding methods—as well as visualizations based on polynomial modulus properties, we argue that individuals can unlock their creative potential. From crafting captivating …

Klimchouk’S Impact On The Development Of Speleogenetic Models For Castile Evaporites: West Texas And Southeastern New Mexico, Usa, Kevin W. Stafford

International Journal of Speleology

Due to the pioneering work of Alexander Klimchouk (2007), hypogene karst is now recognized as being complex and extensive throughout Permian strata of the greater Delaware Basin in West Texas and southeastern New Mexico (USA). Klimchouk heavily influenced our current understanding of hypogene speleogenesis in the Permian Ochoan Castile Formation where we now recognize diverse hypogene manifestations that include vertically-extensive breccia pipes, laterally-extensive blanket breccias, morphologically-varied caves, diagenetically-altered sulfates, and unique venting structures. Underlying Bell Canyon strata provide the transmissive zone for delivery and removal of solutionally aggressive fluids to the conformably overlying Castile evaporites. Current speleogenetic models indicate that …

Surface Treatments' Effects On The Capacitor's Dielectric Performance Under Electro-Thermal Stresses, Haider. M. Umran, Feipeng Wang

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Biaxial-oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films are characterized by unfavorable aging behavior because of their poor susceptibility to high temperatures, humidity, and high electric fields. This makes them unqualified to withstand harsh operating conditions, such as in capacitor applications. This study investigates the impact of annealing BOPP samples at 100 °C for five hours after fluorination at different times (15, 30, and 60 minutes) on their electrical and mechanical performance under electro-thermal stresses. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirm that there is an increase in surface roughness and the formation of a dense layer of fluorine-containing groups monotonically with fluorination time. So, …

Electrocatalytic Cyclopropanation Of Active Methylene Compounds, Liang-Hua Jie, Hai-Chao Xu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The development of novel strategies to access cyclopropanes has become increasingly important due to the vital role of these three-membered ring structures in synthetic intermediates, natural products, and pharmaceuticals. Herein, we present an electrocatalytic method for the synthesis of cyclopropanes through intermolecular dehydrogenative annulation of active methylene compounds and arylalkenes. This electrochemical process requires no chemical oxidants, allowing for a speedy access to various functionalized cyclopropanes from inexpensive and readily available materials.

Electrochemical Syntheses Of Aryl-Substituted Benzothiophenes And Phenanthrenes Using Benzenediazonium Salts As The Aryl Radical Precursors, Li-Yuan Lan, Yang-Ye Jiang, Raymond Daniel Little, Cheng-Chu Zeng

Journal of Electrochemistry

Aryl-substituted benzothiophene and phenanthrene are important structural units in medicinal chemistry and materials science. Although extensive effort has been devoted to prepare these compounds and a variety of approaches have been developed to construct the 2-substituted benzothiophene core structure, environmental-friendly and efficient synthetic means are still desired. Based on our previous electrochemical Minisci-type arylation reaction with aryl diazonium salt as the aryl precursor, as well as the work from König’s group, herein, we described the use of paired electrolysis to achieve 2-aryl benzothiophenes and 9-aryl phenanthrenes employing benzenediazonium salts as the aryl radical precursors. Initially, 2-methylthiobenzendiazonium salt 1a and 4-methylbenzene …

Electrochemical Advanced Treatment Of Desulfurization Wastewater From Coal-Fired Power Plants, Ju-Cai Wei, Juan Yi, Xu Wu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Zero-emission of desulfurization wastewater is one of the main demands for coal-fired power plants. As typical high salinity wastewater, it is hard to purify the desulfurization wastewater from coal-fired power plants through traditional physicochemical treatment or biochemical treatment, e.g., COD and Cl^–. A high concentration of Cl^– ion in desulfurization wastewater restricts wastewater reuse and zero-emission. Electrochemical technology is an attractive method for high salinity wastewater zero-emission, which provides a versatile, efficient, cost-effective, easily automatable, and clean industrial process. For advanced treatment of effluent after triple box process treatment in power plants, this paper reports an electrochemical …

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Of Historic Art Paint Pigments, Sofia A. Stirpe, Juergen Thieme

Binghamton University Undergraduate Journal

Utilizing synchrotron radiation, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy enables researchers to deduce the elemental composition of paint pigments with a higher sensitivity and resolution than that of lab-based XRF instruments. With this information, art historians can date paintings by examining the elemental makeup of paint pigments and the time periods in which they were used. One painting, Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery, has been duplicated by Pieter Brueghel the Younger and other artists, leading to confusion over which artworks are Brueghel masterpieces or copies by other artists. Art historian Maurizio Seracini, retaining a painting that could be assigned …

Euler Archive Spotlight: Multiple Search Options, Christopher Goff

Euleriana

The Euler Archive houses PDF versions of almost all of Euler's original publications. While most visitors search the archive via a work's Eneström number, the Archive can be searched via source publication name, date written, or decade of publication. The Archive also provides context for Euler's publications through short pieces of historical information.

Euler And A Proof Of The Functional Equation For The Riemann Zeta-Function He Could Have Given, Alexander Aycock

Euleriana

We explain how Euler could have proved a functional equation, which is equivalent to the one for the Riemann zeta-function, that he conjectured in his paper {\it ``Remarques sur un beau rapport entre les series des puissances tant directes que reciproques"} \cite{E352} (E352: ``Remarks on the beautiful relation between the series of the direct and reciprocal powers").

Euler And The Gaussian Summation Formula For The Hypergeometric Series, Alexander Aycock

Euleriana

We show that in his paper {\it ``Plenior expositio serierum illarum memorabilium, quae ex unciis potestatum binomii formantur"} \cite{E663} (E663: ``A more thorough exposition of those memorable series that are formed from the binomial coefficients") Euler could have found the Gaussian summation formula for the hypergeometric series from his own formulas in that same paper, if he actually set the task for himself.

Euler And Homogeneous Difference Equations With Linear Coefficients, Alexander Aycock

Euleriana

We present a method outlined by Euler in his paper{\it ``De fractionibus continuis observationes"} \cite{E123} (E123: ``Observations on continued fractions") that can be used to solve homogeneous difference equations with linear coefficients. We will illustrate his ideas by applying it to two familiar examples and explain how it can be understood from a more modern point of view.

On The Cases In Which The Formula X^4+Kxxyy+Y^4 Can Be Reduced To A Square, Georg Ehlers

Euleriana

Euler’s key idea for equating the Quartic in the title to a square is to set k=P+surd(Q). From this he derives P=f·x^2 and Q=4f·y^2+4 and solves the Pell equation for y. He then discusses various extensions to rational numbers that leave k an integer. Euler provides incomplete tables for integers k with |k|square.

Research On Arithmetic, Erik R. Tou

Euleriana

In this English translation, some of Joseph-Louis Lagrange's early number theory is presented. Here, he laid out a theory of binary quadratic forms with special attention to the representation problem: determining those integers which may be represented by a given form, and cataloguing the possible forms of their divisors.

Number Theory And More, Christopher Goff, Erik Tou

Euleriana

An introduction to the contents in Issue 1, Volume 4 of Euleriana.

Laws Of Changes In The Energy Of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Coals Under Different Confining Pressures And Saturations, Zhu Wei, Gao Xia, Zhang Baoyong, Wu Qiang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Gas hydration for the solidification of coal seams susceptible to outbursts is a novel technology used to prevent coal and gas outbursts by reducing gas pressure and enhancing coal strength. However, an unclear understanding of the failure characteristics and the energy dissipation law of gas hydrate-bearing coals under different confining pressures and saturations leads to the lack of a theoretical basis for the prevention of dynamic disasters such as field coal and gas outbursts in deep mines. Based on the deviatoric stress-strain curves obtained using triaxial compression tests, this study calculated and analyzed the laws of changes in energy of …

Mechanism And Application Of Cross-Interface Fracturing For Permeability Enhancement Through The Roof Blasting Of Tectonic Coal Seams, Gao Kui, Wang Youwei, Qiao Guodong, Tian Yu, Fu Shigui

Coal Geology & Exploration

Deep coal mining is challenging due to deteriorating geological conditions. After undergoing multiphase tectonic movements, primary coals have evolved into soft tectonic coal seams with low permeability and high gas content, complicating drilling in coal seams. In this case, the blasting-induced fractures are not well-developed and are prone to be re-compacted. So far, no fundamental breakthrough has been achieved in the key technology of fracturing for permeability enhancement technology through the roof blasting of tectonic coal seams. Given this, this study established test models for similar simulation tests and numerical analysis on the roof blasting of coal seams. By monitoring …

Fracture Propagation Mechanism In Directional Perforation And Hydraulic Fracturing Of Coal Seam Horizontal Wells, Pang Tao, Jiang Zaibing, Hui Jiangtao, Jia Bingyi

Coal Geology & Exploration

Horizontal well perforation and fracturing in complex coal-bearing strata are key to increasing coal seam permeability and enhancing gas extraction efficiency, with the formation structure and perforation location determining fracture propagation. Considering the characteristics of formation structure and perforation locations, a fracturing geological model is established. Based on the finite element method, a numerical model is constructed to study the effects of perforation location, formation conditions, and the difference between vertical stress and horizontal stress on fracture perforation. Engineering verification is conducted, and construction suggestions are proposed. Key findings are as follows: There are three scenarios for the perforation locations: …