Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

2002

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 2431 - 2460 of 3435

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Constraint Modeling And Reformulation In The Context Of Academic Task Assignment, Robert Glaubius, Berthe Y. Choueiry Jan 2002

Constraint Modeling And Reformulation In The Context Of Academic Task Assignment, Robert Glaubius, Berthe Y. Choueiry

CSE Conference and Workshop Papers

We discuss the modeling and reformulation of a resource allocation problem, the assignment of Graduate Teaching Assistants to courses in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Computer Science Department. We formulate this problem as a non-binary Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) and provide a new convention for consistency checking to deal with the over-constraindness of the problem and the practical requirement of our application. We introduce a new decomposable non-binary constraint, which we call confinement constraint, and describe its relevance in practical requirements of our application. We introduce an new decomposable non-binary constraint, which we call confinement constraint, and describe its relevance in …


Material Weights And Conversions, Iowa Waste Reduction Center, Iowa Waste Exchange Jan 2002

Material Weights And Conversions, Iowa Waste Reduction Center, Iowa Waste Exchange

Iowa Waste Reduction Center Book Gallery

The reference information below is designed as a guide for the listing of materials on the Iowa Waste Exchange database. All materials need to be listed in pounds. This information is intended for estimation purposes when the material’s weight is unavailable.


Unifying Lectures, Recitations & Laboratories As A Part Of The Humanized Physics Project, Vicki L. Plano Clark, Robert G. Fuller Jan 2002

Unifying Lectures, Recitations & Laboratories As A Part Of The Humanized Physics Project, Vicki L. Plano Clark, Robert G. Fuller

Robert G. Fuller Publications

As a part of our work in the Humanized Physics Project, we have made the content of the physics laboratories the keystone of our physics content coverage. After having selected an appropriate human application of physics for the laboratory each week, we have shaped the lecture, recitation and homework assignments to support the laboratory. Our poster will provide examples from both semesters of our general physics course.


Tectonostratigraphic Evolution Of The North Anatolian Palaeorift (Napr): Hettangian-Aptian Passive Continental Margin Of The Northern Neo-Tethys, Turkey, Ali̇ Koçyi̇ği̇t, Demi̇r Altiner Jan 2002

Tectonostratigraphic Evolution Of The North Anatolian Palaeorift (Napr): Hettangian-Aptian Passive Continental Margin Of The Northern Neo-Tethys, Turkey, Ali̇ Koçyi̇ği̇t, Demi̇r Altiner

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Jurassic-Early Cretaceous stratigraphical, sedimentological and structural evolutionary history of the northern branch of Neo-Tethys is recorded and preserved within an average 6-km-thick basin fill. The basin fill is well-exposed as discontinuous inliers of varying size and thickness within, and to the north of, the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture throughout northern Turkey. This basin fill unconformably overlies a substratum comprising the deformed rock assemblages of the Triassic Karakaya palaeorift and its Hercynian basement. Detailed studies based on geological mapping at a 1/25,000 scale and stratigraphic sections measured at 14 type localities show that this infill includes stratigraphical and sedimentological …


Effects Of Ozonation On Characteristics Of Aquatic Fulvic Acid, Şermi̇n Gül Jan 2002

Effects Of Ozonation On Characteristics Of Aquatic Fulvic Acid, Şermi̇n Gül

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Aquatic fulvic acid (FA) treated with ozone was characterized by physical/chemical (dissolved organic carbon-DOC), spectroscopic (UV/VIS, IR, fluorescence), chromatographic (gel permeation chromatography-GPC) methods. The influence of ozonation on the subsequent water treatment process such as flocculation and chlorination was also examined. The DOC concentration of the 20 min ozonated FA samples was reduced only a small amount (5%) whereas the UV absorption reduced to a higher percent (40%). The IR spectra of ozonated samples showed a moderate attenuation of the double band and aromatic character of FA. Ozonation of the FA caused the fluorescence intensities to increase steadily with ozonation …


C-Closed Sets In L-Fuzzy Topological Spaces And Some Of Its Applications, Ali̇ Ahmed Nouh Jan 2002

C-Closed Sets In L-Fuzzy Topological Spaces And Some Of Its Applications, Ali̇ Ahmed Nouh

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We introduce and study the notion of C-closed sets in L-fuzzy topological spaces. Then, C-convergence theory for nets and ideals is established in terms of C-closedness. Finally, we give a new concept of C-continuity on L-fuzzy topological space by means of L-fuzzy C-closedness and investigate some of its properties and its relationships with other L-fuzzy mappings introduced previously. Then we systematically study the characterizations of this notion with the aid of the C-convergence of L-fuzzy nets and L-fuzzy ideals.


Interface Roughness-Induced Intrassubband Scattering In A Quantum Well Under An Electric Field, Guseyn Behbudoglu Ibragimov Jan 2002

Interface Roughness-Induced Intrassubband Scattering In A Quantum Well Under An Electric Field, Guseyn Behbudoglu Ibragimov

Turkish Journal of Physics

The scattering rates in the lowest subband in a quantum well are calculated for interface roughness scattering when an electric field is applied perpendicular to the layer plane. It is found that the interface roughness scattering rate increases with increase in the electric field. The electric field changes the interface roughness scattering rates drastically in thick QWs compared with those for the zero-field case. This behaviour in the scattering rate gives a new degree of freedom in regions of interest in device applications.


Kinetics Of Light-Induced Metastable Defect Creation And Annealing In A-Si:H, Alp Osman Kodolbaş, Aynur Eray, Özcan Öktü Jan 2002

Kinetics Of Light-Induced Metastable Defect Creation And Annealing In A-Si:H, Alp Osman Kodolbaş, Aynur Eray, Özcan Öktü

Turkish Journal of Physics

Constant Photocurrent Method (CPM) and steady state photoconductivity measurements are used to investigate the creation of light-induced metastable defects in a-Si:H at room temperature and their annealing. Light-induced metastable defect concentration N$_{d}$ varies with exposure time t_{e}as t_{e}^{r} with r=0.34\ pm 0.02, as expected from the recombination induced weak bond breaking model [1]. The validity of a stretched exponential model is also studied [2]. From the annealing experiments, the distribution of thermal annealing activation energies is calculated following the method proposed by Hata and Wagner [3]. Defects created at room temperature show a narrow distribution of annealing activation energies peaking …


Filamentation Of Light Emission In An Infrared-Visible Image Converter With A Semiconductor Photodetector, Hi̇lal Yücel Kurt, H. S. Kiymaz, B. G. Salamov, K. Çolakoğlu Jan 2002

Filamentation Of Light Emission In An Infrared-Visible Image Converter With A Semiconductor Photodetector, Hi̇lal Yücel Kurt, H. S. Kiymaz, B. G. Salamov, K. Çolakoğlu

Turkish Journal of Physics

This work studies the light emission patterns associated with the spatial modulation of the transversal distribution of the current density in a converter cell with a GaAs semiconductor cathode. Such light emission exhibits spatial structures of current filaments depending on the feeding voltage, illumination intensity, gas pressure and the surface treatment of the electrodes. When the current is increased above the stable limit, breakdown or small current filamentations begin. However, n-GaAs exhibits an S-shaped current-density-field relation due to impact ionization of carriers from shallow donors into the conduction band under high electric fields. The assessment of the filament formation is …


The B --> S G G Decay In The General Two Higgs Doublet Model, E. O. İltan Jan 2002

The B --> S G G Decay In The General Two Higgs Doublet Model, E. O. İltan

Turkish Journal of Physics

We study the decay width of the inclusive process b --> s g g in the two Higgs doublet model with three-level flavor changing neutral currents (model III). We analyse the dependencies of the differential decay width to the s- quark energy E_s and model III parameters, charged Higgs mass m_H_{^{±}} and Yukawa coupling \bar{\xi}_{N,bb}^D. We observe that there exist a considerable enhancement in the decay width for the relevant process. This enhancement can be reduced by choosing C_7^{eff} as negative or increasing the lower bound of m_H_{^{±}} to the large values. This is an interesting result which gives an …


Comment On ‘‘Stress-Density Ratio Slip-Corrected Reynolds Equation For Ultra-Thin Film Gas Bearing Lubrication’’, Alejandro Garcia Jan 2002

Comment On ‘‘Stress-Density Ratio Slip-Corrected Reynolds Equation For Ultra-Thin Film Gas Bearing Lubrication’’, Alejandro Garcia

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Explicit Multiplicative Relations Between Gauss Sums, Brian J. Murray Jan 2002

Explicit Multiplicative Relations Between Gauss Sums, Brian J. Murray

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

H.Hasse conjectured that all multiplicative relations between Gauss sums essentially follow from the Davenport-Hasse product formula and the norm relation for Gauss sums. While this is known to be false, very few counterexamples, now known as sign ambiguities, have been given. Here, we provide an explicit product formula giving an infinite class of new sign ambiguities and resolve the ambiguous sign in terms of the order of the ideal class of quadratic primes.


Synthesis And Study Of New Materials For The Visual Detection Of Biomolecules, Ming He Jan 2002

Synthesis And Study Of New Materials For The Visual Detection Of Biomolecules, Ming He

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The visual determination of saccharides has been of interest for well over a century. Sugars are a relatively challenging class of compounds to analyze. They exhibit great structural similarity as well as transparency in the visible region. The sensing of specific saccharides could aid the monitoring of disease or industrial fermentation products. Herein I present new methods allowing for simple and rapid visual detection of sialic acid, fructose and a homologous series of prototypical neutral oligosaccharides, the linear maltodextrins, containing up to seven glucose residues. The new methods allow for selective color detection of fructose in a large excess of …


Experience-Based Language Acquisition: A Computational Model Of Human Language Acquisition, Brian Edward Pangburn Jan 2002

Experience-Based Language Acquisition: A Computational Model Of Human Language Acquisition, Brian Edward Pangburn

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Almost from the very beginning of the digital age, people have sought better ways to communicate with computers. This research investigates how computers might be enabled to understand natural language in a more humanlike way. Based, in part, on cognitive development in infants, we introduce an open computational framework for visual perception and grounded language acquisition called Experience-Based Language Acquisition (EBLA). EBLA can “watch” a series of short videos and acquire a simple language of nouns and verbs corresponding to the objects and object-object relations in those videos. Upon acquiring this protolanguage, EBLA can perform basic scene analysis to generate …


Mode Specific Photoionization Dynamics In Polyatomic Molecules, Gerald Jeffery Rathbone Jan 2002

Mode Specific Photoionization Dynamics In Polyatomic Molecules, Gerald Jeffery Rathbone

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The work presented in this dissertation presents new work on polyatomic photoionization. In these investigations, the broad range behavior of both allowed and forbidden vibrational modes in linear triatomic systems were studied to understand mode specific aspects of photoionization. The current study is made possible by the experimental strategy of exploiting high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy and the high brightness of third generation synchrotron radiation sources. The data is taken typically tens of eV’s past the ionization potential. The strategy that I employ is to probe alternative vibrational modes which are frequently affected differently following resonant ionization. Such vibrationally resolved data …


Capillary And Microdevice Electrophoretic Tools For Genetic Analyses: Heteroduplex Analysis For Tuberculosis Drug Susceptibility And Ligase Detection Reaction For Colorectal Cancer Detection, Gloria Thomas Jan 2002

Capillary And Microdevice Electrophoretic Tools For Genetic Analyses: Heteroduplex Analysis For Tuberculosis Drug Susceptibility And Ligase Detection Reaction For Colorectal Cancer Detection, Gloria Thomas

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The traditional format of electrophoresis, the slab gel, is quickly being replaced by capillary and microdevice platforms, which offer improvements in cost, resolution, speed, quantitation and automation in genetic analyses. These techniques also employ a variety of separation matrices while the slab gel is limited to agarose and polyacrylamide. The research presented here explores the use of these electrophoretic formats for the detection of single nucleotide mutations using two genetic models associated with human disease. Slab gel based heteroduplex analysis (HDA), a popular mutation scanning method, uses a specially designed universal heteroduplex generator (UHG) containing controlled variation to enhance the …


Hydrodynamics And Freshwater Diversion Within Barataria Basin, Dongho Park Jan 2002

Hydrodynamics And Freshwater Diversion Within Barataria Basin, Dongho Park

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In order to understand the physical processes in the Barataria estuary, a previously developed two-dimensional, depth-integrated hydrodynamic model is applied to simulate estuarine processes. The equations for conservation of mass and momentum predict specific physical processes when forced by tidal and salinity variations at the open boundaries, wind forcing patterns, precipitation and evaporation over the model domain, and freshwater runoff as point sources. This study is focused on examining the impact of freshwater dispersion from the freshwater sources. Thus, a hydrologic model was developed to estimate runoff. Furthermore grid size was reduced, a new advective code added, and baroclinic effects …


Rana Catesbeiana Diet, Chad L. Cross, Shawn Gerstenberger Jan 2002

Rana Catesbeiana Diet, Chad L. Cross, Shawn Gerstenberger

Environmental & Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Data were obtained opportunistically from 28 adult (14M; 14 F) bullfrogs collected during April 2001 from Meadow Valley Wash located between the cities of Carp and Elgin, Lincoln County. Nevada, USA (37⁰17’N, 114⁰30'W). Although there are two summary reports that provide publication lists of bullfrog food/diet literature (Bury and Whelan I 984. Ecology and Management of the Bullfrog. USDI, FWS Resource Publ. 155. 23 pp.; Casper and Hendricks, in press. In M.J. Lannoo [ed.], Status and Conservation of U.S. Amphibians. Univ. California Press, Berkeley), there are, to our knowledge, no published bullfrog diets from this region.


The Role Of Size Exclusion Chromatography-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry In The Treatment Chemistry Of Potable Water, Marina C. Koether Jan 2002

The Role Of Size Exclusion Chromatography-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry In The Treatment Chemistry Of Potable Water, Marina C. Koether

Faculty Articles

The percentage composition of Al13, [AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12]7+, in water treatment coagulants is an important criterion in the development and use of polymeric coagulants. Polymeric coagulants are generally used in cold climates or with highly turbid waters. Size exclusion chromatography–flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SEC-FAAS) can separate Al13 and monomeric Al within 6 min. The percentage composition of Al13 and monomeric Al is determined by solving two simultaneous equations. Due to overlapping peaks, a 10% error is associated with this method of quantification. This method can be …


Large Enhancement Of Spontaneous Emission Rates Of Inas Quantum Dots In Gaas Microdisks, W. Fang, Alexey Yamilov, Yinfa Ma, J. Y. Xu, S. T. Ho, G. S. Solomon, Hui Cao Jan 2002

Large Enhancement Of Spontaneous Emission Rates Of Inas Quantum Dots In Gaas Microdisks, W. Fang, Alexey Yamilov, Yinfa Ma, J. Y. Xu, S. T. Ho, G. S. Solomon, Hui Cao

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Control of spontaneous emission in a microcavity has many important applications, e.g. improvement of the efficiency of light emitting devices. InAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded in microdisks are ideal systems for spontaneous emission control. The whispering gallery (WG) modes of microdisks have low volume and high quality factor. The homogeneous linewidth of InAs quantum dots is smaller than the spectral width of WG modes. Thus, a large enhancement of the spontaneous emission rates should be expected for QDs coupled to WG modes. However, large inhomogeneous broadening of the QD energy levels and random spatial distribution of the QDs in a …


Intercomparison Of Number Concentration Measurements By Various Aerosol Particle Counters, A. Ankilov, A. Baklanov, M. Colhoun, K. H. Enderle, J. Gras, Yu Julanov, D. Kaller, A. Lindner, A. A. Lushnikov, R. Mavliev, F. Mcgovern, T. C. O'Connor, Josef Podzimek, O. Preining Jan 2002

Intercomparison Of Number Concentration Measurements By Various Aerosol Particle Counters, A. Ankilov, A. Baklanov, M. Colhoun, K. H. Enderle, J. Gras, Yu Julanov, D. Kaller, A. Lindner, A. A. Lushnikov, R. Mavliev, F. Mcgovern, T. C. O'Connor, Josef Podzimek, O. Preining

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Total aerosol particle number concentrations, as measured by means of 16 different measurement systems, have been quantitatively compared during an international workshop at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the University of Vienna, Austria, which was coordinated within the Committee on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (ICCP-IUGG). The range of measuring instruments includes Pollak counters (PCO) in use already for several decades, presently available commercial particle counters, as well as laboratory prototypes. The operation of the instruments considered was based on different measurement principles: (1) adiabatic expansion condensation particle counter, (2) flow diffusion condensation particle counter, (3) turbulent mixing condensation particle …


Motion Based Event Recognition Using Hmm, Gu Xu, Yu-Fei Ma, Hong-Jiang Zhang, Shiqiang Yang Jan 2002

Motion Based Event Recognition Using Hmm, Gu Xu, Yu-Fei Ma, Hong-Jiang Zhang, Shiqiang Yang

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Motion is an important cue for video understanding and is widely used in many semantic video analyses. We present a new motion representation scheme in which motion in a video is represented by the responses of frames to a set of motion filters. Each of these filters is designed to be most responsive to a type of dominant motion. Then we employ hidden Markov models (HMMs) to characterize the motion patterns based on these features and thus classify basketball video into 16 events. The evaluation by human satisfaction rate to classification result is 75%, demonstrating effectiveness of the proposed approach …


Effect Of Oxygen Vacancies On The Magnetic Structure Of The La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Feo3-Δ Perovskite: A Neutron Diffraction Study, Zili Chu, William B. Yelon, Jinbo Yang, William Joseph James, Harlan U. Anderson, Yixiang Xie, Satish K. Malik Jan 2002

Effect Of Oxygen Vacancies On The Magnetic Structure Of The La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Feo3-Δ Perovskite: A Neutron Diffraction Study, Zili Chu, William B. Yelon, Jinbo Yang, William Joseph James, Harlan U. Anderson, Yixiang Xie, Satish K. Malik

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Magnetic interactions in perovskite compounds of the type La1-xSrxMO3-δ (M=3d transition such as Mn and Fe) are presumed to arise through a super exchange between 3d electrons of the magnetic ions via oxygen orbitals. The magnetic structure of La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-δ has been studied with neutron diffraction. Oxygen vacancies were created by annealing samples under various gases including N2, air and mixtures of CO/CO2. All La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-δ compounds maintain the rhombohedral structure (space group R3̄c). The air- or oxygen-annealed samples have almost no oxygen …


Electrical And Magnetotransport Properties Of Canted Antiferromagnet Dy₅Si₂Ge₂, R. Nirmala, V. Sankaranarayanan, K. Sethupathi, Zili Chu, William B. Yelon, V. Prasad, A. V. Morozkin, Satish K. Malik, S. V. Subramanyam Jan 2002

Electrical And Magnetotransport Properties Of Canted Antiferromagnet Dy₅Si₂Ge₂, R. Nirmala, V. Sankaranarayanan, K. Sethupathi, Zili Chu, William B. Yelon, V. Prasad, A. V. Morozkin, Satish K. Malik, S. V. Subramanyam

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Summary form only given. Since the giant magnetocaloric effect is encountered in a ferromagnetic Gd5Si2Ge2 alloy near room temperature it is considered as a suitable material for magnetic refrigerator applications. Also a commensurate structural transition occurs at the magnetic transition temperature and there is a good correlation between the crystal structure and magnetic properties. Such observations have triggered numerous experimental studies on similar rare earth alloys and compounds. We have synthesized its Dy- analogue, namely, Dy5Si2Ge2 and have characterized it by means of room temperature X-ray diffraction, ac magnetic susceptibility (15 K - 300 K), electrical resistivity (at zero field …


Group Automorphisms And The Decomposition Of Plancherel Measures, David Slay Jan 2002

Group Automorphisms And The Decomposition Of Plancherel Measures, David Slay

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this paper, a natural action of the automorphisms of a group on the space of irreducible unitary representations is used to decompose the Plancherel measure on the dual space as an integral of measures on homogeneous spaces. Explicit decompositions are obtained for the cases of free 2 and 3-step nilpotent Lie groups. These results are obtained using direct integral decompositions, induced representations, the Mackey Machine, and measure theory on homogeneous spaces.


Stimulation And Modeling Of Pond Formations On The Asteroid 433 Eros, Justin Thompson Jan 2002

Stimulation And Modeling Of Pond Formations On The Asteroid 433 Eros, Justin Thompson

Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal

"Ponds" are surface features that appear to be the result of the deposition of finer material on the asteroid's regolith, the layer of loose sediment that blankets the entire asteroid. Ponds were discovered by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft in January, 2001, on the asteroid 433 Eros. The objective of experimentation is to simulate the development of these ponds in the Andromeda planetary sciences environmental chamber. The Andromeda Chamber offers a unique ability to simulate surface environments that occur on Eros. The chamber was used to simulate the processes that occur as Eros emits gas through its outer surface, including the …


Exotic Integral Witt Equivalence Of Algebraic Number Fields, Changheon Kang Jan 2002

Exotic Integral Witt Equivalence Of Algebraic Number Fields, Changheon Kang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Two algebraic number fields K and L are said to be exotically integrally Witt equivalent if there is a ring isomorphism W(OK) ~ W(OL) between the Witt rings of the number rings OK and OL of K and L, respectively. This dissertation studies exotic integral Witt equivalence for totally complex number fields and gives necessary and sufficient conditions for exotic integral equivalence in two special classes of totally complex number fields.


Barium And Lithium In Foraminifera: Glacial-Interglacial Changes In The North Atlantic, Jenney M. Hall Jan 2002

Barium And Lithium In Foraminifera: Glacial-Interglacial Changes In The North Atlantic, Jenney M. Hall

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The trace element content of calcareous foraminifera provides a powerful tool to the study of glacial-interglacial changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean. Foraminifera incorporate barium in direct proportion to its concentration in seawater. Using barium as a nutrient proxy, Ba/Ca in benthic Planulina wuellerstorfi is used to reconstruct changes in thermocline ventilation and mid-depth circulation in the North Atlantic during the last glacial and deglacial time. Rivers are concentrated in barium compared to surface seawater. Therefore, barium in planktonic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma is used to identify deglacial meltwater in the Arctic Ocean. Foraminiferal Li/Ca was analyzed to …


Tidal Dynamics In The Bab El Mandab Strait, Ewa Jarosz Jan 2002

Tidal Dynamics In The Bab El Mandab Strait, Ewa Jarosz

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The Bab el Mandab Strait is where the transition occurs between two noticeably different tidal regimes: the Gulf of Aden, where tidal fluctuations are mixed and have a range in excess of 2 m, and the Red Sea, where the tides are principally semidiurnal and their range is less than 1 m. Within the Strait, observations collected between May of 1995 and July of 1997 indicate that tidal currents are a mixed type and dominant constituents are the K1 and M2. The vertical structure of the tidal currents is complicated, differs between semidiurnal and diurnal constituents, and …


On Properties Of Linear Control Systems On Lie Groups, Fabiana Cardetti Jan 2002

On Properties Of Linear Control Systems On Lie Groups, Fabiana Cardetti

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In this work we study controllability properties of linear control systems on Lie groups as introduced by Ayala and Tirao in [AT99]. A linear control system _x0006_Σ Lie group G is defined by x' = X(x) + Σkj=1 ujYj(x), where the drift vector field X is an infinitesimal automorphism, uj are piecewise constant functions, and the control vectors Yj are left-invariant vector fields. Properties for the flow of the infinitesimal automorphism X and for the reachable set defined by _x0006_Σ are presented in Chapter 3. Under a condition similar to the Kalman …