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2005

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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

The Row-Column Confounded 2MX4N Factorial Design And Its Different Fractions, Md Shamsuddin, Mian A S Adnan Apr 2005

The Row-Column Confounded 2MX4N Factorial Design And Its Different Fractions, Md Shamsuddin, Mian A S Adnan

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

The row-column confounded 2mX4n factorial designs and its different fractions can be constructed and analyzed using pseudo factors in the 4n portion. (Examples are shown)


The Use Of Pseudo Factors In 4N, 8N, 2MX4N, 2NX8N Factorial Designs, Md Shamsuddin, Mian A S Adnan Apr 2005

The Use Of Pseudo Factors In 4N, 8N, 2MX4N, 2NX8N Factorial Designs, Md Shamsuddin, Mian A S Adnan

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

The confounded factorial designs of the experiments 4n, 2mX4n, 8n, etc, and their different fractions can be constructed and analyzed using a suitable method of pseudo factors known as Rotation-Conversion Method. An example is shown.


The 3N Circular Factorial Designs: More Robust Estimate Of All Factorial Effects, Md Shamsuddin Apr 2005

The 3N Circular Factorial Designs: More Robust Estimate Of All Factorial Effects, Md Shamsuddin

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

A 3n circular factorial design which facilitates estimates of all factorial effects providing internal partial confounding with blocks within each of its diameters in different directions is constructed for use in analyzing the multi-directional data of different disciplines. The design possesses small error variance by eliminating the heterogeneity in different directions. An example is given.


Spatial Variability In Aggregation Based On Geostatistical Analysis, Shoufan Fang, George Z. Gertner, Guangxing Wang, Alan B. Anderson Apr 2005

Spatial Variability In Aggregation Based On Geostatistical Analysis, Shoufan Fang, George Z. Gertner, Guangxing Wang, Alan B. Anderson

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

This study derived the equations for computing the spatial variability in the aggregation of original maps of continuous attributes. The derivation of the equations is based on traditional statistical and geostatistical principles. The derived equations can be used to compute the variance, covariance, and spatial (auto-/cross-) covariance of the aggregated pixels and sub-areas in a given study area. Using the derived equations, the total uncertainty within a study area will not change after aggregation. For a case study, it has been shown that aggregation will reduce the values of variance/covariance and spatial covariance of the aggregated individual pixels. It was …


R2 Statistics For Mixed Models, Matthew Kramer Apr 2005

R2 Statistics For Mixed Models, Matthew Kramer

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

The R2 statistic, when used in a regression or ANOVA context, is appealing because it summarizes how well the model explains the data in an easy-to-understand way. R2 statistics are also useful to gauge the effect of changing a model. Generalizing R2 to mixed models is not obvious when there are correlated errors, as might occur if data are georeferenced or result from a designed experiment with blocking. Such an R2 statistic might refer only to the explanation associated with the independent variables, or might capture the explanatory power of the whole model. In the latter …


A Bayesian And Covariate Approach To Combine Results From Multiple Microarray Studies, John R. Stevens, R. W. Doerge Apr 2005

A Bayesian And Covariate Approach To Combine Results From Multiple Microarray Studies, John R. Stevens, R. W. Doerge

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

The growing popularity of microarray technology for testing changes in gene expression has resulted in multiple laboratories independently seeking to identify genes related to the same disease in the same organism. Despite the uniform nature of the technology, chance variation and fundamental differences between laboratories can result in considerable disagreement between the lists of significant candidate genes from each laboratory. By adjusting for known differences between laboratories through the use of covariates and employing a Bayesian framework to effectively account for between-laboratory variability, the results of multiple similar studies can be systematically combined via a meta-analysis. Meta-analyses yield additional information …


A Bayesian Random Coefficient Nonlinear Regression Model For A Split-Plot Experiment, Reid D. Landes, Trey Spencer, Ian A. Zelaya Apr 2005

A Bayesian Random Coefficient Nonlinear Regression Model For A Split-Plot Experiment, Reid D. Landes, Trey Spencer, Ian A. Zelaya

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

In random coefficients regression, we are often interested in the mean of a certain para-meter particular to the experimental unit (EU). When the mean depends on some treatment regimen, we are then interested in comparing the means among the different treatments. When the EUs are repeatedly measured on a variable containing information about the EU parameter, a standard procedure is to estimate each EU parameter and treat the estimates as the response variables. This is especially true when the regression model for an EU is non-linear. Often, for designed experiments with a factorial treatment structure, the estimated EU parameters are …


Evaluating The Effects Of Monensin Overdose In Dairy Cattle, Rebecca R. Hozak, James T. Symanowski, David G. Mcclary, Meliton N. Novilla, John C. Kube, R. Ken Mcguffey, John I. D. Wilkinson, Howard B. Green, Elvin E. Thomas Apr 2005

Evaluating The Effects Of Monensin Overdose In Dairy Cattle, Rebecca R. Hozak, James T. Symanowski, David G. Mcclary, Meliton N. Novilla, John C. Kube, R. Ken Mcguffey, John I. D. Wilkinson, Howard B. Green, Elvin E. Thomas

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

Monensin is approved as a feed additive by the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine to increase milk production efficiency in lactating dairy cattle. To assess the effects of a gross error in mixing monensin into cattle feed, a 10-fold overdose was given for three consecutive days to naïve cows as well as cows previously dosed with monensin within the label range. Cows were evaluated during the overdose and for a subsequent 4 week observation period. Physiological variables were analyzed, including dry matter intake, body weight, body condition score, and serum chemistry profile. Production variables were analyzed, including milk yield and …


The Effect Of Monensin On Lactation Dairy Cows: A Dose Response Evaluation, Zhanglin Cui, Daniel Mowrey, Alan G. Zimmermann, James T. Symanowski, Howard B. Green, John I. D. Wilkinson Apr 2005

The Effect Of Monensin On Lactation Dairy Cows: A Dose Response Evaluation, Zhanglin Cui, Daniel Mowrey, Alan G. Zimmermann, James T. Symanowski, Howard B. Green, John I. D. Wilkinson

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

Monensin (Rumensin®) was fed at doses of 0, 8, 16, or 24 ppm to 966 dairy cows in nine different geographical locations in the USA and Canada. A dose response analysis was conducted on the primary variable, milk production efficiency, to determine the most appropriate dose response function, establish a minimum effective dose, and, when possible, determine a maximum effective dose. Linear mixed models (SAS® Proc Mixed v6.12) were fit to the data. Linear contrasts comparing the non-zero doses of monensin to the control were done to initially determine a minimum effective dose from the 3 non-zero design points. In …


Evaluating Clinical Mastitis In Dairy Cattle Fed Monensin, Meihua Qiao, Daniel Mowrey, Alan Zimmermann, James T. Symanowski, Howard B. Green, John I. D. Wilkinson Apr 2005

Evaluating Clinical Mastitis In Dairy Cattle Fed Monensin, Meihua Qiao, Daniel Mowrey, Alan Zimmermann, James T. Symanowski, Howard B. Green, John I. D. Wilkinson

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

The effect of Monensin on clinical mastitis in dairy cattle was evaluated from data collected at nine geographical clinical field trials using 966 Holstein cows and heifers in the United States and Canada. At each site, a randomized complete block design was conducted. Monensin (Rumensin®) was fed at concentrations of 0, 8, 16, or 24 ppm in a total mixed ration beginning 21 days before first calving for all nine sites, up to 7 days after second calving for six sites, and 203 days after second calving for three sites. Quarter milk samples were taken and cultured to determine the …


Modeling The Body Temperature Of Heat Stressed Holstein Lying Cows Under Two Different Cooling Processes, M. Zhou, A. M. Parkhurst, P. E. Hillman, C. N. Lee Apr 2005

Modeling The Body Temperature Of Heat Stressed Holstein Lying Cows Under Two Different Cooling Processes, M. Zhou, A. M. Parkhurst, P. E. Hillman, C. N. Lee

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

Heat stressed cows produce less milk. Thus, a major challenge during hot summer months is to keep the dairy barn at a comfortable temperature. Use of fans is an economical solution but the combination of both spray and fans appears to be an even more effective way to cool cows and improve the milk production than using fans alone. The goal of this study is to recommend an appropriate method for comparing the dynamics of the cooling processes. The first step is to develop a nonlinear model to characterize the thermoregulatory responses of heat stressed dairy cows when they are …


Bayesian Analysis Of Dose-Response Calibration Curves, William J. Price, Bahman Shafii Apr 2005

Bayesian Analysis Of Dose-Response Calibration Curves, William J. Price, Bahman Shafii

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

The statistical analysis of dose-response experiments typically models observed responses as a function of an applied dosage series. The estimated "dose-response curve" is used in predicting future responses, however, it is also commonly rewritten in an inverted form where dose is expressed as a function of the response. This modified "calibration curve" is useful in cases where observed responses are available, but their associated dosages are unknown. Traditional statistical techniques for the estimation of unknown doses from the dose-response curve are problematic, involving approximate solutions and methods. Alternatively, this type of inverse calibration problem naturally falls into the framework of …


Predicting Soil Temperatures In High Tunnels Using A Dynamic Model Based On Newtonian Law Of Cooling, Anil K. Jayaprakash, Kent M. Eskridge, Laurie Hodges, Daryl A. Travnicek Apr 2005

Predicting Soil Temperatures In High Tunnels Using A Dynamic Model Based On Newtonian Law Of Cooling, Anil K. Jayaprakash, Kent M. Eskridge, Laurie Hodges, Daryl A. Travnicek

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

High tunnels are low cost temporary greenhouses that are often used to extend the growing season for high value crops such as tulips, muscari, sweet pea cultivars, and hyacinth beans. Profitability depends on selection and timing of crops to optimize use of these structures. Predicting soil temperatures in high tunnels as a function of outside temperature is a critical factor in crop selection and timing. However, predicting soil temperatures is difficult because air temperatures constantly change from hour to hour and day to day. We develop a model to account for temperature dynamics in high tunnels by modifying the fundamental …


Design And Analysis Of Biological Assays Of Mixtures, Nancy Ferry, Bruce H. Stanley, Gregory Armel Apr 2005

Design And Analysis Of Biological Assays Of Mixtures, Nancy Ferry, Bruce H. Stanley, Gregory Armel

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

The simultaneous activity of multiple stimuli can be difficult to analyze, particularly on biological systems. However, these analyses are becoming increasingly important in drug or pesticide formulation for efficacy. This article will review techniques for the design and analysis of bioassays of mixtures. The two major techniques that will be reviewed are based upon the concepts of response and potency. Particular emphasis will be placed upon measuring levels of synergy, i.e., when the activity is greater than the sum of its parts, and antagonism, i.e., when the activity is less than would be expected. Theoretical examples will be given to …


Statistical Analysis Of Gene Expression Microarrays, Tanzy Love, Alicia Carriquiry Apr 2005

Statistical Analysis Of Gene Expression Microarrays, Tanzy Love, Alicia Carriquiry

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

This manuscript is composed of two major sections. In the first section of the manuscript we introduce some of the biological principles that form the bases of cDNA microarrays and explain how the different analytical steps introduce variability and potential biases in gene expression measurements that can sometimes be dificult to properly address. We address statistical issues associated to the measurement of gene expression (e.g., image segmentation, spot identification), to the correction for back-ground fluorescence and to the normalization and re-scaling of data to remove effects of dye, print-tip and others on expression. In this section of the manuscript we …


Editor's Preface And Table Of Contents, John E. Boyer Jr. Apr 2005

Editor's Preface And Table Of Contents, John E. Boyer Jr.

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

These proceedings contain papers presented in the seventeenth annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture, held in Manhattan, Kansas, April 24-26, 2005.


Measurement Of The Ww Production Cross Section In Pp̅ Collisions At √S = 1.96 Tev, V. M. Abazov, Gregory R. Snow, D0 Collaboration Apr 2005

Measurement Of The Ww Production Cross Section In Pp̅ Collisions At √S = 1.96 Tev, V. M. Abazov, Gregory R. Snow, D0 Collaboration

Gregory Snow Publications

We present a measurement of the W boson pair-production cross section in pp̅ collisions at a center-of- mass energy of √s = 1.96 TeV. The data, collected with the Run II D0 detector at Fermilab, correspond to an integrated luminosity of 224–252 pb-1 depending on the final state (ℯℯ, ℯμ, or μμ). We observe 25 candidates with a background expectation of 8.1 ± 0.6(stat) ± 0.6(syst) ± 0.5(lum) events. The probability for an upward fluctuation of the background to produce the observed signal is 2.3 x 10-7, equivalent to 5.2 standard deviations. The measurement yields a …


Search For Anomalous Heavy-Flavor Quark Production In Association With W Bosons, V. M. Abazov, Gregory R. Snow, D0 Collaboration Apr 2005

Search For Anomalous Heavy-Flavor Quark Production In Association With W Bosons, V. M. Abazov, Gregory R. Snow, D0 Collaboration

Gregory Snow Publications

We search for anomalous production of heavy-flavor quark jets in association with W bosons at the Fermilab Tevatron pp̅ Collider in final states in which the heavy-flavor quark content is enhanced by requiring at least one tagged jet in an event. Jets are tagged using one algorithm based on semileptonic decays of b/c hadrons, and another on their lifetimes. We compare ℯ+ jets (164 pb-1) and μ+ jets (145 pb-1) channels collected with the D0 detector at √s = 1.96 TeV to expectations from the standard model and set upper limits …


Antiphase Oh And Oi Airglow Emissions Induced By A Short-Period Ducted Gravity Wave, Jonathan B. Snively, Victor P. Pasko Apr 2005

Antiphase Oh And Oi Airglow Emissions Induced By A Short-Period Ducted Gravity Wave, Jonathan B. Snively, Victor P. Pasko

Publications

"Numerical simulation of a ducted gravity wave event suggests that OH (8,3) and O(1S) 557.7 nm airglow emissions layers may exhibit opposite-phase intensities when perturbed by a short-period wave undergoing vertical reflection. This effect arises due to the time and temperature dependance of the OH excitation reaction, coupled with the linear polarization properties of vertically-standing waves."


Ecological Niching In An Interactive Simulation, Ryan T. Webb Apr 2005

Ecological Niching In An Interactive Simulation, Ryan T. Webb

Honors Theses

Our goal is to create a simulation platform for the study of ecological niching that can be extended to suit the needs of biological research. Ecological niching and the accompanying evolutionary process of speciation are difficult to observe in situ, which makes them prime candidates for study via the methods of computer simulation. To this end, we have created an interactive, real-time ecosystem simulation based on the standard predator/prey interaction model, in which interacting populations of organisms exhibit swarming behavior. We hope to provide the basic simulation components necessary to bring about niching and speciation, that may be extended for …


Hydrology Of Vernal Pools At Three Sites, Southern Sacramento Valley, Robert J. Williamson, Graham E. Fogg, Mark C. Rains, Thomas H. Harter Apr 2005

Hydrology Of Vernal Pools At Three Sites, Southern Sacramento Valley, Robert J. Williamson, Graham E. Fogg, Mark C. Rains, Thomas H. Harter

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

The subsurface hydrology of vernal pools at three vernal pool complexes was investigated during three wet seasons in 2002-2004. The complexes were at Gridley Ranch, Valensin Ranch, and the Mather Field in northern California. The selected complexes provided variation in soils, landforms and topography. Three vernal pools were chosen in each complex based on variation in pool type, size, and position in the drainage system. The objectives were to describe the subsurface hydrology of vernal pools to refine the conceptual model of vernal pool hydrology and to answer questions about: the size of watershed support for vernal pools, the importance …


Φ Meson Production In Au+Au And P+P Collisions At Snn=200gev, Star Collaboration, T.D. Gutierrez Apr 2005

Φ Meson Production In Au+Au And P+P Collisions At Snn=200gev, Star Collaboration, T.D. Gutierrez

Physics

We report the STAR measurement of ϕ meson production in Au+Au and p+p collisions at sNN=200GeV. Using the event mixing technique, the ϕ spectra and yields are obtained at mid-rapidity for five centrality bins in Au+Au collisions and for non-singly-diffractive p+pcollisions. It is found that the ϕ transverse momentum distributions from Au+Au collisions are better fitted with a single-exponential while the p+p spectrum is better described by a double-exponential distribution. The measured nuclear modification factors indicate that ϕproduction in central Au+Au collisions is suppressed relative to peripheral collisions when scaled by the number of binary collisions (〈Nbin〉). The systematics …


Iron Oxide Nanoparticles For Sustained Delivery Of Anticancer Agents, Tapan K. Jain, Marco Morales Torres, Sanjeeb K. Sahoo, Diandra Leslie-Pelecky, Vinod Labhasetwar Apr 2005

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles For Sustained Delivery Of Anticancer Agents, Tapan K. Jain, Marco Morales Torres, Sanjeeb K. Sahoo, Diandra Leslie-Pelecky, Vinod Labhasetwar

Diandra Leslie-Pelecky Publications

We have developed a novel water-dispersible oleic acid (OA)-Pluronic-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle formulation that can be loaded easily with high doses of water-insoluble anticancer agents. Drug partitions into the OA shell surrounding iron oxide nanoparticles, and the Pluronic that anchors at the OA-water interface confers aqueous dispersity to the formulation. Neither the formulation components nor the drug loading affected the magnetic properties of the core iron oxide nanoparticles. Sustained release of the incorporated drug is observed over 2 weeks under in vitro conditions. The nanoparticles further demonstrated sustained intracellular drug retention relative to drug in solution and a dose-dependent …


Evidence For Multiple Polytypes Of Semiconducting Boron Carbide (C2B10) From Electronic Structure, Petru Lunca-Popa, Jennifer I. Brand, Snjezana Balaz, Luis G. Rosa, Neil M. Boag, Mengjun Bai, Brian W. Robertson, Peter A. Dowben Apr 2005

Evidence For Multiple Polytypes Of Semiconducting Boron Carbide (C2B10) From Electronic Structure, Petru Lunca-Popa, Jennifer I. Brand, Snjezana Balaz, Luis G. Rosa, Neil M. Boag, Mengjun Bai, Brian W. Robertson, Peter A. Dowben

Peter Dowben Publications

Boron carbides fabricated via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition from different isomeric source compounds with the same C2B10H12 closo-icosa- hedral structure result in materials with very different direct (optical) band gaps. This provides compelling evidence for the existence of multiple polytypes of C2B10 boron carbide and is consistent with electron diffraction results.


Isobaric Analog States Of Neutron-Rich Nuclei. Doppler Shift As A Measurement Tool For Resonance Excitation Functions, P. Boutachkov, G. V. Rogachev, V. Z. Goldberg, A. Aprahamian, F. D. Becchetti, J. P. Bychowski, Y. Chen, G. Chubarian, P. A. Deyoung, J. J. Kolata, L. O. Lamm, Graham F. Peaslee, M. Quinn, B. B. Skorodumov, A. Wohr Apr 2005

Isobaric Analog States Of Neutron-Rich Nuclei. Doppler Shift As A Measurement Tool For Resonance Excitation Functions, P. Boutachkov, G. V. Rogachev, V. Z. Goldberg, A. Aprahamian, F. D. Becchetti, J. P. Bychowski, Y. Chen, G. Chubarian, P. A. Deyoung, J. J. Kolata, L. O. Lamm, Graham F. Peaslee, M. Quinn, B. B. Skorodumov, A. Wohr

Faculty Publications

We present a new approach for the measurement of resonance excitation functions of neutron-rich nuclei using Doppler shift information. Preliminary data from the first application of the method is presented in the spectroscopy studies of 7He isobaric analog states in 7Li.


Web Services To Semantic Web Processes: Investigating Synergy Between Practice And Research, Amit P. Sheth Apr 2005

Web Services To Semantic Web Processes: Investigating Synergy Between Practice And Research, Amit P. Sheth

Kno.e.sis Publications

No abstract provided.


Establising A High-Frequency Standard Reference Sequence Stratigraphy, Sea-Level Curve, And Biostratigraphy For Morrowan Strata Of The Lower Absaroka I Time Slice Based Upon The Bird Spring Formation, Arrow Canyon, Nevada, Kristen Phelps Briggs Apr 2005

Establising A High-Frequency Standard Reference Sequence Stratigraphy, Sea-Level Curve, And Biostratigraphy For Morrowan Strata Of The Lower Absaroka I Time Slice Based Upon The Bird Spring Formation, Arrow Canyon, Nevada, Kristen Phelps Briggs

Theses and Dissertations

For the same reasons which prompted its ratification in 1990 as the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Mid-Carboniferous boundary, namely, section completeness, abundant fossils, and excellent exposure, the Morrowan Arrow Canyon Bird Spring strata is recommended as a candidate standard sequence stratigraphic reference for the Morrowan portion of the Lower Absaroka I supersequence. The stratigraphic architecture of Morrowan strata in Arrow Canyon was largely controlled by high-amplitude (100-m), high-frequency sea-level changes. Outcrop data and facies stacking patterns define 59 fifth-order fundamental cycles. These fundamental cycles stack into ten third-order sequences with an average duration of 320 ka. Changes …


Reddening And The Extinction Law At High Galactic Latitude, Kristen A. Larson, D. C. B. Whittet Apr 2005

Reddening And The Extinction Law At High Galactic Latitude, Kristen A. Larson, D. C. B. Whittet

Physics & Astronomy

We present near-infrared (JHKL) photometry of 103 southern stars located behind translucent interstellar clouds at high Galactic latitude. Our data are combined with visual photometry and spectral type information from the literature in a detailed analysis of the wavelength dependence of interstellar extinction by dust in these high-latitude clouds. We investigate the shape of the near-infrared extinction curve and evaluate the total line-of-sight extinction ( AV) and ratio of total-to-selective extinction ( RV) in each line of sight. Sources of uncertainty in RV arising from photometric errors and spectral classification errors are carefully assessed …


Wave Field Migration As A Tool For Estimating Spatially Continuous Radar Velocity And Water Content In Glaciers, John H. Bradford, Joel T. Harper Apr 2005

Wave Field Migration As A Tool For Estimating Spatially Continuous Radar Velocity And Water Content In Glaciers, John H. Bradford, Joel T. Harper

CGISS Publications and Presentations

Normal-moveout velocity analysis can lead to significant overestimates of the velocity structure of temperate glaciers since most englacial reflectors approximate point scatters and violate the assumption of planar flat lying reflectors. Migration velocity analysis (MVA) is a tool that does not depend on the assumption of flat lying reflectors. MVA can provide laterally and vertically continuous velocity estimates from conventional common-offset radar sections. In a study of temperate Bench Glacier, Alaska, we used MVA coupled with dielectric modeling to estimate the distribution of water content along a cross-section of the glacier. We found the glacier has two layers, an upper …


The Star Formation Rate-Density Relationship At Redshift 3, Nicolas Bouché, James D. Lowenthal Apr 2005

The Star Formation Rate-Density Relationship At Redshift 3, Nicolas Bouché, James D. Lowenthal

Astronomy: Faculty Publications

We study the star formation rate (SFR) as a function of environment for UV-selected Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at redshift 3. From deep [μ (sky) ≃ 27.6] UBVI MOSAIC images, covering a total of 0.90 deg , we select 334 LBGs in slices 100 h Mpc (comoving) deep spanning the redshift range 2.9 < z < 3.4 based on Bayesian photometric redshifts that include the I magnitude as a prior. The slice width (100 h Mpc) corresponds to the photometric redshift accuracy (Δ ∼ 0.15). We used mock catalogs from the GIF2 cosmological simulations to show that this redshift resolution is sufficient to statistically differentiate the high-density regions from the low-density regions using ∑ , the projected density to the fifth nearest neighbor. These mock catalogs have a redshift depth of 110 h Mpc, similar to our slice width. The large area of the MOSAIC images, ∼40 × 40 Mpc (comoving) per field, allows us to measure the SFR from the dust-corrected UV continuum as a function of ∑ . In contrast to low-redshift galaxies, we find that the SFR (or UV luminosity) of LBGs at z = 3 shows no detectable dependence on environment over 2 orders of magnitude in densities. To test the significance of our result, we use Monte Carlo simulations (from the mock catalogs) and the same projected density estimators that we applied to our data. We find that we can reject the steep z = 0 SFR-density relation at the 5 σ level. We conclude that the SFR-density relation at z = 3 must be at least 3.6 times flatter than it is locally; i.e., the SFR of LBGs is significantly less dependent on environment than the SFR of local star-forming galaxies. We find that the rest-frame UV colors are also independent of environment.