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2005

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Articles 2851 - 2880 of 5573

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Investigation Of Bottom Fishing Impacts On Benthic Structure Using Multibeam Sonar, Sidescan And Video, Mashkoor A. Malik, Larry A. Mayer Mar 2005

Investigation Of Bottom Fishing Impacts On Benthic Structure Using Multibeam Sonar, Sidescan And Video, Mashkoor A. Malik, Larry A. Mayer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Bottom fishing gear is known to alter benthic structure, however changes in the shape of the sea floor are often too subtle to be detected by acoustic remote sensing. Nonetheless, long linear features were observed during a recent high-resolution multibeam sonar survey of Jeffreys Ledge, a prominent fishing ground in Gulf of Maine, located about 50 km from Portsmouth, NH. These marks, which have a relief of only few centimeters, are presumed to be caused by bottom dredging gear used in the area for scallop and clam fisheries. The extraction of these small features from a noisy data set (including …

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Empirical Analysis Of Aerial Camera Filters For Shoreline Mapping, Christopher Parrish, Maryellen Sault, Stephen A. White, Jon Sellars Mar 2005

Empirical Analysis Of Aerial Camera Filters For Shoreline Mapping, Christopher Parrish, Maryellen Sault, Stephen A. White, Jon Sellars

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Accurate, up-to-date national shoreline is critical in defining the territorial limits of the Unites States, updating nautical charts, and managing coastal resources. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) delineates the interpreted shoreline photogrammetrically using tide-coordinated stereo photography acquired with black-and-white infrared emulsion. In this paper, we present the results of a two-phased study aimed at quantifying the effect of camera filter selection on the interpreted shoreline when utilizing this method of shoreline mapping.

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The Design Of An Uncertainty Model For The Tidal Constituent And Residual Interpolation (Tcari) Method For Tidal Correction Of Bathymetric Data, Rick Brennan, Kurt Hess, Lloyd C. Huff, Steve Gill Mar 2005

The Design Of An Uncertainty Model For The Tidal Constituent And Residual Interpolation (Tcari) Method For Tidal Correction Of Bathymetric Data, Rick Brennan, Kurt Hess, Lloyd C. Huff, Steve Gill

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Recent advances in processing multibeam sonar data brought about by the Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetric Estimator (CUBE) [1] have demonstrated the value of identifying and tracking survey uncertainties. Most of these uncertainties were outlined in Hare, Godin, and Mayer uncertainty model developed in 1995 [2]. That report identified the uncertainties in the various electronic systems used to acquire the bathymetric data. However, one of the largest contributors to the overall error budge t in a near coastal hydrographic survey is that contributed by water level uncertainty. As the ocean mapping industry pushes for ever finer spatial details in its data, …

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Next Edition Of Iho S-57 (Edition 4): Much More Than Encs, Lee Alexander, Michael Brown, Barrie Greenslade Mar 2005

Next Edition Of Iho S-57 (Edition 4): Much More Than Encs, Lee Alexander, Michael Brown, Barrie Greenslade

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The primary goal for the next edition of S-57 (Edition 4) is to support a greater variety of hydrographic-related digital data sources, products, and customers. This includes matrix and raster data, 3-D and time-varying data (x, y, z, and time), and new applications that go beyond the scope of traditional hydrography (e.g., high-density bathymetry, seafloor classification, marine GIS). It will also enable the use of web-based services for data discovery, browsing, query, analysis, and transfer. S-57 Edition 4.0 will not be an incremental revision of Edition 3.1. Edition 4 will be a new standard that includes both additional content and …

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Geocoder: An Efficient Backscatter Map Constructor, Luciano E. Fonseca, Brian R. Calder Mar 2005

Geocoder: An Efficient Backscatter Map Constructor, Luciano E. Fonseca, Brian R. Calder

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The acoustic backscatter acquired by multibeam and sidescan sonars carries important information about the seafloor morphology and physical properties, providing valuable data to aid the difficult task of seafloor characterization, and important auxiliary information for a bathymetric survey. One necessary step towards this characterization is the assemblage of more consistent and more accurate mosaics of acoustic backscatter. For that, it is necessary to radiometrically correct the backscatter intensities registered by these sonars, to geometrically correct and position each acoustic sample in a projection coordinate system and to interpolate properly the intensity values into a final backscatter map. Geocoder is a …

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Integral/Spi Limits On Electron-Positron Annihilation Radiation From The Galactic Plane, B. J. Teegarden, K. Watanabe, P. Jean, J. Knödlseder, V. Lonjou, J. P. Roques, G. K. Skinner, P. Von Ballmoos, G. Weidenspointer, A Bazzano, Y M. Butt, A Decourchelle, A C. Fabian, A Goldwurm, M Gudel, D C. Hannikainen, Dieter H. Hartmann Mar 2005

Integral/Spi Limits On Electron-Positron Annihilation Radiation From The Galactic Plane, B. J. Teegarden, K. Watanabe, P. Jean, J. Knödlseder, V. Lonjou, J. P. Roques, G. K. Skinner, P. Von Ballmoos, G. Weidenspointer, A Bazzano, Y M. Butt, A Decourchelle, A C. Fabian, A Goldwurm, M Gudel, D C. Hannikainen, Dieter H. Hartmann

Publications

The center of our Galaxy is a known strong source of electron-positron 511 keV annihilation radiation. Thus far, however, there have been no reliable detection of annihilation radiation outside of the central radian of our Galaxy. One of the primary objectives of the INTEGRAL (International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory mission, resolution, coded-apeture gamma-ray telescope with an unprecedented combination of sensitivity, angular resolution, and energy resolution. We resport results from the first 10 months of observation. During this period a significant fraction of the observing time was spent in or near the Galactic plan. No positive annihilation flux was detected outside of …

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Relic Gravitons On Kasner-Like Branes, Marco Cavaglia, G. De Risi, M. Gasperini Mar 2005

Relic Gravitons On Kasner-Like Branes, Marco Cavaglia, G. De Risi, M. Gasperini

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We discuss the cosmological amplification of tensor perturbations in a simple example of brane-world scenario, in which massless gravitons are localized on a higher-dimensional Kasner-like brane embedded in a bulk AdS background. Particular attention is paid to the canonical normalization of the quadratic action describing the massless and massive vacuum quantum fluctuations, and to the exact mass-dependence of the amplitude of massive fluctuations on the brane. The perturbation equations can be separated. In contrast to de Sitter models of brane inflation, we find no mass gap in the spectrum and no enhancement for massless modes at high curvature. The massive …

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Positronium Formation In Positron-Li And Positron-Na Collisions At Low Energies, Anh-Thu Le, M. W. J. Bromley, C. D. Lin Mar 2005

Positronium Formation In Positron-Li And Positron-Na Collisions At Low Energies, Anh-Thu Le, M. W. J. Bromley, C. D. Lin

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We present the positronium formation cross sections for a positron colliding with lithium and sodium for the collision energies from 0.01 eV up to 20 eV by the hyperspherical close-coupling method. For Li, our results agree with the experimental data and with other calculations. Our results for Na remain in agreement with previous close-coupling calculations, but do not support the latest experimental data for Na below 1 eV. To validate our model potentials and method in the low-energy regime, the binding energies of positronic lithium and positronic sodium as well as the s-wave scattering lengths for positronium scattering from Li⁺ …

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Judge-Jury Agreement In Criminal Cases: A Partial Replication Of Kalven And Zeisel's The American Jury, Theodore Eisenberg, Paula L. Hannaford-Agor, Valerie P. Hans, Nicole L. Waters, G. Thomas Munsterman, Stewart J. Schwab, Martin T. Wells Mar 2005

Judge-Jury Agreement In Criminal Cases: A Partial Replication Of Kalven And Zeisel's The American Jury, Theodore Eisenberg, Paula L. Hannaford-Agor, Valerie P. Hans, Nicole L. Waters, G. Thomas Munsterman, Stewart J. Schwab, Martin T. Wells

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

This study uses a new criminal case data set to partially replicate Kalven and Zeisel's classic study of judge-jury agreement. The data show essentially the same rate of judge-jury agreement as did Kalven and Zeisel for cases tried almost 50 years ago. This study also explores judge-jury agreement as a function of evidentiary strength (as reported by both judges and juries), evidentiary complexity (as reported by both judges and juries), legal complexity (as reported by judges), and locale. Regardless of which adjudicator's view of evidentiary strength is used, judges tend to convict more than juries in cases of "middle" evidentiary …

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Classification Of Battlespace Detonations From Temporally Resolved Mutli-Band Imagery And Mid-Infrared Spectra, Anthony N. Dills Mar 2005

Classification Of Battlespace Detonations From Temporally Resolved Mutli-Band Imagery And Mid-Infrared Spectra, Anthony N. Dills

Theses and Dissertations

The classification of battlespace detonations, specifically the determination of munitions type and size using temporal and spectral features, has been studied using near-infrared (NIR) and multi-color visible wavelength imagers. Key features from the time dependence of fireball size are identified for discriminating various types and sizes of detonation flashes. The five classes include three weights of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and two weights of an enhanced mixture, all of which are uncased and detonated with 10% C4. Using Fisher linear discriminant techniques, features are projected onto a line such that the projected points are maximally clustered for the different classes of detonations. …

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Noise Estimation In The Presence Of Bpsk Digital Burst Transmissions, Susan E. Bettison Mar 2005

Noise Estimation In The Presence Of Bpsk Digital Burst Transmissions, Susan E. Bettison

Theses and Dissertations

This research explores noise estimation techniques in an attempt to improve upon a previously developed digital burst transmission Binary Phase Shift Keyed (BPSK) demodulator. The demodulator success is dependent on the accuracy of the estimate of Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the unknown noise. Given a discrete time signal transformed into the frequency domain, the research seeks to determine if it is possible to effectively estimate the PSD of the unknown noise. The demodulator was developed using a new signal model for digital burst transmissions based on linear spectral subspace theory. Using this model and the redundancy properties of BPSK …

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Limitations In Time Resolved Photoluminescence Of Gallium Nitride Using A Streak Camera, Thomas R. Jost Mar 2005

Limitations In Time Resolved Photoluminescence Of Gallium Nitride Using A Streak Camera, Thomas R. Jost

Theses and Dissertations

Semiconductor performance is often characterized in terms of the rate at which its carrier recombination processes occur. Carrier recombination, including radiative, and Shockley-Read-Hall and Auger (both nonradiative), occurs at ultra-fast times in the picosecond or femtosecond regimes. A device which can measure both spectral data and temporal phenomena at this speed is the streak camera. The capability to do time-resolved spectroscopy of wide band gap semiconductors using a streak camera has been established at AFIT for the first time. Time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) from samples of gallium nitride were measured at temperatures of 5 K over spectral bands of 36.6 …

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Customization Of Discriminant Function Analysis For Prediction Of Solar Flares, Evelyn A. Schumer Mar 2005

Customization Of Discriminant Function Analysis For Prediction Of Solar Flares, Evelyn A. Schumer

Theses and Dissertations

This research is an extension to the research conducted by K. Leka and G. Barnes of the Colorado Research Associates Division, Northwest Research Associates, Inc. in Boulder, Colorado (CORA) in which they found no single photospheric solar parameter they considered could sufficiently identify a flare-producing active region (AR). Their research then explored the possibility a linear combination of parameters used in a multivariable discriminant function (DF) could adequately predict solar activity. The purpose of this research is to extend the DF research conducted by Leka and Barnes by refining the method of statistical discriminant analysis (DA) with the goal of …

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Modeling The Infrared Intensity Of A Large Commercial Aircraft, Ruben Martinez Mar 2005

Modeling The Infrared Intensity Of A Large Commercial Aircraft, Ruben Martinez

Theses and Dissertations

Measuring the infrared signature of large civilian aircraft has become increasingly important due to the proliferation of man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) and the increasing threat of their use by terrorists. Because of the range of these shoulder-fired weapons, most aircraft flying over 20,000 feet are safe from the threat; however, aircraft taking-off or landing are extremely vulnerable. A radiometric model was developed to simulate a large commercial aircraft’s infrared intensity during these two critical phases of flight. The radiometric model was largely based on the dimensions of a Boeing 747-400 aircraft. It is capable of simulating elevation angles between …

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Electro-Optic Beam Steering Using Domain Engineered Lithium Tantalate, Daren J. Chauvin Mar 2005

Electro-Optic Beam Steering Using Domain Engineered Lithium Tantalate, Daren J. Chauvin

Theses and Dissertations

The operation of a 14-channel five stage electro-optic beam steering device was studied. Beam deflection scanned from 0° to 10.1° was demonstrated. The maximum angle is within 0.3% of design. Many laser systems in operation today implement mechanical beam steering methods that are often expensive in terms of cost, weight and power. They are slow and subject to wear and vibration. A non-inertial beam scanning mechanism, such as one based on the device studied in this research could enhance the performance of these systems. The device studied here is fabricated in LiTaO3 using micro-patterned domain reversal. The 14 channels …

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Modeling Application Of Hydrogen Release Compound To Effect In Situ Bioremediation Of Chlorinated Solvent-Contaminated Groundwater, Ryan C. Wood Mar 2005

Modeling Application Of Hydrogen Release Compound To Effect In Situ Bioremediation Of Chlorinated Solvent-Contaminated Groundwater, Ryan C. Wood

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigates how application of Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC) might be implemented to remediate a site contaminated with tetrachloroethene (PCE) or its daughter products, under varying site conditions. The 3-D reactive transport model RT3D was coupled with a dual-Monod biodegradation submodel to simulate the effect of the hydrogen generated by HRC on accelerating the biodegradation of dissolved chlorinated solvents. Varying site conditions and injection well configurations were investigated to determine the effect of these environmental and design conditions on overall treatment efficiency. The model was applied to data obtained at a chlorinated solvent contaminated site at Vandenberg AFB, where …

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Evaluation Of Fuel Oxygenate Degradation In The Vadose Zone, David A. Torres Mar 2005

Evaluation Of Fuel Oxygenate Degradation In The Vadose Zone, David A. Torres

Theses and Dissertations

Groundwater contamination by petroleum products poses a potential human health and safety risk. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was a commonly used fuel oxygenate that was added to gasoline to meet environmental regulations. The widespread use of MTBE resulted in significant contamination of drinking water supplies across the United States. This research evaluated the degradation characteristics of potential alternative fuel oxygenates in the vadose zone. One fuel oxygenate being considered as an alternative to MTBE is diisopropyl ether (DIPE). Specifically, this thesis sought to answer three research questions: what is the potential for DIPE degradation in soil without prior microbial augmentation, …

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An Analysis Of Biometric Technology As An Enabler To Information Assurance, Darren A. Deschaine Mar 2005

An Analysis Of Biometric Technology As An Enabler To Information Assurance, Darren A. Deschaine

Theses and Dissertations

The use of and dependence on, Information technology (IT) has grown tremendously in the last two decades. Still, some believe the United States is only in the infancy of this growth. This explosive growth has opened the door to capabilities that were only dreamed of in the past. As easy as it is to see how advantageous this technology is, it also is clear that with its advantages come distinct responsibilities and new problems that must be addressed. For instance, the minute one begins using information processing systems, the world of information assurance (IA) becomes far more complex. As a …

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Modeling Information Quality Expectation In Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm Sensor Databases, Patrick D. Baldwin Mar 2005

Modeling Information Quality Expectation In Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm Sensor Databases, Patrick D. Baldwin

Theses and Dissertations

Swarming Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are the future of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). Swarms of hundreds of these vehicles, each equipped with multiple sensors, will one day fill the skies over hostile areas. As the sensors collect hundreds of gigabytes of data, telemetry data links will be unable to transmit the complete data picture to the ground in real time. The collected data will be stored on board the UAVs and selectively downloaded through queries issued from analysts on the ground. Analysts expect to find relevant sensor data within the collection of acquired sensor data. This expectation is not …

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Evaluation Of The Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Amber J. Rickmon Mar 2005

Evaluation Of The Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Amber J. Rickmon

Theses and Dissertations

Routing protocols designed for wired networks cannot be used in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) due to the dynamic topology, limited throughput, and energy constraints. New routing protocols have been designed for use in MANETs, but have not been thoroughly tested under realistic conditions such as node movement, number of sources, the presence of obstacles, and node speed. This research evaluates the performance of ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing with respect to throughput, goodput ratio, end-to-end (ETE) delay, node pair packet delivery rate, and node pair end-to-end delay. It shows these performance metrics vary significantly according to the choice …

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Determination Of Structure From Motion Using Aerial Imagery, Paul R. Graham Mar 2005

Determination Of Structure From Motion Using Aerial Imagery, Paul R. Graham

Theses and Dissertations

The structure from motion process creates three-dimensional models from a sequence of images. Until recently, most research in this field has been restricted to land-based imagery. This research examines the current methods of land-based structure from motion and evaluates their performance for aerial imagery. Current structure from motion algorithms search the initial image for features to track though the subsequent images. These features are used to create point correspondences between the two images. The correspondences are used to estimate the motion of the camera and then the three-dimensional structure of the scene. This research tests current algorithms using synthetic data …

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The Fate Of Firms: Explaining Mergers And Bankruptcies, Clas Bergström, Theodore Eisenberg, Stefan Sundgren, Martin T. Wells Mar 2005

The Fate Of Firms: Explaining Mergers And Bankruptcies, Clas Bergström, Theodore Eisenberg, Stefan Sundgren, Martin T. Wells

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

Using a uniquely complete data set of more than 50,000 observations of approximately 16,000 corporations, we test theories that seek to explain which firms become merger targets and which firms go bankrupt. We find that merger activity is much greater during prosperous periods than during recessions. In bad economic times, firms in industries with high bankruptcy rates are less likely to file for bankruptcy than they are in better years, supporting the market illiquidity arguments made by Shleifer and Vishny (1992). At the firm level, we find that, among poorly performing firms, the likelihood of merger increases with poorer performance, …

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Secure Context-Sensitive Authorization, Kazuhiro Minami, David Kotz Mar 2005

Secure Context-Sensitive Authorization, Kazuhiro Minami, David Kotz

Dartmouth Scholarship

There is a recent trend toward rule-based authorization systems to achieve flexible security policies. Also, new sensing technologies in pervasive computing make it possible to define context-sensitive rules, such as “allow database access only to staff who are currently located in the main office.” However, these rules, or the facts that are needed to verify authority, often involve sensitive context information. This paper presents a secure context-sensitive authorization system that protects confidential information in facts or rules. Furthermore, our system allows multiple hosts in a distributed environment to perform the evaluation of an authorization query in a collaborative way; we …

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The Use Of X-Ray Pulsars For Aiding Gps Satellite Orbit Determination, Dennis W. Woodfork Ii Mar 2005

The Use Of X-Ray Pulsars For Aiding Gps Satellite Orbit Determination, Dennis W. Woodfork Ii

Theses and Dissertations

This research proposes the use of an existing "signal of opportunity" - namely x-ray pulsars - to improve the accuracy and robustness of the GPS satellite and clock estimation algorithm. Improvement in satellite and clock accuracy results in a direct benefit to the user. A simulation has been developed to determine the effects of using x-ray pulsar measurements on the GPS Operational Control Segment. The epoch-specific position, velocity, and clock errors of all GPS satellites in the constellation were estimated using both pseudoranges and time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements from pulsars. The primary measure of accuracy is a constellation Signal-In-Space Range Error …

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Video Text Detection And Segmentation For Optical Character Recognition, Chong-Wah Ngo, Chi-Kwong Chan Mar 2005

Video Text Detection And Segmentation For Optical Character Recognition, Chong-Wah Ngo, Chi-Kwong Chan

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In this paper, we present approaches to detecting and segmenting text in videos. The proposed video-text-detection technique is capable of adaptively applying appropriate operators for video frames of different modalities by classifying the background complexities. Effective operators such as the repeated shifting operations are applied for the noise removal of images with high edge density. Meanwhile, a text-enhancement technique is used to highlight the text regions of low-contrast images. A coarse-to-fine projection technique is then employed to extract text lines from video frames. Experimental results indicate that the proposed text-detection approach is superior to the machine-learning-based (such as SVM and …

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Computational Model Of One-Dimensional Dielectric Barrier Discharges, Krista G. Marchand Mar 2005

Computational Model Of One-Dimensional Dielectric Barrier Discharges, Krista G. Marchand

Theses and Dissertations

As theory lags experiment for dielectric barrier discharge flow control, two different computational methods are implemented to give further insight into characteristics of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). A one-dimensional fluid model of a surface-type dielectric barrier discharge is created using He as the background gas. This simple model, which only considers ionizing collisions and recombination in the electropositive gas, creates an important framework for future studies into the origin of experimentally observed flow-control effects of the DBD. The two methods employed in this study include the semi-implicit sequential algorithm and the fully implicit simultaneous algorithm. The first involves consecutive …

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National Security Agency (Nsa) Systems And Network Attack Center (Snac) Security Guides Versus Known Worms, Matthew W. Sullivan Mar 2005

National Security Agency (Nsa) Systems And Network Attack Center (Snac) Security Guides Versus Known Worms, Matthew W. Sullivan

Theses and Dissertations

Internet worms impact Internet security around the world even though there are many defenses to prevent the damage they inflict. The National Security Agency (NSA) Systems and Network Attack Center (SNAC) publishes in-depth configuration guides to protect networks from intrusion; however, the effectiveness of these guides in preventing the spread of worms hasn't been studied. This thesis establishes how well the NSA SNAC guides protect against various worms and exploits compared to Microsoft patches alone. It also identifies the aspects of the configuration guidance that is most effective in the absence of patches and updates, against network worm and e-mail …

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Modeling Groundwater Flow And Contaminant Transporting Fractured Aquifers, Jason M. Bordas Mar 2005

Modeling Groundwater Flow And Contaminant Transporting Fractured Aquifers, Jason M. Bordas

Theses and Dissertations

The hybrid discrete fracture network/equivalent porous medium (DFN/EPM) model was selected for analysis and application to simulate a contaminated site in this study. The DFN/EPM was selected because it appeared to have the potential to aid decision making by remedial project managers at contaminated DoD fractured aquifer sites. This model can use data that are typically available at a site while incorporating the important processes relevant to describing contaminant transport in a fractured medium. The model was applied to simulate the operation of a pump-and-treat remedial action at a trichloroethene-contaminated fractured aquifer at Pease AFB. The model was able to …

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Assessing The Usefulness Of Visualization Tools To Investigate Hidden Patterns With Insider Attack Cases, Amy M. Rammel Mar 2005

Assessing The Usefulness Of Visualization Tools To Investigate Hidden Patterns With Insider Attack Cases, Amy M. Rammel

Theses and Dissertations

The insider threat is a major concern for organizations. Open markets, technological advances, and the evolving definition of employee have exacerbated the insider threat. Insider threat research efforts are focusing on both prevention and detection techniques. However, recent security violation trends highlight the damage insider attacks cause organizations and illuminate why organizations and researchers must develop new approaches to this challenge. Although fruitful research is being conducted and new technologies are being applied to the insider threat problem, companies remain susceptible to the costly damage generated by insider threat actions. This research explored how visualization tools may be useful in …

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Daytime Detection Of Space Objects, Alistair D. Funge Mar 2005

Daytime Detection Of Space Objects, Alistair D. Funge

Theses and Dissertations

Space Situational Awareness (SSA) requires repeated object updates for orbit accuracy. Detection of unknown objects is critical. A daytime model was developed that evaluated sun flares and assessed thermal emissions from space objects. Iridium satellites generate predictable sun glints. These were used as a model baseline for daytime detections. Flares and space object thermal emissions were examined for daytime detection. A variety of geometric, material and atmospheric characteristics affected this daytime detection capability. In a photon noise limited mode, simulated Iridium flares were detected. The peak Signal-to- Noise Ratios (SNR) were 6.05e18, 9.63e5, and 1.65e7 for the nighttime, daytime and …

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