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2013

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Articles 1321 - 1350 of 11462

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Light Induced Structures In Liquid Crystalline Side-Chain Polymers With Azobenzene Functional Groups, O. Yaroschuk, Tatiana Sergan, J. Lindau, S. Lee, J. Kelly, Liang-Chy Chien Oct 2013

Light Induced Structures In Liquid Crystalline Side-Chain Polymers With Azobenzene Functional Groups, O. Yaroschuk, Tatiana Sergan, J. Lindau, S. Lee, J. Kelly, Liang-Chy Chien

Liang-Chy Chien

We applied ellipsometry to study the distribution of azobenzene fragments in the films of two types of comblike polymers with azobenzene moieties in the side chains before and after ultraviolet ~UV! light irradiation. The polymer with an alkyl chain at the end of the azobenzene fragment forms structures with preferred homeotropic alignment of the fragments. Irradiation of this polymer with nonpolarized UV light at normal incidence induces a homeotropic alignment of azobenzene fragments. Oblique irradiation induces tilted structures. Polarized UV light irradiation at normal beam incidence induces biaxial structures with a fanlike distribution of azobenzene fragments and preferably out-of-plane alignment. …

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Short Pitch Cholesteric Electro-Optical Device Stabilized By Nonuniform Polymer Network, Sang Kim, Liang-Chy Chien Oct 2013

Short Pitch Cholesteric Electro-Optical Device Stabilized By Nonuniform Polymer Network, Sang Kim, Liang-Chy Chien

Liang-Chy Chien

We have developed a method for stabilization of the uniform lying helix (ULH) texture of short pitch cholesterics in an electro-optical device, based on the flexoelectro-optic effect in such a texture. By using a small concentration of photoreactive liquid crystal monomer (less than 5 wt. %) and selecting the illumination conditions, we were able to create a nonuniform polymeric network in the liquid crystal bulk (localized essentially at both substrate surfaces) which stabilized efficiently the amplitude and the phase modulation modes of the device. Most importantly, the effect of the residual birefringence of the polymeric network in the field-unwound state …

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Structure And Morphology Of Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Diffraction Gratings, Shin-Woong Kang, Samuel Sprunt, Liang-Chy Chien Oct 2013

Structure And Morphology Of Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Diffraction Gratings, Shin-Woong Kang, Samuel Sprunt, Liang-Chy Chien

Liang-Chy Chien

We report a study of polymer network morphology in planar diffraction gratings formed from polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals. Photopolymerizing a mesogenic monomer yields a regular sawtooth morphology, composed of polymer sheets running at an acute angle between thick, uniformly aligned bundles which reside on the opposing substrates. To explain this morphology and evidence of two grating vectors in the diffraction pattern, we propose a model for the liquid-crystal director where out-of-phase twists at the surfaces gear into an interior twist, which has half the period of the surface twist, via splay distortions running between the substrates. The morphology also changes …

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Control Of Reflectivity And Bistability In Displays Using Cholesteric Liquid-Crystals, Deng-Ke Yang, John West, Liang-Chy Chien, J. Doane Oct 2013

Control Of Reflectivity And Bistability In Displays Using Cholesteric Liquid-Crystals, Deng-Ke Yang, John West, Liang-Chy Chien, J. Doane

Liang-Chy Chien

It is demonstrated that the reflective properties and bistability of cholesteric liquid crystals can be controlled by proper surface treatment and dispersed polymers. Dispersing a polymer in the liquid crystal or using a cell with an inhomogeneous surface anchoring creates permanent defects which result in long-term bistability, high contrast at large viewing angles, and gray scale. The wide-angle, reflective feature makes cholesteric materials suitable for displays without backlights and bistability provides flicker-free operation.

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Field-Induced And Polymer-Stabilized Two-Dimensional Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Gratings, Shin-Woong Kang, Liang-Chy Chien Oct 2013

Field-Induced And Polymer-Stabilized Two-Dimensional Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Gratings, Shin-Woong Kang, Liang-Chy Chien

Liang-Chy Chien

The authors experimentally demonstrate an electrically switchable gratings based on polymer-stabilized, field-induced two-dimensional square-lattice pattern of a cholesteric liquid crystal. A dependence of the two-dimensional diffraction patterns with the magnitude of applied voltage is observed for before and after the polymer stabilization. The diffraction efficiency reaches 84% calculated for the zero order light intensity at the applied voltage of 0.23 V/mu m for a 10 mu m thick sample.

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Dynamical Studies Of Gratings Formed In Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films, Andy Fuh, T. Ko, M. Tsai, C. Huang, Liang-Chy Chien Oct 2013

Dynamical Studies Of Gratings Formed In Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films, Andy Fuh, T. Ko, M. Tsai, C. Huang, Liang-Chy Chien

Liang-Chy Chien

The use of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films to fabricate gratings was demonstrated. The written gratings are permanent, but are electrically switchable. In this article, we report the results obtained from the dynamical studies of gratings formed in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films having various liquid crystal-polymer mixing ratios. The results showed that during the initial phases of formation, a thermal grating effect dominated. Later, it was offset or quenched by the photopolymerization effect which eventually dominated and determined the characteristics of the final grating.

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Photoinduced Three-Dimensional Orientational Order In Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Azopolymers, O. Yaroshchuk, K. Kiselev, Yu. Zakrevskyy, T. Bidna, J. Kelly, Liang-Chy Chien, J. Lindau Oct 2013

Photoinduced Three-Dimensional Orientational Order In Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Azopolymers, O. Yaroshchuk, K. Kiselev, Yu. Zakrevskyy, T. Bidna, J. Kelly, Liang-Chy Chien, J. Lindau

Liang-Chy Chien

We apply experimental technique based on the combination of methods dealing with principal refractive indices and absorption coefficients to study the photoinduced three-dimensional (3D) orientational order in the films of liquid crystalline (LC) azopolymers. The technique is used to identify 3D orientational configurations of trans azobenzene chromophores and to characterize the degree of ordering in terms of order parameters. We study two types of LC azopolymers which form structures with preferred in-plane and out-of-plane alignment of azochromophores, respectively. Using irradiation with the polarized light of two different wavelengths, we find that the kinetics of photoinduced anisotropy can be dominated by …

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A Polymer-Stabilized Single-Layer Color Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display With Anisotropic Reflection, Shin-Ying Lu, Liang-Chy Chien Oct 2013

A Polymer-Stabilized Single-Layer Color Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display With Anisotropic Reflection, Shin-Ying Lu, Liang-Chy Chien

Liang-Chy Chien

The authors report a method of fabricating single-layer color cholesteric liquid crystal displays from a polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal. The reflective wavelength can be electrically switched to reflect blue or green from a cell initially reflecting a red color. The color change is a result of the compression to the helical pitches in planar layers in response to the applied voltage. The unique feature of the polymer stabilization is in the fact that the electrically switched colors preserve good reflectivity and the colors are reversible with voltage ramping. Conspicuously, the polymer-stabilized cholesteric display exhibits anisotropic reflection and has a temperature …

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Helical Single-Lamellar Crystals Thermotropically Formed In A Synthetic Nonracemic Chiral Main-Chain Polyester, Christopher Y. Li, Donghang Yan, Stephen Z. D. Cheng, Feng Bai, Jason J. Ge, Bret H. Calhoun, Tianbai He, Liang-Chy Chien, Frank W. Harris, Bernard Lotz Oct 2013

Helical Single-Lamellar Crystals Thermotropically Formed In A Synthetic Nonracemic Chiral Main-Chain Polyester, Christopher Y. Li, Donghang Yan, Stephen Z. D. Cheng, Feng Bai, Jason J. Ge, Bret H. Calhoun, Tianbai He, Liang-Chy Chien, Frank W. Harris, Bernard Lotz

Liang-Chy Chien

Phase structures and transformation mechanisms of nonracemic chiral biological and synthetic polymers are fundamentally important topics in understanding their macroscopic responses in different environments. It has been known for many years that helical structures and morphologies can exist in low-ordered chiral liquid crystalline (LC) phases. However, when the chiral liquid crystals form highly ordered smectic liquid crystal phases, the helical morphology is suppressed due to the crystallization process. A double-twisted morphology has been observed in many liquid crystalline biopolymers such as dinoflaggellate chromosomes (in Prorocentrum micans) in an in vivo arrangement. Helical crystals grown from solution have been reported in …

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Nematic Director Orientation In A Liquid-Crystal-Dispersed Polymer - A Deuterium Nmr Approach, Ralf Stannarius, G. Crawford, Liang-Chy Chien, J. Doane Oct 2013

Nematic Director Orientation In A Liquid-Crystal-Dispersed Polymer - A Deuterium Nmr Approach, Ralf Stannarius, G. Crawford, Liang-Chy Chien, J. Doane

Liang-Chy Chien

The nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) technique is employed to liquid-crystal-dispersed-polymer (LCDP) systems. Deuterium NMR is used to determine director distributions in LCDP cells in the presence of a magnetic field. The samples consist of a nematic liquid crystal mixed with small percentages of a monomer that is polymerized under different conditions after dissolving it in the liquid crystal. NMR spectra of the deuterated liquid-crystal molecules give information on orientation and order in such systems. The orientation of the polymer skeleton formed during the polymerization is found to be stable. It determines the orientation of the nematic director even in the presence of …

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A Novel Polymer Patterning Method Based On Pattern Forming States Of Liquid Crystals As Templates, Liang-Chy Chien, Samuel N. Sprunt, Shin-Woong Kang Oct 2013

A Novel Polymer Patterning Method Based On Pattern Forming States Of Liquid Crystals As Templates, Liang-Chy Chien, Samuel N. Sprunt, Shin-Woong Kang

Liang-Chy Chien

We describe a new polymer patterning technique that produces controllable morphological and optical anisotropy in a polymer network. This technique is based on the use of pattern-forming states of nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals as templates for forming ordered polymer networks. One and two-dimensional optical patterns are induced by applying an electric field across a narrow gap of an electro-optical cell. These field-induced optical patterns are then stabilized by UV-induced polymerization of a typically 5 wt% reactive monomer in liquid crystal host. Depending on specific conditions (e.g., thickness to pitch ratio of a cholesteric, applied electric field, and wavelength of …

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U.S. Drought Monitor, October 29, 2013, Brian Fuchs Oct 2013

U.S. Drought Monitor, October 29, 2013, Brian Fuchs

United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive

Drought map of U.S. for October 29, 2013 (10/29/13) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Corn, Soybeans, Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.

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Leveraging Library Technknowledgie - Library Expertise Front And Center In The Digitial Humanities: An Omeka.Net Case Study, M Ryan Hess, Rebecca Cooling Oct 2013

Leveraging Library Technknowledgie - Library Expertise Front And Center In The Digitial Humanities: An Omeka.Net Case Study, M Ryan Hess, Rebecca Cooling

M Ryan Hess

Providing technical know-how to non-technical researchers to promote and preserve their collections online is an emerging niche librarians are filling. Digital humanities partners are sometimes external to the library’s institution. DePaul University Library assisted researchers at the National University of Ireland, Galway in preserving their catalogue of Vincentian documents by migrating metadata from an unstable server to Omeka.net, a hosted web publishing platform designed for cultural institutions. The library proposed Omeka.net after considering the collection’s requirements, the technical abilities of the researchers and their budget. The library contributed their expertise of metadata by analyzing, re-encoding, and cross-walking metadata to Dublin …

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Absolute Properties Of The Eclipsing Binary Vv Corvi, Francis C. Fekel, Gregory W. Henry, James R. Sowell Oct 2013

Absolute Properties Of The Eclipsing Binary Vv Corvi, Francis C. Fekel, Gregory W. Henry, James R. Sowell

Information Systems and Engineering Management Research Publications

We have obtained red-wavelength spectroscopy and Johnson B and V differential photoelectric photometry of the eclipsing binary VV Crv = HR 4821. The system is the secondary of the common proper motion double star ADS 8627, which has a separation of 52. VV Crv has an orbital period of 3.144536 days and a low but non-zero eccentricity of 0.085. With the Wilson–Devinney program we have determined a simultaneous solution of our spectroscopic and photometric observations. Those orbital elements produce masses of M1 = 1.978 ± 0.010 M☉ and M2 = 1.513 ± 0.008 M☉, and …

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Imaging Molecular Structures With Atomic Force Microscopy, Unurbat Erdenemunkh, Tyler Flanagan Oct 2013

Imaging Molecular Structures With Atomic Force Microscopy, Unurbat Erdenemunkh, Tyler Flanagan

Student Works

As part of the LEEP project we repaired the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and wrote a user manual on using AFM. Then we scanned Self Assembly of Copolymer Films collaboration with Prof. Sergio Granados –Focil and Copper Oxide Nanocubes with Professor Prof.Luis Smith.

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Adult Age-Dependent Differences In Resting-State Connectivity Within And Between Visual-Attention And Sensorimotor Networks, Christian Roski, Svenja Caspers, Robert Langner, Angela Laird, Peter Fox, Karl Zilles, Katrin Amunts, Simon Eichhoff Oct 2013

Adult Age-Dependent Differences In Resting-State Connectivity Within And Between Visual-Attention And Sensorimotor Networks, Christian Roski, Svenja Caspers, Robert Langner, Angela Laird, Peter Fox, Karl Zilles, Katrin Amunts, Simon Eichhoff

Department of Physics

Healthy aging is accompanied by structural and functional changes in the brain, among which a loss of neural specificity (i.e., dedifferentiation) is one of the most consistent findings. Little is known, however, about changes in interregional integration underlying a dedifferentiation across different functional systems. In a large sample (n = 399) of healthy adults aged from 18 to 85 years, we analyzed age-dependent differences in resting-state (RS) (task-independent) functional connectivity (FC) of a set of brain regions derived from a previous fMRI study. In that study, these regions had shown an age-related loss of activation specificity in visual-attention (superior …

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On Molecular Origin Of Mass-Independent Fractionation Of Oxygen Isotopes In The Ozone Forming Recombination Reaction, Mikhail V. Ivanov, Dmitri Babikov Oct 2013

On Molecular Origin Of Mass-Independent Fractionation Of Oxygen Isotopes In The Ozone Forming Recombination Reaction, Mikhail V. Ivanov, Dmitri Babikov

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

Theoretical treatment of ozone forming reaction is developed within the framework of mixed quantum/classical dynamics. Formation and stabilization steps of the energy transfer mechanism are both studied, which allows simultaneous capture of the delta zero-point energy effect and η-effect and identification of the molecular level origin of mass-independent isotope fractionation. The central role belongs to scattering resonances; dependence of their lifetimes on rotational excitation, asymmetry; and connection of their vibrational wave functions to two different reaction channels. Calculations, performed within the dimensionally reduced model of ozone, are in semiquantitative agreement with experiment.

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Municipal Solid Wastes And Water Quality Issues In Nigeria, S Isiorho, D Omole Oct 2013

Municipal Solid Wastes And Water Quality Issues In Nigeria, S Isiorho, D Omole

S Isiorho

No abstract provided.

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So You Measured Chemical Parameters In A Well Field And So What?, Sarah Budd, Tammy Lafaucia, S Isiorho Oct 2013

So You Measured Chemical Parameters In A Well Field And So What?, Sarah Budd, Tammy Lafaucia, S Isiorho

S Isiorho

No abstract provided.

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Integrative Analysis Of High-Throughput Cancer Studies With Contrasted Penalization, Shuangge Ma Oct 2013

Integrative Analysis Of High-Throughput Cancer Studies With Contrasted Penalization, Shuangge Ma

Shuangge Ma

In cancer studies with high-throughput genetic and genomic measurements, integrative analysis provides a way to effectively pool and analyze heterogeneous raw data from multiple independent studies and outperforms ``classic" meta-analysis and single-dataset analysis. When marker selection is of interest, the genetic basis of multiple datasets can be described using the homogeneity model or the heterogeneity model. In this study, we consider marker selection under the heterogeneity model, which includes the homogeneity model as a special case and can be more flexible. Penalization methods have been developed in the literature for marker selection. This study advances from the published ones by …

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Universal Off-Axis Light Transmission Properties Of The Bright State In Perfectly Compensated Liquid Crystal Devices, Yong-Kyu Jang, Philip J. Bos Oct 2013

Universal Off-Axis Light Transmission Properties Of The Bright State In Perfectly Compensated Liquid Crystal Devices, Yong-Kyu Jang, Philip J. Bos

Philip J. Bos

We studied the off-axis light transmission characteristics of the bright state of common liquid crystal device modes. The dark state of these device modes is optically compensated to have minimum light transmittance at all angles. Our research shows there is an unexpected universal shape of the off-axis light transmission value in its bright state, regardless of what liquid crystal mode is used. To understand this surprising fact, we consider simple dark and bright state models in terms of phase retardation and transmittance.

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Monodomain Alignment Of The Smectic-A Liquid Crystalline Phase From The Isotropic Phase, Mitya Reznikov, Bentley Wall, Mark A. Handschy, Philip J. Bos Oct 2013

Monodomain Alignment Of The Smectic-A Liquid Crystalline Phase From The Isotropic Phase, Mitya Reznikov, Bentley Wall, Mark A. Handschy, Philip J. Bos

Philip J. Bos

The liquid crystal alignment method described here provides uniform orientation of otherwise difficult-to-align smectic-A liquid crystal materials lacking a nematic phase. The smectic-A phase is grown in the presence of a 10–20 K/mm temperature gradient from an air bubble located within a cell by a photolithographically defined channel in the cell substrates. We obtain uniform layer alignment in millimeter-wide smectic regions at growth rates below about 0.05 μm/s even though there is a tendency for spontaneous nucleation of focal-conic defects at higher growth rates once the width of the smectic-A region exceeds the critical value of about 20 μm.

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Modeling And Design Of An Optimized Liquid-Crystal Optical Phased Array, Xinghua Wang, Bin Wang, Philip J. Bos, Paul F. Mcmanamon, John J. Pouch, Felix A. Miranda, James E. Anderson Oct 2013

Modeling And Design Of An Optimized Liquid-Crystal Optical Phased Array, Xinghua Wang, Bin Wang, Philip J. Bos, Paul F. Mcmanamon, John J. Pouch, Felix A. Miranda, James E. Anderson

Philip J. Bos

In this paper, the physics that determines the performance limits of a diffractive optical element based on a liquid-crystal(LC) optical phased array(OPA) is investigated by numerical modeling. The influence of the fringing electric fields, the LC material properties, and the voltage optimization process is discussed. General design issues related to the LCOPA configuration, the diffraction angle, and the diffraction efficiency are discussed. A design for a wide-angle LCOPA is proposed for high-efficiency laser beam steering. This work provides fundamental understanding for a light beam deflected by a diffractiveliquid-crystal device.

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Twist-Energy-Driven Helfrich Modulations In Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Illustrated In The Transient-Planar To Planar Transition, P. Watson, James E. Anderson, Philip J. Bos Oct 2013

Twist-Energy-Driven Helfrich Modulations In Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Illustrated In The Transient-Planar To Planar Transition, P. Watson, James E. Anderson, Philip J. Bos

Philip J. Bos

The complete time evolution of a Helfrich-type instability that is driven by twist energy in a cholesteric liquid crystal is presented. The modulation is investigated using an initially uniform planar director configuration of a cholesteric liquid crystal ~with helical axes uniformly aligned along the cell normal! whose pitch is substantially longer than the equilibrium value.

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Four-Domain Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display Fabricated By Reverse Rubbed Polyimide Process, J. Chen, Philip J. Bos, D. L. Johnson, Douglas R. Bryant, J. Li, S. H. Jamal, J. R. Kelly Oct 2013

Four-Domain Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display Fabricated By Reverse Rubbed Polyimide Process, J. Chen, Philip J. Bos, D. L. Johnson, Douglas R. Bryant, J. Li, S. H. Jamal, J. R. Kelly

Philip J. Bos

In Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1990 (1995), we proposed a particularly simple four‐domain (4‐D) twisted nematic(TN) liquid crystal display(LCD) device, which is composed of two left‐handed and two right‐handed TN subpixels. The two members of each pair of same handedness subpixels are rotated 180° with respect to each other, resulting in four domains that spatially average one another optically to provide a wide angle of viewing with no gray scale inversion. The optical performance of the 4‐D TN LCD was confirmed by studies of a test cell fabricated by a two‐step SiO x oblique evaporation technique. In this article, …

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Molecular And Relative Segmental Order In The Nematic And Smectic C-Phases - A Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance Study, Philip J. Bos, A. Shetty, J. William Doane, Mary E. Neubert Oct 2013

Molecular And Relative Segmental Order In The Nematic And Smectic C-Phases - A Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance Study, Philip J. Bos, A. Shetty, J. William Doane, Mary E. Neubert

Philip J. Bos

No abstract provided.

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Mechanism Of Electric-Field-Induced Segregation Of Additives In A Liquid-Crystal Host, Lu Lu, Vassili Sergan, Philip J. Bos Oct 2013

Mechanism Of Electric-Field-Induced Segregation Of Additives In A Liquid-Crystal Host, Lu Lu, Vassili Sergan, Philip J. Bos

Philip J. Bos

The mechanism for electric-field-induced segregation of additives, containing a polar group, in a host liquid crystal is proposed. It is shown that the polarity of an applied dc electric field, or the frequency of an ac electric field, strongly influences the segregation of reactive monomers containing an ester group. An explanation of this result is offered based on the association of dissolved ions with polar groups of the reactive monomers. This association is considered to cause these types of additives to drift to the cell surface in the presence of an external electric field. The described mechanism can be applied …

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Fast Q-Tensor Method For Modeling The Dynamics Of Defects In A Liquid Crystal Director Field, Philip J. Bos, Gi-Dong Lee, Seon Hong Ahn, Kyeong Hyeon Kim Oct 2013

Fast Q-Tensor Method For Modeling The Dynamics Of Defects In A Liquid Crystal Director Field, Philip J. Bos, Gi-Dong Lee, Seon Hong Ahn, Kyeong Hyeon Kim

Philip J. Bos

A fast Q-tensor method, which can model the defect dynamics in a liquid crystal director field, is presented. Conceptually based on the Oseen-Frank approach, we have added temperature energy density terms in addition to the strain energy terms, and an improved normalization method for fast calculations. The method is more compact and allows a larger time step than previous methods. The method is used to model the defect dynamics occurring during the topological state change from a splay to bend director field configuration.

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Modeling And Performance Limits Of A Large Aperture High-Resolution Wavefront Control System Based On A Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator, Xinghua Wang, Bin Wang, Philip J. Bos Oct 2013

Modeling And Performance Limits Of A Large Aperture High-Resolution Wavefront Control System Based On A Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator, Xinghua Wang, Bin Wang, Philip J. Bos

Philip J. Bos

The aberration introduced by the primary optical element of a lightweight large aperture telescope can be corrected with a diffractive optical element called the liquid crystal spatial light modulator. Such aberration is usually very large, which makes the design and modeling of such a system difficult. A method to analyze the system is introduced, and the performance limitation of the system is studied through extensive modeling. An experimental system is demonstrated to validate the analysis. The connection between the modeling data and the experimental data is given.

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The Effect Of Salt On Ion Adsorption On A Siox Alignment Film And Reduced Conductivity Of A Liquid Crystal Host, Yi Huang, Achintya Bhowmik, Philip J. Bos Oct 2013

The Effect Of Salt On Ion Adsorption On A Siox Alignment Film And Reduced Conductivity Of A Liquid Crystal Host, Yi Huang, Achintya Bhowmik, Philip J. Bos

Philip J. Bos

It is shown that the addition of salt to liquid crystal cells, using a SiOx alignment layer, can actually reduce the ion concentration. This seeming contradiction may be explained by the ability of salt to complex with water and to aid the drying of the liquid crystal material. The results show a pathway to purifying liquid crystal devices to the extent needed for low-power low-refresh rate displays for e-book applications.

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