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2014

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Articles 12031 - 12060 of 12299

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

James City County Summary Tables: James City County And City Of Williamsburg, Virginia Shoreline Inventory Report, Marcia Berman, Karinna Nunez, Sharon Killeen, Tamia Rudnicky, Julie Bradshaw, Karen Duhring, Kory Angstadt, Alexandra Procopi, David Weiss, Carl Hershner Jan 2014

James City County Summary Tables: James City County And City Of Williamsburg, Virginia Shoreline Inventory Report, Marcia Berman, Karinna Nunez, Sharon Killeen, Tamia Rudnicky, Julie Bradshaw, Karen Duhring, Kory Angstadt, Alexandra Procopi, David Weiss, Carl Hershner

Reports

The Shoreline Inventory Summary Tables quantify observed conditions based on river systems, such as the combined length of linear features (e.g. shoreline miles surveyed, miles of bulkhead and revetment), the total number of point features (e.g. docks, boathouses, boat ramps) & total acres of polygon features (tidal marshes).

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Virginia Coastal And Ocean Resource Issues, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science Jan 2014

Virginia Coastal And Ocean Resource Issues, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science

Reports

Fisheries, aquaculture and marine recreation in Chesapeake Bay and the coastal ocean are important economic engines adding greatly to the economy of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia’s commercial harvest ranks 3rd largest and 7th in total value nationwide. Research at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) shows that Virginia’s water-dependent resource-based industries, including commercial and recreational fisheries, shellfish aquaculture and recreational boating, annually generate $2.53 billion in sales and approximately $1.25–$1.5 billion in income, supporting over 20,000 jobs. . . .

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Thin-Layer Sediment Addition Of Dredge Material For Enhancing Marsh Resilience, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science Jan 2014

Thin-Layer Sediment Addition Of Dredge Material For Enhancing Marsh Resilience, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science

Reports

Building marsh elevations with sediment delivered from nearby dredging projects is a potentially valuable tool for creating, restoring, and maintaining coastal marshes, and may help slow or reverse losses of wetlands due to coastal development and sea-level rise (Woodhouse et al., 1972). . . .

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Relative Permeability Of Homogenous-Wet And Mixed-Wet Porous Media As Determined By Pore-Scale Lattice Boltzmann Modeling, C. J. Landry, Z. T. Karpyn, O. Ayala Jan 2014

Relative Permeability Of Homogenous-Wet And Mixed-Wet Porous Media As Determined By Pore-Scale Lattice Boltzmann Modeling, C. J. Landry, Z. T. Karpyn, O. Ayala

Engineering Technology Faculty Publications

We present a pore-scale study of two-phase relative permeability in homogenous-wet porous media, and porous media altered to a mixed-wet state. A Shan-Chen type multicomponent lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is employed to determine pore-scale fluid distributions and relative permeability. Mixed-wet states are created by altering the wettability of solid surfaces in contact with the nonwetting phase at the end of steady state simulation of initially homogenous-wet porous media. To ensure accurate representation of fluid-solid interfacial areas, we compare LB simulation results to experimental measurements of interfacial fluid-fluid and fluid-solid areas determined by X-ray computed microtomography imaging of water and oil …

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The Groundwater Atlas Of Lancaster County, Dana Divine Jan 2014

The Groundwater Atlas Of Lancaster County, Dana Divine

Conservation and Survey Division

No abstract provided.

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Analysis Of Vesicular Porosity In Soils Using High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomograpy, Judith K. Turk, Robert C. Graham Jan 2014

Analysis Of Vesicular Porosity In Soils Using High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomograpy, Judith K. Turk, Robert C. Graham

Conservation and Survey Division

Vesicular horizons are common at the surface of arid and semiarid soils and play a critical role in regulating infiltration. Most methods for examining pore morphology in the vesicular horizon involve physical sectioning of the sample and individual measurement of pores, which is time-consuming and provides an incomplete view of the pores. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop methods for the classification and characterization of pores in the vesicular horizon using high resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) and (ii) use these methods to examine the distribution of pores within vesic-ular peds. Three intact peds were scanned by …

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Nebraska Statewide Groundwater-Level Monitoring Report 2014, A. R. Young, M. E. Burbach, L. M. Howard Jan 2014

Nebraska Statewide Groundwater-Level Monitoring Report 2014, A. R. Young, M. E. Burbach, L. M. Howard

Conservation and Survey Division

No abstract provided.

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Environmental Science For The Curious: My Perspective On Curiosity And Personal Satisfaction. In: Environmental Science For The Curious (K. Vaidya, Ed.), Aldemaro Romero Jr. Jan 2014

Environmental Science For The Curious: My Perspective On Curiosity And Personal Satisfaction. In: Environmental Science For The Curious (K. Vaidya, Ed.), Aldemaro Romero Jr.

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

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Block Copolymer Templated Bimetallic Nanoparticles For Fuel Cell Applications, Kyle Mikkelsen Jan 2014

Block Copolymer Templated Bimetallic Nanoparticles For Fuel Cell Applications, Kyle Mikkelsen

WWU Graduate School Collection

This study explored the use of a block copolymer, polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine), as a template for the synthesis of platinum-gold bimetallic nanoparticles. The polymer forms spherical micelles in solution which can be cast onto a substrate and subsequently undergo film reconstruction in an orthogonal solvent. The film is then placed into an acidic bath containing varying ratios of K2PtCl6 and KAuCl4 to load metals into the film. The nanoparticles are then formed by a reactive argon ion etch to remove polymer and reduce metal salts to a metal (0) state. The polymer selected had a polystyrene to poly(4-vinylpyridine) ratio …

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Exploring A Ring-Closing Metathesis Approach To The Archazolids, Brianne R. King Jan 2014

Exploring A Ring-Closing Metathesis Approach To The Archazolids, Brianne R. King

WWU Graduate School Collection

The archazolids are a complex family of natural products with distinct structural features. Inspired by these unique structural characteristics, our group sought to synthesize an analogue of this family, dihydroarchazolid B. We were encouraged to synthesize this analogue due to its high potential to be a potent cytotoxic agent against the vacuolar-type ATPases (V-ATPases) and because it is a simpler analogue than the parent natural products from a synthetic perspective. Within this work, a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) approach was explored in depth towards the completion of our target. From these efforts, a metathesis deactivating stereotriad was uncovered in a key …

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Influence Of Watershed And Soil Parameters On Water Quality In Fifty Western Washington Lakes, Susan F. (Susan Farmer) Horton Jan 2014

Influence Of Watershed And Soil Parameters On Water Quality In Fifty Western Washington Lakes, Susan F. (Susan Farmer) Horton

WWU Graduate School Collection

The purpose of my study was to find reliable patterns in the data that linked watershed characteristics to water quality. The project area was regional in scope, spanning two very different ecoregions, involving 50 lakes many of which have been sampled for 7 years. I found highly significant correlations (Kendall's tau > 0.500, pvalue < 0.001) between total phosphorus, chlorophyll α, total nitrogen, and turbidity. Total phosphorus, chlorophyll α, total nitrogen, and turbidity also strongly correlated with mean and maximum lake depths. I also found highly significant correlations between watershed area, fetch, road length, and population. Road length and population were the parameters that best described residential development in my study. By evaluating lake water quality with regard to total phosphorus, chlorophyll α, and using road length and population as indicators of development, I identified lakes that were at-risk due to development within the watersheds and the likelihood of nutrient resuspension. The most at-risk lake was Reed Lake. Currently Reed Lake is at the high end of the mesotrophic range, but it is at risk of becoming more permanently eutrophic due to the pressures of development on the water quality exacerbated by the likelihood of nutrient resuspension. Using clustering analysis based on principal components, the watersheds in my study formed three stable groups that were related to water quality and lake and watershed morphology. The extent to which soils affect water quality in these lakes was not fully revealed by the results of my work and is worthy of further investigation.

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Mycorrhizal Availability In The Basin Of Lake Mills And Influence On Colonization And Growth Of Salix Scouleriana Under Drought Stress, Andrew Cortese Jan 2014

Mycorrhizal Availability In The Basin Of Lake Mills And Influence On Colonization And Growth Of Salix Scouleriana Under Drought Stress, Andrew Cortese

WWU Graduate School Collection

In September 2011, the removal of two dams on the Elwha River was initiated as part of the largest dam removal project in history. The drainage of Lakes Mills and Aldwell exposed 300 hectares of reservoir bottom. Reestablishment of native vegetation in the lakebeds is critical for the restoration of ecosystem function, but the reservoir sediment composition may inhibit revegetation due to poor water holding capacity. It is known that mycorrhizae can ameliorate the effects of drought stress for host plants but little is known about their availability in the Lake Mills basin. In my project, I first assessed the …

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Magnetostratigraphy And Block Rotation Of The Mecca Hills, Ca, Graham T. (Graham Thomas) Messe Jan 2014

Magnetostratigraphy And Block Rotation Of The Mecca Hills, Ca, Graham T. (Graham Thomas) Messe

WWU Graduate School Collection

The sedimentary Palm Spring Formation crops out in the Mecca Hills, CA and preserves valuable information about the evolution of the San Andreas fault system in the transtentional Salton Trough. Constraining the timing of deposition for the Palm Spring Formation upper unit is useful for estimating timing of basin development due to fault motions. Magnetostratigraphic correlation is used as the most viable means of dating this sequence because the unit lacks well constrained age indicative fossils and strata. Paleomagnetic analysis is also used to constrain the amount of vertical axis rotation that the region has undergone within the southern San …

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Systematic Analysis Of Terrestrial Carbon Stocks In A Small Catchment Of The Kolyma Watershed, Kathryn E. (Kathryn Eliazbeth) Heard Jan 2014

Systematic Analysis Of Terrestrial Carbon Stocks In A Small Catchment Of The Kolyma Watershed, Kathryn E. (Kathryn Eliazbeth) Heard

WWU Graduate School Collection

With the strongest climate warming occurring and predicted in the high-latitudes, understanding arctic carbon (C) cycling and the feedback of terrestrial C pools is increasingly important. Arctic terrestrial ecosystems comprise about one-third of the global terrestrial ecosystem C total with most of the C stored in soils, making the response of arctic systems to accelerated warming an issue of global concern. For this research, above- and belowground C stocks were quantified in a small catchment of the Kolyma River watershed in northeastern Siberia, with the primary goal of contributing to a more precise estimate of arctic C pools. Eighteen sites …

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Synthetic Studies On Guaipyridine Alkaloids, Patrick M. M. (Patrick Michael Mcphee) Shelton Jan 2014

Synthetic Studies On Guaipyridine Alkaloids, Patrick M. M. (Patrick Michael Mcphee) Shelton

WWU Graduate School Collection

The guaipyridines are a class of naturally occurring alkaloids isolated from plants native to the Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia. One member of this family, cananodine, has displayed potent in vitro cytotoxic effects against two different types of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. More recently discovered guaipyridine compounds, rupestines A-M, share structural similarities to cananodine and might possess similar anti-cancer properties. The potential medical benefits and the rare and interesting structure of the guaipyridines make them desirable and challenging synthetic targets. Two distinct synthetic routes were developed to access the guaipyridine core, and in doing so the total synthesis of cananodine …

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Age, Origin, And Tectonic Evolution Of The Yellow Aster Complex: Northwest Washington State, Eric A. (Eric Adam) Hoffnagle Jan 2014

Age, Origin, And Tectonic Evolution Of The Yellow Aster Complex: Northwest Washington State, Eric A. (Eric Adam) Hoffnagle

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Yellow Aster Complex in northwest Washington is a basement portion of the Chilliwack composite terrane and appears throughout the western foothills of the North Cascades as fault bounded tectonic blocks (Brown, 1987; Brown et al. 2010). This study was undertaken in part to refine and understand the significance of the depositional, magmatic, and metamorphic history of the Yellow Aster Complex. Field work and petrographic analyses reveal that the Yellow Aster Complex consists of calc-silicate and quartzo-feldspathic paragneisses with minor amounts of marble and quartzite. Leucocratic and mafic intrusions are also present throughout the terrane. Zircons from six Yellow Aster …

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Estimating Sediment Yield From The Swift Creek Landslide, Whatcom County, Washington State, Curtis R. Clement Jan 2014

Estimating Sediment Yield From The Swift Creek Landslide, Whatcom County, Washington State, Curtis R. Clement

WWU Graduate School Collection

The amount of suspended sediment carried by streams in mountainous watersheds is an important factor in environmental and engineering planning, especially when the material happens to be of toxic nature. The Swift Creek watershed contains a deep-seated landslide composed of weathered serpentinite, which includes chrysotile (capable of asbestiform morphology), chlorite, illite, and hydrotalcite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has determined that the asbestiform material contains particles of sufficient size and quantity that could be hazardous to human health. The suspended sediment load from Swift Creek is primarily influence by the steep, disturbed and unvegetated toe of the landslide which …

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A Geochemical Study Of The Riddle Peaks Gabbro, North Cascades: Evidence For Amphibole Accumulation In The Mid-Crust Of An Arc, Angela C. Cota Jan 2014

A Geochemical Study Of The Riddle Peaks Gabbro, North Cascades: Evidence For Amphibole Accumulation In The Mid-Crust Of An Arc, Angela C. Cota

WWU Graduate School Collection

Mid-crustal arc rocks are not commonly exposed, hampering our understanding of magma differentiation processes and mineral crystallization in the mid-crust of arc systems. This thesis presents results of the study of one exposed mid-crustal arc pluton, which is a unique laboratory to understand the geochemical effects of crystallization in this type of system. I report on the major and trace element characteristics of amphibole, plagioclase, and apatite in hornblendite and hornblende gabbro cumulates from the ~44 km2 Riddle Peaks pluton (~77 Ma) in the North Cascades Crystalline Core (NCCC), Washington. Electron microprobe and laser ablation-induced mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), coupled with …

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Temperature And Moisture Effects On Respiration In The Organic Horizon Of A Pacific Northwest Forest Soil, Hanna M. (Hanna Maria) Winter Jan 2014

Temperature And Moisture Effects On Respiration In The Organic Horizon Of A Pacific Northwest Forest Soil, Hanna M. (Hanna Maria) Winter

WWU Graduate School Collection

Ecosystem responses to temperature and moisture influence whether terrestrial ecosystems act as sources or sinks of atmospheric CO2, an important greenhouse gas. Soil respiration—defined here as microbial release of CO2 during decomposition—is a key process of CO2 release to the atmosphere. This study focused on the response of soil respiration to temperature, moisture, and their interaction, and developed quantitative models to describe the nature of this interactive effect. This study addressed several underexamined components of the temperature and moisture effect on C and N dynamics: organic soils, multiple soil layers, a broad range of moistures, and a relevant, lowtemperature range. …

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Deoxygenation Properties Of Ru-Based Phosphide Catalysts, Bo Carrillo Jan 2014

Deoxygenation Properties Of Ru-Based Phosphide Catalysts, Bo Carrillo

WWU Graduate School Collection

Bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of bio-mass is becoming a more viable option for addressing the growing demand for oil while being more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels. However, bio-oils have poor chemical stability and high acidity due to their high oxygen content. Metal phosphides such as ruthenium phosphide (Ru2P) have been investigated by the Bussell group to catalytically upgrade compounds contained in bio-oil, but further optimization is required before their commercial viability can be accessed. In current research, less expensive, more abundant metals (Co or Ni) are being used to replace some of the ruthenium, which is both expensive …

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Doped Quantum Dot Luminescent Solar Concentrators, Christian S. (Christian Soren) Erickson Jan 2014

Doped Quantum Dot Luminescent Solar Concentrators, Christian S. (Christian Soren) Erickson

WWU Graduate School Collection

Optical concentration has the potential to lower the cost of solar energy conversion by reducing photovoltaic cell area and increasing photovoltaic efficiency. Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) offer an attractive approach to combined spectral and spatial concentration of both specular and diffuse light without expensive solar tracking, but they have been plagued by luminophore self-absorption losses which limit them from achieving their full potential. This thesis introduces doped semiconductor nanocrystals as a new class of phosphors for use in LSCs. In proof-of-concept experiments, visibly transparent, ultraviolet-selective luminescent solar concentrators have been prepared using colloidal Mn2+-doped II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals that …

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Quantifying Submarine Eruptive Flux From Interpretation Of Hydroacoustic Signals, West Mata Volcano, Lau Basin, Chelsea J. (Chelsea Joy) Mack Jan 2014

Quantifying Submarine Eruptive Flux From Interpretation Of Hydroacoustic Signals, West Mata Volcano, Lau Basin, Chelsea J. (Chelsea Joy) Mack

WWU Graduate School Collection

West Mata is a submarine volcano in the northeast Lau Basin. Hydroacoustic data from a 5-month period provide insight into the nature of eruptive behavior at this volcano. Previous studies have used acoustic data to estimate the eruption velocity at subaerial volcanoes (Woulff and McGetchin, 1976; Vergniolle et al., 2004; Vergniolle and Caplan- Auerbach, 2004, 2006; Caplan-Auerbach et al., 2010). In this study, the hydroacoustic data from West Mata are used to calculate eruption velocities and volumes (both lava and gas) for explosions during the 5-month hydrophone deployment. The method used in this study, developed by Vergniolle and Caplan-Auerbach (2006), …

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Sediment And Phosphorus Inputs From Perennial Streams To Lake Whatcom, Northwestern Washington State, Katherine Beeler Jan 2014

Sediment And Phosphorus Inputs From Perennial Streams To Lake Whatcom, Northwestern Washington State, Katherine Beeler

WWU Graduate School Collection

Nutrient enrichment presents a common problem in lakes and streams by promoting algae growth and the depletion of dissolved oxygen. Lake Whatcom in northwestern Washington State is subject to a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) to limit phosphorus input. The 20-km2 lake is supported by runoff from numerous perennial streams in a steep, 125-km2, moderately developed, forested watershed. Much of the phosphorus entering the lake is adsorbed to suspended sediment in streams and is transported to the lake during storm events. Understanding sediment and phosphorus transport to the lake is important for managing the TMDL and for maintaining water quality …

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Dietary Characteristics Of Juvenile Trout And Char In Seasonally Inundated Stream Segments In Ross Lake, Washington, Emily Derenne Jan 2014

Dietary Characteristics Of Juvenile Trout And Char In Seasonally Inundated Stream Segments In Ross Lake, Washington, Emily Derenne

WWU Graduate School Collection

I investigated available prey items and the diet characteristics of juvenile fishes in three seasonally inundated tributaries to Ross Lake, Washington from March through June, 2013. Native fishes include Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus), and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma). Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Redside Shiner (Richardsonious balteatus) comprise the introduced fishes in the lake. Both Cutthroat Trout and Redside Shiner are native to Washington, but not Ross Lake. Juvenile Bull Trout, Rainbow Trout, and Brook Trout are known to feed on items along the bottom of lakes or streams, such as larval …

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Effectiveness Of Time-Lapse Videos As A Method To Teach Rates Of Surface Geological Processes, Zachary P. Schierl Jan 2014

Effectiveness Of Time-Lapse Videos As A Method To Teach Rates Of Surface Geological Processes, Zachary P. Schierl

WWU Graduate School Collection

Understanding the wide range of rates at which geological processes operate can be challenging for introductory geology students, and yet is crucial to understanding how the Earth’s landscapes evolve over time. Research has shown that student misconceptions in this area are common. Time-lapse videos can capture processes that cannot be observed by students in the field and offer promise as a way to improves student understanding of rates of landscape evolution on certain timescales. This thesis explores the effectiveness of using time-lapse videos to teach intro geology students about the rates of surficial geological processes compared to before/after photo pairs …

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Pedagogy For Restoration: Addressing Social And Ecological Degradation Through Education, David Krzesni Jan 2014

Pedagogy For Restoration: Addressing Social And Ecological Degradation Through Education, David Krzesni

WWU Graduate School Collection

This work seeks to understand the conditions leading the degradation of Earth in order to discover pedagogy for restoration. The degradation of natural environments and of social conditions is identified as a significantly anthropogenic process. This suggests that degradation of Earth is a moral issue and thus human morality and its development are explored in depth. Individual moral development is found to be deeply related to socialization and provides insight into how and why we fail to live to our potential as a naturally moral species. However, through education we can achieve a greater potential. This process cannot be scripted, …

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The Depositional Environment And Diagenetic Effects On Sand Bodies Within The Unconventional Resource Play Of The Spearfish Formation (Triassic) In North Central North Dakota, Matthew J. Sebade Jan 2014

The Depositional Environment And Diagenetic Effects On Sand Bodies Within The Unconventional Resource Play Of The Spearfish Formation (Triassic) In North Central North Dakota, Matthew J. Sebade

Theses and Dissertations

The Triassic Spearfish Formation in North Dakota is comprised of three members, the Belfield, Pine, and Saude Members, in ascending order. This study focuses on the Saude Member in north-central North Dakota on the eastern margin of the Williston basin. Both the upper and lower contacts of the Spearfish in the study area are unconformable. In this region, the lateral distribution of red sandstone and argillaceous siltstone lithofacies were mapped using well log data. Four sandstone bodies were identified then mapped across the region using gamma ray logs. Sandstone bodies in descending order are the A sand, B sand, water …

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Effects Of Salinity And Dissolved Organic Matter On Cu Toxicity To Americamysis Bahia In Estuarine Environments, Rabia Nasir Jan 2014

Effects Of Salinity And Dissolved Organic Matter On Cu Toxicity To Americamysis Bahia In Estuarine Environments, Rabia Nasir

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

As salinity increases the geochemical speciation of Cu is altered as a result of organic/inorganic complexation/competition. Such salinity changes may further challenge the osmoregulatory capabilities of euryhaline organisms. This chemical-biological interaction complicates the understanding of the impacts of Cu in estuarine waters. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been widely established to be an important modifier of Cu toxicity in freshwaters however its effectiveness in modulating Cu toxicity across the range of salinities that occur in estuarine conditions has not been studied in a systematic manner. Site to site differences in DOM quality with respect to the potential for toxicity mitigation …

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Length Effects Of A Built-In Flapping Flat Plate On The Flow Over A Traveling Wavy Foil, Nansheng Liu, Yan Peng, Xiyun Lu Jan 2014

Length Effects Of A Built-In Flapping Flat Plate On The Flow Over A Traveling Wavy Foil, Nansheng Liu, Yan Peng, Xiyun Lu

Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications

Flow over the traveling wavy foil with a built-in rigid flapping plate at its trailing edge has been numerically studied using the multi-relaxation-time Lattice Boltzmann method and immersed boundary method. The effect of the plate length on the propulsive performance such as the thrust force, energy consumption, and propeller efficiency has been investigated. Three modes (body force dominated, body and tail force competing and tail force dominated modes) have been identified that are associated with different hydrodynamics and flow structures. It is revealed that there exists a better performance plate length region and, within this region, a high propeller efficiency …

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Modelling Cholera In Periodic Environments, Drew Posny, Jin Wang Jan 2014

Modelling Cholera In Periodic Environments, Drew Posny, Jin Wang

Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications

We propose a deterministic compartmental model for cholera dynamics in periodic environments. The model incorporates seasonal variation into a general formulation for the incidence (or, force of infection) and the pathogen concentration. The basic reproduction number of the periodic model is derived, based on which a careful analysis is conducted on the epidemic and endemic dynamics of cholera. Several specific examples are presented to demonstrate this general model, and numerical simulation results are used to validate the analytical prediction.

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