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2020

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Articles 14581 - 14610 of 15205

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Brewster's Angle, Wontaek Kim Jan 2020

Brewster's Angle, Wontaek Kim

A with Honors Projects

No abstract provided.

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Hiv-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (Hand) Biomarker Identification: Significance Analysis Of Microarrays And Two Persuasive Approaches With Random Forest, Hansapani Rodrigo, Bryan Martinez, Roberto De La Garza, Upal Roy Jan 2020

Hiv-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (Hand) Biomarker Identification: Significance Analysis Of Microarrays And Two Persuasive Approaches With Random Forest, Hansapani Rodrigo, Bryan Martinez, Roberto De La Garza, Upal Roy

School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: HIV Associated Neurological Disorders (HAND) is relatively common among people with HIV-1 infection, even those taking combined antiretroviral treatment (cART). Genome-wide screening of transcription regulation in brain tissue helps in identifying substantial abnormalities present in patients’ gene transcripts and to discover possible biomarkers for HAND. This study explores the possibility of identifying differentially expressed (DE) genes, which can serve as potential biomarkers to detect HAND. In this study, we have investigated the gene expression levels of three subject groups with different impairment levels of HAND along with a control group in three distinct brain sectors: white matter, frontal cortex, …

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Cartan’S Approach To Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations, Paul Bracken Jan 2020

Cartan’S Approach To Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations, Paul Bracken

School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

In his work on projective connections, Cartan discusses his theory of second order differential equations. It is the aim here to look at how a normal projective connection can be constructed and how it relates to the geometry of a single second order differential equation. The calculations are presented in some detail in order to highlight the use of gauge conditions

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Microseismic Evidence For Bookshelf Faulting In Western Montana, Ellen Mcgough Smith Jan 2020

Microseismic Evidence For Bookshelf Faulting In Western Montana, Ellen Mcgough Smith

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

One of the most seismically active regions in the western United States, far from any major plate boundary, is the Intermountain Seismic Belt (ISB). On 6 July 2017, a M5.8 earthquake occurred 11 km southeast of Lincoln, Montana within the ISB. This was the largest earthquake to occur in the state of Montana since the 1959 M7.3 Hebgen Lake earthquake. Data from the University of Montana Seismic Network (UMSN), the Montana Regional Seismic Network (MRSN), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) were used to investigate the aftershock sequences following the M5.8 Lincoln event. We have manually picked P- and …

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Understanding And Measuring Net Positive Business Strategies, Luke Ruffner Robinson Jan 2020

Understanding And Measuring Net Positive Business Strategies, Luke Ruffner Robinson

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Despite their attempts to mitigate ecological impacts through sustainability initiatives, businesses are a major cause of the world's ecological problems. Some progressive businesses are attempting to move beyond “net zero” in terms of achieving neutral environmental impacts and instead are now pursuing a goal of net positive. Net positive refers to the idea that business activities could contribute value-added benefits to earth’s ecological systems, for example, by using technologies that sequester and store carbon. However, except for a handful of high-profile corporate case studies, little is known about how companies are developing their strategies to become net positive and …

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Expanding The Use Of Natural And Nature-Based Infrastructure To Enhance Coastal Resiliency: Forecast And Hind-Cast Load Reductions From Living Shoreline Bmps : Project Report (Year 2 Of 3), Marcia Berman, Pamela Mason, Tamia Rudnicky Jan 2020

Expanding The Use Of Natural And Nature-Based Infrastructure To Enhance Coastal Resiliency: Forecast And Hind-Cast Load Reductions From Living Shoreline Bmps : Project Report (Year 2 Of 3), Marcia Berman, Pamela Mason, Tamia Rudnicky

Reports

The vulnerability of coastal communities and the growing risks to coastal infrastructure continue largely due to past and ongoing patterns of development in high risk areas. This project is focused on increasing the use of natural and nature-based features (NNBFs) to increase resilience of coastal communities to flooding caused by extreme weather events. This project has proposed two efforts to increase understanding of NNBFS; 1) describe the current status, and 2) quantify role of NNBF creation/ restoration for water quality benefits in support of coastal resilience. The products of the 3-year project are intended to support informed coastal management decision-making …

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Shoreline Decision Support Tools Improved, Center For Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science. Jan 2020

Shoreline Decision Support Tools Improved, Center For Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science.

Reports

Rivers & Coast is a periodic publication of the Center for Coastal Resources Management, Virginia Institute of Marine Science. The goal of Rivers & Coast is to keep readers well informed of current scientific understanding behind key environmental issues related to watershed rivers and coastal ecosystems of the Chesapeake Bay.

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A Survey Of Spatial Crowdsourcing, Yongxin Tong, Zimu Zhou, Yuxiang Zeng, Lei Chen, Cyrus Shahabi Jan 2020

A Survey Of Spatial Crowdsourcing, Yongxin Tong, Zimu Zhou, Yuxiang Zeng, Lei Chen, Cyrus Shahabi

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Crowdsourcing is a computing paradigm where humans are actively involved in a computing task, especially for tasks that are intrinsically easier for humans than for computers. Spatial crowdsourcing (SC) is an increasing popular category of crowdsourcing in the era of mobile Internet and sharing economy, where tasks are spatiotemporal and must be completed at a specific location and time. In fact, spatial crowdsourcing has stimulated a series of recent industrial successes including sharing economy for urban services (Uber and Gigwalk) and spatiotemporal data collection (OpenStreetMap and Waze). This survey dives deep into the challenges and techniques brought by the unique …

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Scalable, Adaptable And Fast Estimation Of Transient Downtime In Virtual Infrastructures Using Convex Decomposition And Sample Path Randomization, Zhiling Guo, Jin Li, Ram Ramesh Jan 2020

Scalable, Adaptable And Fast Estimation Of Transient Downtime In Virtual Infrastructures Using Convex Decomposition And Sample Path Randomization, Zhiling Guo, Jin Li, Ram Ramesh

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Network function virtualization enables efficient cloud-resource planning by virtualizing network services and applications into software running on commodity servers. A cloud-service provider needs to manage and ensure service availability of a network of concurrent virtualized network functions (VNFs). The downtime distribution of a network of VNFs can be estimated using sample-path randomization on the underlying birth–death process. An integrated modeling approach for this purpose is limited by its scalability and computational load because of the high dimensionality of the integrated birth–death process. We propose a generalized convex decomposition of the integrated birth-death process, which transforms the high-dimensional multi-VNF process into …

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Server-Aided Revocable Attribute-Based Encryption For Cloud Computing Services, Hui Cui, Tsz Hon Yuen, Robert H. Deng, Guilin Wang Jan 2020

Server-Aided Revocable Attribute-Based Encryption For Cloud Computing Services, Hui Cui, Tsz Hon Yuen, Robert H. Deng, Guilin Wang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) has been regarded as a promising solution in cloud computing services to enable scalable access control without compromising the security. Despite of the advantages, efficient user revocation has been a challenge in ABE. One suggestion for user revocation is using the binary tree in the key generation phase of an ABE scheme, which enables a trusted key generation center to periodically distribute the key update information to all nonrevoked users over a public channel. This revocation approach reduces the size of key updates from linear to logarithmic in the number of users. But it requires each user …

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Recent Advances In Deep Learning For Object Detection, Xiongwei Wu, Doyen Sahoo, Steven C. H. Hoi Jan 2020

Recent Advances In Deep Learning For Object Detection, Xiongwei Wu, Doyen Sahoo, Steven C. H. Hoi

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Object detection is a fundamental visual recognition problem in computer vision and has been widely studied in the past decades. Visual object detection aims to find objects of certain target classes with precise localization in a given image and assign each object instance a corresponding class label. Due to the tremendous successes of deep learning based image classification, object detection techniques using deep learning have been actively studied in recent years. In this paper, we give a comprehensive survey of recent advances in visual object detection with deep learning. By reviewing a large body of recent related work in literature, …

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An Exact Single-Agent Task Selection Algorithm For The Crowdsourced Logistics, Chung-Kyun Han, Shih-Fen Cheng Jan 2020

An Exact Single-Agent Task Selection Algorithm For The Crowdsourced Logistics, Chung-Kyun Han, Shih-Fen Cheng

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The trend of moving online in the retail industry has created great pressure for the logistics industry to catch up both in terms of volume and response time. On one hand, volume is fluctuating at greater magnitude, making peaks higher; on the other hand, customers are also expecting shorter response time. As a result, logistics service providers are pressured to expand and keep up with the demands. Expanding fleet capacity, however, is not sustainable as capacity built for the peak seasons would be mostly vacant during ordinary days. One promising solution is to engage crowdsourced workers, who are not employed …

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Congratulations To Our Seniors Jan 2020

Congratulations To Our Seniors

The Synapse: Intercollegiate science magazine

No abstract provided.

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Aateam: Achieving The Ad Hoc Teamwork By Employing The Attention Mechanism, Shuo Chen, Ewa Andrejczuk, Zhiguang Cao, Jie Zhang Jan 2020

Aateam: Achieving The Ad Hoc Teamwork By Employing The Attention Mechanism, Shuo Chen, Ewa Andrejczuk, Zhiguang Cao, Jie Zhang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In the ad hoc teamwork setting, a team of agents needs to perform a task without prior coordination. The most advanced approach learns policies based on previous experiences and reuses one of the policies to interact with new teammates. However, the selected policy in many cases is sub-optimal. Switching between policies to adapt to new teammates' behaviour takes time, which threatens the successful performance of a task. In this paper, we propose AATEAM – a method that uses the attention-based neural networks to cope with new teammates' behaviour in real-time. We train one attention network per teammate type. The attention …

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Entity-Sensitive Attention And Fusion Network For Entity-Level Multimodal Sentiment Classification, Jianfei Yu, Jing Jiang Jan 2020

Entity-Sensitive Attention And Fusion Network For Entity-Level Multimodal Sentiment Classification, Jianfei Yu, Jing Jiang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Entity-level (aka target-dependent) sentiment analysis of social media posts has recently attracted increasing attention, and its goal is to predict the sentiment orientations over individual target entities mentioned in users' posts. Most existing approaches to this task primarily rely on the textual content, but fail to consider the other important data sources (e.g., images, videos, and user profiles), which can potentially enhance these text-based approaches. Motivated by the observation, we study entity-level multimodal sentiment classification in this article, and aim to explore the usefulness of images for entity-level sentiment detection in social media posts. Specifically, we propose an Entity-Sensitive Attention …

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Synthesizing Aspect-Driven Recommendation Explanations From Reviews, Trung-Hoang Le, Hady W. Lauw Jan 2020

Synthesizing Aspect-Driven Recommendation Explanations From Reviews, Trung-Hoang Le, Hady W. Lauw

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Explanations help to make sense of recommendations, increasing the likelihood of adoption. However, existing approaches to explainable recommendations tend to rely on rigid, standardized templates, customized only via fill-in-the-blank aspect sentiments. For more flexible, literate, and varied explanations covering various aspects of interest, we synthesize an explanation by selecting snippets from reviews, while optimizing for representativeness and coherence. To fit target users' aspect preferences, we contextualize the opinions based on a compatible explainable recommendation model. Experiments on datasets of several product categories showcase the efficacies of our method as compared to baselines based on templates, review summarization, selection, and text …

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Neighbourhood Structure Preserving Cross-Modal Embedding For Video Hyperlinking, Yanbin Hao, Chong-Wah Ngo, Benoit Huet Jan 2020

Neighbourhood Structure Preserving Cross-Modal Embedding For Video Hyperlinking, Yanbin Hao, Chong-Wah Ngo, Benoit Huet

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Video hyperlinking is a task aiming to enhance the accessibility of large archives, by establishing links between fragments of videos. The links model the aboutness between fragments for efficient traversal of video content. This paper addresses the problem of link construction from the perspective of cross-modal embedding. To this end, a generalized multi-modal auto-encoder is proposed.& x00A0;The encoder learns two embeddings from visual and speech modalities, respectively, whereas each of the embeddings performs self-modal and cross-modal translation of modalities. Furthermore, to preserve the neighbourhood structure of fragments, which is important for video hyperlinking, the auto-encoder is devised to model data …

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Lightweight Sharable And Traceable Secure Mobile Health System, Yang Yang, Ximeng Liu, Robert H. Deng, Yingjiu Li Jan 2020

Lightweight Sharable And Traceable Secure Mobile Health System, Yang Yang, Ximeng Liu, Robert H. Deng, Yingjiu Li

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Mobile health (mHealth) has emerged as a new patient centric model which allows real-time collection of patient data via wearable sensors, aggregation and encryption of these data at mobile devices, and then uploading the encrypted data to the cloud for storage and access by healthcare staff and researchers. However, efficient and scalable sharing of encrypted data has been a very challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a Lightweight Sharable and Traceable (LiST) secure mobile health system in which patient data are encrypted end-to-end from a patient’s mobile device to data users. LiST enables efficient keyword search and finegrained access …

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Smart Communities: From Sensors To Internet Of Things And To A Marketplace Of Services, Stephan Olariu, Nirwan Ansari (Editor), Andreas Ahrens (Editor), Cesar Benavente-Preces (Editor) Jan 2020

Smart Communities: From Sensors To Internet Of Things And To A Marketplace Of Services, Stephan Olariu, Nirwan Ansari (Editor), Andreas Ahrens (Editor), Cesar Benavente-Preces (Editor)

Computer Science Faculty Publications

Our paper was inspired by the recent Society 5.0 initiative of the Japanese Government that seeks to create a sustainable human-centric society by putting to work recent advances in technology: sensor networks, edge computing, IoT ecosystems, AI, Big Data, robotics, to name just a few. The main contribution of this work is a vision of how these technological advances can contribute, directly or indirectly, to making Society 5.0 reality. For this purpose we build on a recently-proposed concept of Marketplace of Services that, in our view, will turn out to be one of the cornerstones of Society 5.0. Instead of …

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Smartcitecon: Implicit Citation Context Extraction From Academic Literature Using Unsupervised Learning, Chenrui Gao, Haoran Cui, Li Zhang, Jiamin Wang, Wei Lu, Jian Wu Jan 2020

Smartcitecon: Implicit Citation Context Extraction From Academic Literature Using Unsupervised Learning, Chenrui Gao, Haoran Cui, Li Zhang, Jiamin Wang, Wei Lu, Jian Wu

Computer Science Faculty Publications

We introduce SmartCiteCon (SCC), a Java API for extracting both explicit and implicit citation context from academic literature in English. The tool is built on a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model trained on a set of 7,058 manually annotated citation context sentences, curated from 34,000 papers in the ACL Anthology. The model with 19 features achieves F1=85.6%. SCC supports PDF, XML, and JSON files out-of-box, provided that they are conformed to certain schemas. The API supports single document processing and batch processing in parallel. It takes about 12–45 seconds on average depending on the format to process a …

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Acknowledgement Entity Recognition In Cord-19 Papers, Jian Wu, Pei Wang, Xin Wei, Sarah Rajtmajer, C. Lee Giles, Christopher Griffin Jan 2020

Acknowledgement Entity Recognition In Cord-19 Papers, Jian Wu, Pei Wang, Xin Wei, Sarah Rajtmajer, C. Lee Giles, Christopher Griffin

Computer Science Faculty Publications

Acknowledgements are ubiquitous in scholarly papers. Existing acknowledgement entity recognition methods assume all named entities are acknowledged. Here, we examine the nuances between acknowledged and named entities by analyzing sentence structure. We develop an acknowledgement extraction system, AckExtract based on open-source text mining software and evaluate our method using manually labeled data. AckExtract uses the PDF of a scholarly paper as input and outputs acknowledgement entities. Results show an overall performance of F1=0.92. We built a supplementary database by linking CORD-19 papers with acknowledgement entities extracted by AckExtract including persons and organizations and find that only up to …

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Effect Of User Involvement In Supply Chain Cloud Innovation: A Game Theoretical Model And Analysis, Yun Chen, Lian Duan, Weiyong Zhang Jan 2020

Effect Of User Involvement In Supply Chain Cloud Innovation: A Game Theoretical Model And Analysis, Yun Chen, Lian Duan, Weiyong Zhang

Information Technology & Decision Sciences Faculty Publications

Cloud innovation has become increasingly important to supply chain innovation and performance. User involvement is a crucial part of cloud innovation. However, the effect of user involvement in supply chain cloud innovation has not been thoroughly studied, particularly its effect on product cost and optimal price. In this paper, the authors attempted to bridge this major gap in the literature. The authors reviewed the relevant literature to define cloud innovation and user involvement in supply chain cloud innovation. Then the authors developed a game model based on the Bertrand model. Analysis of the model showed that user involvement affects product …

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A Review On Embedded Field Programmable Gate Array Architectures And Configuration Tools, Khouloud Bouaziz, Abdulfattah M. Obeid, Sonda Chtourou, Mohamed Abid Jan 2020

A Review On Embedded Field Programmable Gate Array Architectures And Configuration Tools, Khouloud Bouaziz, Abdulfattah M. Obeid, Sonda Chtourou, Mohamed Abid

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Nowadays, systems-on-chip have reached a level where nonrecurring engineering costs have become a great challenge due to the increase of design complexity and postfabrication errors. Embedded field programmable gate arrays (eFPGAs) represent a viable alternative to overcome these issues since they provide postmanufacturing flexibility that can reduce the number of chip redesigns and amortize chip fabrication cost. In this paper, we present an overview on eFPGAs and their architectures, computer aided design (CAD) tools, and design challenges. An eFPGA must be well-designed and accompanied by an optimized CAD tool suite to respond to target application's requirements in terms of power …

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Simulation And Analysis Of Wind Turbine Radar Echo Based On 3-D Scattering Point Model, Jiangong Zhang, Bin Hao, Bo Tang, Li Huang, Jiawei Yang Jan 2020

Simulation And Analysis Of Wind Turbine Radar Echo Based On 3-D Scattering Point Model, Jiangong Zhang, Bin Hao, Bo Tang, Li Huang, Jiawei Yang

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Wind turbine (WT) arrays in wind farms can cause serious interference on nearby radar stations. This interference could be filtered out if wind turbine radar echo (WTRE) can be obtained accurately. Considering the singleness of in-field experiments, numerical simulation became the majority among such works, but few of them reached necessary accuracy. Therefore, we propose a solution method of WTRE based on three-dimensional (3-D) scattering point model. Firstly, we use the nonuniform rational B-spline to build the 3-D model of WT. Secondly, based on the method of moments (MoM), the Rao-Wilton-Gisson (RWG) basis function is adopted to discretize the integral …

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Design Of A High Performance Narrowband Low Noise Amplifier Using An On-Chip Orthogonal Series Stacked Differential Fractal Inductor For 5g Applications, Sunil Kumar Tumma, Bheemarao Nistala Jan 2020

Design Of A High Performance Narrowband Low Noise Amplifier Using An On-Chip Orthogonal Series Stacked Differential Fractal Inductor For 5g Applications, Sunil Kumar Tumma, Bheemarao Nistala

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Inductors play a crucial role in the design of radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and they typically consume a considerably large area and have a low-quality factor at high frequencies. The employment of fractal structure in on-chip inductors helps in improving the quality factor and also reduces the overall area besides improving the inductance value. In this paper, an orthogonal series stacked differential fractal inductor is proposed and the same is used to design a low noise amplifier (LNA) for 5G band (27--30 GHz) applications. The proposed inductor is fabricated on a multilayer printed circuit board and the measurement results …

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A Novel Semisupervised Classification Method Via Membership And Polyhedral Conic Functions, Nur Uylaş Sati Jan 2020

A Novel Semisupervised Classification Method Via Membership And Polyhedral Conic Functions, Nur Uylaş Sati

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

In real-world problems, finding sufficient labeled data for defining classification rules is very difficult. This paper suggests a new semisupervised multiclass classification method. In the initialization, new membership functions are defined by utilizing the labeled data?Äôs medoids and means. Then the unlabeled points are labeled with the class of the highest membership value. In the supervised learning phase, separation via the polyhedral conic functions (PCFs) approach is improved by using defined membership values in the linear programming problem. The suggested algorithm is tested on real-world datasets and compared with the state-of-the-art semisupervised methods. The results obtained indicate that the suggested …

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Retinal Vessel Segmentation Using Modified Symmetrical Local Threshold, Umar Özgünalp Jan 2020

Retinal Vessel Segmentation Using Modified Symmetrical Local Threshold, Umar Özgünalp

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Retinal vessel segmentation is important for the identification of many diseases including glaucoma, hypertensive retinopathy, diabetes, and hypertension. Moreover, retinal vessel diameter is associated with cardiovascular mortality. Accurate detection of blood vessels improves the detection of exudates in color fundus images, as well as detection of the retinal nerve, optic disc, or fovea. A retinal vessel is a darker stripe on a lighter background. Thus, the objective is very similar to the lane detection task for intelligent vehicles. A lane on a road is a light stripe on a darker background (i.e. asphalt). For lane detection, the symmetrical local threshold …

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Integrated Topic Modeling And Sentiment Analysis: A Review Rating Prediction Approach For Recommender Systems, Anbazhagan Mahadevan, Michael Arock Jan 2020

Integrated Topic Modeling And Sentiment Analysis: A Review Rating Prediction Approach For Recommender Systems, Anbazhagan Mahadevan, Michael Arock

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Recommender systems (RSs) are running behind E-commerce websites to recommend items that are likely to be bought by users. Most of the existing RSs are relying on mere star ratings while making recommendations. However, ratings alone cannot help RSs make accurate recommendations, as they cannot properly capture sentiments expressed towards various aspects of the items. The other rich and expressive source of information available that can help make accurate recommendations is user reviews. Because of their voluminous nature, reviews lead to the information overloading problem. Hence, drawing out the user opinion from reviews is a decisive job. Therefore, this paper …

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Detailed Modeling Of A Thermoelectric Generator For Maximum Power Point Tracking, Hayati̇ Mamur, Yusuf Çoban Jan 2020

Detailed Modeling Of A Thermoelectric Generator For Maximum Power Point Tracking, Hayati̇ Mamur, Yusuf Çoban

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are used in small power applications to generate electrical energy from waste heats. Maximum power is obtained when the connected load to the ends of TEGs matches their internal resistance. However, impedance matching cannot always be ensured. Therefore, TEGs operate at lower efficiency. For this reason, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are utilized. In this study, both TEGs and a boost converter with MPPT were modeled together. Detailed modeling, simulation, and verification of TEGs depending on the Seebeck coefficient, the hot/cold side temperatures, and the number of modules in MATLAB/Simulink were carried out. In addition, a …

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Fuzzy C-Means Directional Clustering (Fcmdc) Algorithm Using Trigonometric Approximation, Orhan Kesemen, Özge Tezel, Eda Özkul, Buğra Kaan Ti̇ryaki̇ Jan 2020

Fuzzy C-Means Directional Clustering (Fcmdc) Algorithm Using Trigonometric Approximation, Orhan Kesemen, Özge Tezel, Eda Özkul, Buğra Kaan Ti̇ryaki̇

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Cluster analysis is widely used in data analysis. Statistical data analysis is generally performed on the linear data. If the data has directional structure, classical statistical methods cannot be applied directly to it. This study aims to improve a new directional clustering algorithm which is based on trigonometric approximation. The trigonometric approximation is used for both descriptive statistics and clustering of directional data. In this paper, the fuzzy clustering algorithms (FCD and FCM4DD) improved for directional data and the proposed method are carried out on some numerical and real data examples, and the simulation results are presented. Consequently, these results …

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