Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Submission To The Queensland Taskforce On Organised Crime Legislation (Inquiry Area 5), Terry Goldsworthy

Terry Goldsworthy

In response to a request from the Executive Director of the Commission the following submissions provide Dr. Goldsworthy’s responses as they relate to each term of reference:

1. If provisions in the 2013 legislation are effectively facilitating the successful detection, investigation, prevention and deterrence of organised crime

2. If provisions in the 2013 legislation are effectively facilitating the successful prosecution of individuals

3. If the 2013 legislation strikes an appropriate balance between ensuring the safety, welfare and good order of the community and protecting individual civil liberties, including in relation to the anti‐association provisions in the 2013 legislation

4. How …

“Dead Eyes Open”: The Role Of Experiments In Galvanic Reanimation In Nineteenth-Century Popular Culture, Elizabeth Stephens

Associate Professor Elizabeth Stephens

During the first decades of the 19th century, a number of prominent scientists conducted experiments in the revival of dead organisms using new galvanic technologies. In several cases, these experiments were conducted on human bodies, using the corpses of executed criminals. Such experiments captured the cultural imaginary of the day, posing new questions about the relationship between emergent technologies, automated movement, and human agency. This article examines the role played by spectacle, aesthetics, and new practices and technologies of visualization in these scientific experiments.

Making Monsters: Bio-Engineering And Visual Arts Practice, Elizabeth Stephens

Associate Professor Elizabeth Stephens

No abstract provided.

Expectations Of Job Responsibilities Of Recreation And Sports Managers, Jennifer Y. Mak

Jennifer Y Mak

The purpose of this study was to identify whether there were differences in the expectations of job responsibilities between different levels of recreation and sports managers towards the same post. The problem was divided into two sub-problems: (l) to determine the relationship in the perceived importance of entry-level managers' job responsibilities between entry-level managers and middle-level managers; and (2) to determine the relationship in the perceived importance of middle-level managers job responsibilities between middle-level managers and top-level managers. Several items were found to have significant difference in the perceptions among the subjects.

A Case Study: Participation Motives Of Strength And Conditioning Training For College Students, Jennifer Y. Mak, Siu Yin Cheung

Jennifer Y Mak

The aim of this study was to investigate the participation motives of college students taking part in strength and conditioning training. The subjects were four university students. Observations, interviews and documents were utilized as the primary sources of data collection. The data were analyzed using number checking and triangulation techniques. The findings were organized into the following sections: need recognition, and belonging and affection motives. The participants’ needs to work out included losing weight, keeping fit, staying in shape, securing physical appearance, releasing stress, and establishing healthy lifestyles. The most important motive for them to work out was spending time …

Expectations Of Job Responsibilities Of Recreation And Sports Managers, Jennifer Y. Mak

Jennifer Y Mak

The purpose of this study was to identify whether there were differences in the expectations of job responsibilities between different levels of recreation and sports managers towards the same post. The problem was divided into two sub-problems: (l) to determine the relationship in the perceived importance of entry-level managers' job responsibilities between entry-level managers and middle-level managers; and (2) to determine the relationship in the perceived importance of middle-level managers job responsibilities between middle-level managers and top-level managers. Several items were found to have significant difference in the perceptions among the subjects.

A Case Study: Participation Motives Of Strength And Conditioning Training For College Students, Jennifer Y. Mak, Siu Yin Cheung

Jennifer Y Mak

The aim of this study was to investigate the participation motives of college students taking part in strength and conditioning training. The subjects were four university students. Observations, interviews and documents were utilized as the primary sources of data collection. The data were analyzed using number checking and triangulation techniques. The findings were organized into the following sections: need recognition, and belonging and affection motives. The participants’ needs to work out included losing weight, keeping fit, staying in shape, securing physical appearance, releasing stress, and establishing healthy lifestyles. The most important motive for them to work out was spending time …

Financialization, Credit And Inequality, Basak Kus

BASAK KUS

No abstract provided.

Lack Of Health Maintenance And Risks In Multiple Myeloma, Joseph D. Tariman Phd, Charise Gleason, Beth Faiman, Deborah Doss, Donna Catamero, Jessica Bishop-Royse Phd, Mike Katz, Diane Moran

Joseph D Tariman PhD, RN, ANP-BC, FAAN

Thesis Poster: Increasing Awareness, Usage, And Knowledge Of Digital, Local History Materials In Urban Public New Jersey Libraries With Libraryboxen., Benjamin H. Saracco

Benjamin Saracco

Evaluating The Policy–Practice Gap In A Transitional Housing Program An Innovation In Process Evaluation, Jessica Perez, Anaid Yerena

Anaid Yerena

In the United States, in 2013, 610,042 people were estimated homeless in one night. Improving the effectiveness of homeless assistance programs, particularly aligning programs’ practices with their goals, is critical to serving this population. Using a theory that predicts homeless exits, this study presents an innovative, low-cost evaluation tool that can be used by a wide range of human service providers to conduct more frequent “in-house” process evaluations. The Gap Assessment of Policy and Practice (GAPP) tool streamlines process evaluations thus improving social programs. To test this tool’s effectiveness, we compared the results of a traditional process evaluation and a …

A Review Of “Financing Low-Income Communities: Models, Obstacles, And Future Directions”, Anaid Yerena

Anaid Yerena

No abstract provided.

Developing A Career Development Program For Medical Sciences Students: Reflecting "In" And "On" Practice, Ebinepre A. Cocodia

Ebinepre Cocodia

Using a reflective practice approach this paper provides an outline of the development of a new career development and counselling program for students within a medical sciences off-campus precinct. Drawing on Schön’s (1983) reflective practice framework the aim included reflecting “in” and “on” action during the development and implementation of the program, leading to transformative learning. Client (the student) and counsellor had the opportunity to assess and reframe their views through the incorporation of new knowledge and information. The career development program is based on Krumboltz and Super’s theoretical models with a focus on the life stages of career …

Reflective Frameworks And The Assessment Of Ethical Issues, Ebinepre A. Cocodia

Ebinepre Cocodia

No abstract provided.

On Happiness In Counselling Practice, Ebinepre A. Cocodia

Ebinepre Cocodia

No abstract provided.

Are Kids Getting Smarter? Perceptions Of Abilities In Lagos State, Ebinepre A. Cocodia

Ebinepre Cocodia

Individual abilities continue to be highly debated and researched issues in the fields of social and behavioral sciences. Findings from the Flynn Effect studies (Flynn, 1984, 1987) and Cocodia et al. (2003) suggest that average general intelligence is rising rapidly mainly due to environmental changes particularly in the Asian Tiger countries, while teachers in Australia reported that they did not believe intelligence had increased or decreased significantly in the last three decades. Thus the study theorized that rising intelligence is evident only where environmental changes have occurred more rapidly and recently. As such, Cocodia et al. proposed that rising intelligence …

Which Drugs Cause Cancer?, Andrew Knight, Jarrod Bailey, Jonathan Balcombe

Andrew Knight, Ph.D.

Animal tests yield misleading results.

Systematic Reviews Of Animal Experiments Demonstrate Poor Human Clinical And Toxicological Utility, Andrew Knight

Andrew Knight, Ph.D.

The assumption that animal models are reasonably predictive of human outcomes provides the basis for their widespread use in toxicity testing and in biomedical research aimed at developing cures for human diseases. To investigate the validity of this assumption, the comprehensive Scopus biomedical bibliographic databases were searched for published systematic reviews of the human clinical or toxicological utility of animal experiments. In 20 reviews in which clinical utility was examined, the authors concluded that animal models were either significantly useful in contributing to the development of clinical interventions, or were substantially consistent with clinical outcomes, in only two cases, one …

Reviewing Existing Knowledge Prior To Conducting Animal Studies, Andrew Knight

Andrew Knight, Ph.D.

Highly polarised viewpoints about animal experimentation have often prevented agreement. However, important common ground between advocates and opponents was demonstrated within a discussion forum hosted at www.research-methodology.org.uk in July–August 2008, by the independent charity, SABRE Research UK. Agreement existed that many animal studies have methodological flaws — such as inappropriate sample sizes, lack of randomised treatments, and unblinded outcome assessments — that may introduce bias and limit statistical validity. There was also agreement that systematic reviews of the human utility of animal models yield the highest quality of evidence, as their reliance on methodical and impartial methods to select significant …

The Poor Contribution Of Chimpanzee Experiments To Biomedical Progress, Andrew Knight

Andrew Knight, PhD

Biomedical research on captive chimpanzees incurs substantial nonhuman animal welfare, ethical, and financial costs that advocates claim result in substantial advancements in biomedical knowledge. However, demonstrating minimal contribution toward the advancement of biomedical knowledge generally, subsequent papers did not cite 49.5% (47/95), of 95 experiments randomly selected from a population of 749 published worldwide between 1995 and 2004. Only 14.7% (14/95) were cited by 27 papers that abstracts indicated described well-developed methods for combating human diseases. However, detailed examination of these medical papers revealed that in vitro studies, human clinical and epidemiological studies, molecular assays and methods, and genomic studies …

Systematic Reviews Of Animal Experiments Demonstrate Poor Contributions To Human Healthcare, Andrew Knight

Andrew Knight, PhD

Widespread reliance on animal models during preclinical research and toxicity testing assumes their reasonable predictivity for human outcomes. However, of 20 published systematic reviews examining human clinical utility located during a comprehensive literature search, animal models demonstrated significant potential to contribute toward clinical interventions in only two cases, one of which was contentious. Included were experiments expected by ethics committees to lead to medical advances, highly-cited experiments published in major journals, and chimpanzee experiments—the species most generally predictive of human outcomes. Seven additional reviews failed to demonstrate utility in reliably predicting human toxicological outcomes such as carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Results …

Cancerous Contradictions: The Mis-Regulation Of Human Carcinogens Based On Animal Data, Andrew Knight, Jarrod Bailey, Jonathan Balcombe

Andrew Knight, PhD

The regulation of human exposures to potential carcinogens constitutes society’s most important use of animal carcinogenicity data. However, for environmental contaminants of greatest U.S. concern, we found that in most cases (58.1%; 93/160) the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considered the animal data inadequate to support a classification of probable human carcinogen or noncarcinogen.

The World Health Organisation’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is a leading international authority on carcinogenicity assessments. For chemicals lacking human exposure data (the great majority), IARC classifications of identical chemicals were significantly more conservative than EPA classifications (p

Assessing The Necessity Of Chimpanzee Experimentation, Andrew Knight

Andrew Knight, Ph.D.

No abstract provided.

Animal Carcinogenicity Studies: Implications For The Reach System, Andrew Knight, Jarrod Bailey, Jonathan Balcombe

Andrew Knight, PhD

The 2001 European Commission proposal for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) aims to improve public and environmental health by assessing the toxicity of, and restricting exposure to, potentially toxic chemicals. The greatest benefits are expected to accrue from decreased cancer incidences. Hence the accurate identification of chemical carcinogens must be a top priority for the REACH system. Due to a paucity of human clinical data, the identification of potential human carcinogens has conventionally relied on animal tests. However, our survey of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) toxic chemicals database revealed that, for a majority of the …

Animal Carcinogenicity Studies: 3. Alternatives To The Bioassay, Andrew Knight, Jarrod Bailey, Jonathan Balcombe

Andrew Knight, Ph.D.

Conventional animal carcinogenicity tests take around three years to design, conduct and interpret. Consequently, only a tiny fraction of the thousands of industrial chemicals currently in use have been tested for carcinogenicity. Despite the costs of hundreds of millions of dollars and millions of skilled personnel hours, as well as millions of animal lives, several investigations have revealed that animal carcinogenicity data lack human specificity (i.e. the ability to identify human non-carcinogens), which severely limits the human predictivity of the bioassay. This is due to the scientific inadequacies of many carcinogenicity bioassays, and numerous serious biological obstacles, which render profoundly …

Animal Carcinogenicity Studies: 1. Poor Human Predictivity, Andrew Knight, Jarrod Bailey, Jonathan Balcombe

Andrew Knight, Ph.D.

The regulation of human exposure to potentially carcinogenic chemicals constitutes society’s most important use of animal carcinogenicity data. Environmental contaminants of greatest concern within the USA are listed in the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) chemicals database. However, of the 160 IRIS chemicals lacking even limited human exposure data but possessing animal data that had received a human carcinogenicity assessment by 1 January 2004, we found that in most cases (58.1%; 93/160), the EPA considered animal carcinogenicity data inadequate to support a classification of probable human carcinogen or non-carcinogen. For the 128 chemicals with human or …

127 Million Non-Human Vertebrates Used Worldwide For Scientific Purposes In 2005, Andrew Knight

Andrew Knight, Ph.D.

No abstract provided.

Animal Carcinogenicity Studies: 3. Alternatives To The Bioassay, Andrew Knight, Jarrod Bailey, Jonathan Balcombe

Jonathan Balcombe, PhD

Conventional animal carcinogenicity tests take around three years to design, conduct and interpret. Consequently, only a tiny fraction of the thousands of industrial chemicals currently in use have been tested for carcinogenicity. Despite the costs of hundreds of millions of dollars and millions of skilled personnel hours, as well as millions of animal lives, several investigations have revealed that animal carcinogenicity data lack human specificity (i.e. the ability to identify human non-carcinogens), which severely limits the human predictivity of the bioassay. This is due to the scientific inadequacies of many carcinogenicity bioassays, and numerous serious biological obstacles, which render profoundly …

Animal Carcinogenicity Studies: 2. Obstacles To Extrapolation Of Data To Humans, Andrew Knight, Jarrod Bailey, Jonathan Balcombe

Jonathan Balcombe, PhD

Due to limited human exposure data, risk classification and the consequent regulation of exposure to potential carcinogens has conventionally relied mainly upon animal tests. However, several investigations have revealed animal carcinogenicity data to be lacking in human predictivity. To investigate the reasons for this, we surveyed 160 chemicals possessing animal but not human exposure data within the US Environmental Protection Agency chemicals database, but which had received human carcinogenicity assessments by 1 January 2004. We discovered the use of a wide variety of species, with rodents predominating, and of a wide variety of routes of administration, and that there were …

Cognitive Evidence Of Fish Sentience, Jonathan Balcombe

Jonathan Balcombe, PhD

I present a little-known example of flexible, opportunistic behavior by a species of fish to undermine Key’s (2016) thesis that fish are unconscious and unable to feel. Lack of a cortex is flimsy grounds for denying pain to fish, for on that criterion we must also then deny it to all non-mammals, including birds, which goes against scientific consensus. Notwithstanding science’s fundamental inability to prove anything, the precautionary principal dictates that we should give the benefit of the doubt to fish, and the state of the oceans dictates that we act on it now.