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Articles 21121 - 21150 of 22703

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Effects Of Manipulation On Foliage Characteristics Of Andropogon Gerardii Vitman, Rosemary A. Ramundo, T. Dawn Shapley, C. L. Turner, M. I. Dyer, T. R. Seastedt Jan 1989

Effects Of Manipulation On Foliage Characteristics Of Andropogon Gerardii Vitman, Rosemary A. Ramundo, T. Dawn Shapley, C. L. Turner, M. I. Dyer, T. R. Seastedt

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

The effects of burning, mowing, and nitrogen fertilizer on the chlorophyll, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of big bluestem were measured using a factorial experimental design at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area. While spring burning usually increased foliage production, burning had no effect on mid-season chlorophyll or nitrogen concentrations. Chlorophyll concentrations were significantly increased by fertilizer and mowing treatments. Nitrogen concentrations of foliage were higher on fertilized and mowed plots. Mowing also increased phosphorus concentrations of foliage, but nitrogen fertilizer significantly reduced phosphorus concentrations. These results support other research indicating that: 1) nitrogen use efficiency (grams biomass produced per gram of …

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Effect Of Two Cutting Treatments On Aspen In Prairie, Virginia M. Kline Jan 1989

Effect Of Two Cutting Treatments On Aspen In Prairie, Virginia M. Kline

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Two cutting treatments were tested for aspen control in two southern Wisconsin prairies: Pasque Flower Hill (PFH) , a steep hillside remnant, and Greene Prairie (GP), a restored prairie on sandy soil. The treatments, applied 25-26 June 1984, were: (1) A single cut at the base of the stem and (2) A cut that removed about one-third of the stem, followed 20-24 hours later by a basal cut. In 1986, both sites were burned in early spring, the usual management procedure for these prairies. At GP, aspen stem densities at the end of the experiment were similar in the control …

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Effect Of Eastern Red Cedar On Seedling Establishment Of Prairie Plants, Dan J. Stipe, Thomas B. Bragg Jan 1989

Effect Of Eastern Red Cedar On Seedling Establishment Of Prairie Plants, Dan J. Stipe, Thomas B. Bragg

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

To test the hypothesis that eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) is allelopathic, seedling establishment of five herbaceous prairie species was evaluated by growing seeds in soil collected beneath and adjacent to a stand of this tree species. While four species showed no significant effect, the germination of one species, finger coreopsis (Coreopsis palmata Nutt.), was significantly reduced. Since eastern red cedar is an early invader of unburned prairie, such an allelopathic effect, even on only a few species, is of particular concern in that it has the potential to hasten degradation of invaded prairie sites.

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Effects Of Prescribed Fire On Small Mammals In Aspen Parkland, Garry C. Trottier, Ludwig N. Carbyn, George W. Scotter Jan 1989

Effects Of Prescribed Fire On Small Mammals In Aspen Parkland, Garry C. Trottier, Ludwig N. Carbyn, George W. Scotter

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Relative abundance of small mammals was monitored in an area of aspen parkland burned periodically in spring or fall over eight years to control trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) encroachment into grassland meadows. Seven small mammal species were trapped on the burned and control areas. Meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord) and red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors) dominated the captures prior to burning. Meadow voles were the most abundant species trapped throughout the study, but abundance was affected by frequency of burning and habitat. After three vegetative growing seasons, meadow voles had not recovered to pre-burn abundance in …

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Effect Of Burning On Germination Of Tallgrass Prairie Plant Species, Sherry R. Rohn, Thomas B. Bragg Jan 1989

Effect Of Burning On Germination Of Tallgrass Prairie Plant Species, Sherry R. Rohn, Thomas B. Bragg

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Seeds from 10 prairie plant species of burned and unburned portions of three tallgrass prairies were collected and tested for germinability. Germination of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) consistently averaged higher with burning. Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.) and sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.] averaged 5% higher with burning on two of the three sites, although for indiangrass average germination for all three sites was 7% lower. Species for which germination declined with burning were false sunflower [Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dun.) Fern.], -13%; whole leaf rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium Michx.), -10%; and white …

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Ecology Of Mead's Milkweed (Asclepias Meadii Torrey), Robert F. Betz Jan 1989

Ecology Of Mead's Milkweed (Asclepias Meadii Torrey), Robert F. Betz

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Mead's milkweed (Asclepias meadii Torrey) is a plant of virgin prairies, whose pre-settlement range included much of the midwest. It is now a rare plant confined to prairie hay meadows, railroad rights-of-way, prairie preserves and pioneer cemeteries. Studies of approximately a hundred individual plants, producing hundreds of flowering and sterile stems, in the wild and in cultivation for seven years (1965-1971) indicated that it was a moderately-sized plant whose stems averaged 56 cm in height with sagittate sessile leaves with a herringbone arrangement of the veins. In late May to early June a mature stem produced a solitary, terminal, …

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Distribution Of Flodman's Thistle And Its Response To Different Disturbances, Charles E. Umbanhowar Jr. Jan 1989

Distribution Of Flodman's Thistle And Its Response To Different Disturbances, Charles E. Umbanhowar Jr.

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

The importance of disturbance in prairie has long been recognized. Increasingly interest and research have focused on the action and interaction of multiple disturbances. The distribution of Flodman's thistle [Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur] on ant mounds, badger mounds, buffalo wallows, and potholes and in a lightly and a moderately grazed pasture was compared at the Nature Conservancy's S. H. Ordway Jr. Memorial Prairie in northcentral South Dakota. In the lightly grazed pasture, Flodman's thistle occurred most frequently on hilltops and ridges, but in the moderately grazed pasture it occurred with equal frequency on hilltops and ridges, and low areas …

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Determining Federally Listed Endangered And Threatened Species, Emphasizing Blowout Penstemon, Wallace G. Jobman Jan 1989

Determining Federally Listed Endangered And Threatened Species, Emphasizing Blowout Penstemon, Wallace G. Jobman

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Blowout penstemon (Penstemon haydenii S. Wats.) was federally listed as an endangered species on 1 September 1987. This pap"!r describes the process by which species, emphasizing blowout penstemon, are listed. The five listing factors described in Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act, candidate species, and the listing process are discussed. The blowout penstemon listing process progressed as follows: 1) petition to list; 2) designation as Category 2 Candidate Species; 3) status survey; 4) designation as Category 1 Candidate Species; 5) proposed rule to list; and 6) the final listing rule. The primary reasons for listing were the stabilization …

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Correlations Between Insects And Birds In Tallgrass Prairie Riparian Habitats, Lawrence J. Gray Jan 1989

Correlations Between Insects And Birds In Tallgrass Prairie Riparian Habitats, Lawrence J. Gray

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Previous observations in riparian habitats of Kings Creek, Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas indicated that emerging aquatic insects represent a concentrated source of food for insectivorous birds, particularly the flycatcher and gleaner guilds. This hypothesis was tested by concurrent measurements of net insect emergence (total emergence minus adults returning to the stream) and densities of birds at six sampling sites from June to August 1987 and May to June 1988. Significant positive correlations with emergence were found for flycatchers (r = 0.93) and gleaners (r = 0.91), the two insectivore guilds containing the majority of individuals along Kings Creek. …

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Chemical Control Of Eastern Redcedar In Mixed Prairie, University Of Nebraska - Lincoln, James L. Stubbendieck Jan 1989

Chemical Control Of Eastern Redcedar In Mixed Prairie, University Of Nebraska - Lincoln, James L. Stubbendieck

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Stands of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) have been increasing in prairies, often to the detriment of valuable prairie species. Initial control of dense stands of relatively tall eastern redcedar by herbicides may be necessary to alter population demographics before more environmentally sound mechanical methods and prescribed burning can be employed to maintain acceptable populations of this woody species. Previous control effectiveness with herbicides has been highly variable. This study was conducted to determine the effect of hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl- 6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-l ,3 ,5-triazine-2,4( IH,3H)-dione] as Velpar L, picloram (4-amino-3 ,5 ,6-trichlora-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) as Tordon 2K, and tebuthiuron N-[5-(1, I-dimethylethyl)-1 ,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]N,N'-dimethylurea …

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Remnant And Restored Prairie Response To Fire, Fertilization, And Atrazine, Robert A. Masters, Kenneth P. Vogel Jan 1989

Remnant And Restored Prairie Response To Fire, Fertilization, And Atrazine, Robert A. Masters, Kenneth P. Vogel

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

The effect of spring burning, fertilization, and atrazine on herbage yield of warm- and cool-season grasses, flowering stalk density, and seed yield of selected warm-season grasses was determined on a remnant prairie and a restored prairie located near Lincoln and Center, Nebraska, respectively. Sites were burned in mid-April 1987 and followed by application of fertilizer (112 kg N/ha at the remnant prairie and 112-22 kg N-P/ha at the restored prairie) and atrazine (2.2 kg active ingredient/ha). Herbage yield of warm-season grasses increased more than 100% following burning in combination with fertilization at both sites and atrazine application alone at the …

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Propagation Of Blowout Penstemon (Penstemon Haydenii S. Wats.), Theresa R. Flessner, James L. Stubbendieck Jan 1989

Propagation Of Blowout Penstemon (Penstemon Haydenii S. Wats.), Theresa R. Flessner, James L. Stubbendieck

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Propagating and developing plants for successful transplanting will be important for the recovery of Nebraska's only endangered plant species, blowout penstemon (Penstemon haydenii S. Wats.). Therefore, the effect of various cultural treatments on seedling growth was examined in a greenhouse study. Young blowout penstemon seedlings, fertilized with both nitrogen and phosphorus, exhibited significantly greater weekly growth rates than seedlings fertilized with one or no nutrient. After removal of the upper part of the shoot to the third pair of true leaves, only those seedlings fertilized with both nutrients exhibited a temporary increase in weekly growth rate and more axillary …

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Lloyd C. Hulbert 1918-1986 (Proceedings Dedication) Jan 1989

Lloyd C. Hulbert 1918-1986 (Proceedings Dedication)

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Because we have and will yet all benefit from his vision, leadership, and unselfish efforts, it is fitting that these Proceedings be dedicated to Lloyd C. Hulbert, Professor of Biology, Plant Ecologist for the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, and Director of the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area.

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Prairie Establishment In Southwestern Ohio, Kimberly A. Lutz Jan 1989

Prairie Establishment In Southwestern Ohio, Kimberly A. Lutz

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

In 1979 a tallgrass prairie was established in southwestern Ohio; a second prairie , adjacent to the first, was established in 1983 (4-year and 8-year sites). These sites differed in time since establishment, seed source, extent of burning, and extent of soil preparation. Six remnant prairies were also selected for comparison with the established sites. The 8-year site was dominated by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash.], components of the original seed mix, while the 4-year site was dominated by old-field species and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman). Both 4-year and 8-year sites …

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Populations And Prey Selection Of Wintering Raptors In Boulder County, Colorado, Stephen R. Jones Jan 1989

Populations And Prey Selection Of Wintering Raptors In Boulder County, Colorado, Stephen R. Jones

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Wintering raptor populations were monitored between 1983 and 1988 in a 35 km2 study area centered 8 km north-northeast of the city of Boulder, Colorado. Raptors congregated around active prairie dog (Cynomys sp.) colonies. Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) , ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis), and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis ) were observed hunting and capturing prairie dogs. Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and northern harriers (Circus cyaneus) participated in the competition for captured prey. Thirteen occurrences were noted of bald eagles stealing captured prairie dogs from ferruginous hawks. A bubonic plague …

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Pollen Collectors And Other Insect Visitors To Penstemon Haydenii S. Wats., H. Randy Lawson, V. J. Tepedino, T. L. Griswold Jan 1989

Pollen Collectors And Other Insect Visitors To Penstemon Haydenii S. Wats., H. Randy Lawson, V. J. Tepedino, T. L. Griswold

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Records of insects visiting the flowers of Penstemon haydenii (S. Wats.) are supplied. The flower-visitor fauna was different at the two sites censused. Primary pollinators appeared to be four species of megachilid bees which consistently visited the flowers for pollen. While bees exhibited high fidelity to flowers of the genus Penstemon, analysis of the pollen carried by females suggests that crossing over between Penstemon species on a particular foraging trip may be common. Opportunities for interspecific hybridization almost certainly occur.

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Nebraska Sand Hills: The Last Prairie, Robert F. Whitcomb Jan 1989

Nebraska Sand Hills: The Last Prairie, Robert F. Whitcomb

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Although North American grasslands are diverse and biotically rich, their conservation has never received high priority. As a result, the prairie landscape has all but disappeared. However, one prairie region has retained its essential pre-Columbian features. This is the Nebraska Sand Hills Prairie, a 4.8 million ha stabilized dune region of Holocene origin. Because the Sand Hills lie at the heart of the North American grasslands, their biota is influenced by the adjacent short- and tallgrass prairies and by northern (cool-season) and southern (warm-season) grasslands. In addition, the Sand Hills have their own distinctive sand-dependent biota. Equally important, however, is …

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Manitoba's Tall-Grass Prairie Conservation Project, Joanne Joyce, John P. Morgan Jan 1989

Manitoba's Tall-Grass Prairie Conservation Project, Joanne Joyce, John P. Morgan

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Manitoba's tall grass prairies mark the northernmost extent of that community in North America and historically comprised the most extensive area of tallgrass prairie in Canada. The Tall-Grass Prairie Conservation Project is Manitoba's first systematic inventory of this community. Potential sites were located using black-and-white aerial photography, land-use maps, and referrals from outside sources. Sites were systematically ground-checked and ranked using native species dominance, abundance and diversity, evidence of disturbance, and location. About 19% (116,600 ha) of the historic range of the true prairie was surveyed between May and October of 1987; an additional 23% (138,000 ha) was surveyed between …

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Landscape Design Awards Jan 1989

Landscape Design Awards

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Commercial/Industrial Honor Award

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Is Fire A Disturbance In Grasslands?, E. W. Evans, J. M. Briggs, E. J. Finck, D. J. Gibson, S. W. James, D. W. Kaufman, T. R. Seastedt Jan 1989

Is Fire A Disturbance In Grasslands?, E. W. Evans, J. M. Briggs, E. J. Finck, D. J. Gibson, S. W. James, D. W. Kaufman, T. R. Seastedt

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Many grasslands, and in particular the tallgrass prairies of North America, are generally thought to be maintained by periodic fire. Semantic disagreement among researchers, however, threatens to hamper discussion of fire as an ecological force in grassland ecosystems. Some authors emphasize that fires are disturbances (or perturbations) since these fires disrupt or alter ecosystem states, trends, and dynamics (e.g., accumulating nitrogen is volatilized, plant and animal communities change in composition). Other researchers point out that, because these fire-induced disruptions and alterations can maintain the status quo of the ecosystem (e. g., prevent it from becoming woodland), it is the lack …

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Inventory, Assessment, And Ranking Of Natural Areas Of Walpole Island, P. Allen Woodliffe Jan 1989

Inventory, Assessment, And Ranking Of Natural Areas Of Walpole Island, P. Allen Woodliffe

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

A two-year study was begun in 1985 to document and assess the highly significant natural history features of the Walpole Island Indian Reserve in southwestern Ontario, Canada. The northern part of the island complex, where extensive prairie, savannah, and hardwood communities remain, was divided into 30 areas. The southern part, consisting of agricultural lands and wetlands was not examined. Through intensive field study and literature search, over 800 vascular plant species have been recorded from Walpole. Of the total, 12% (97) are rare in Ontario, and 1 % (8) are not known elsewhere in Canada. Ninety-two species of birds have …

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Influence Of Harvest And Nitrogen Fertilizer On Four Warm-Season Grasses, James L. Stubbendieck, Cheryl A, Nielsen Jan 1989

Influence Of Harvest And Nitrogen Fertilizer On Four Warm-Season Grasses, James L. Stubbendieck, Cheryl A, Nielsen

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Two cultivars each of four warm-season grass species under three N fertilizer treatments and three harvesting regimes were studied to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest date on forage yield. Research was conducted in eastern Nebraska on an alluvial soil. The eight grasses studied were 'Blaze' and 'PM-K-129' little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], 'Cave-in-Rock' and 'Pathfinder' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), 'Holt' and 'Oto' indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], and 'Kaw' and 'Pawnee' big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii Vitman). Dates of harvest were mid-July, mid-August, and early October. Regrowth from plots harvested in …

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Hulbert's Study Of Factors Effecting Botanical Composition Of Tallgrass Prairie, David J. Gibson Jan 1989

Hulbert's Study Of Factors Effecting Botanical Composition Of Tallgrass Prairie, David J. Gibson

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Lloyd Hulbert's death in May 1986 left a wealth of unfinished projects as well as the legacy of Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas. One of these was an incomplete manuscript on fire, mowing, and soil effects on the tallgrass prairie, in which canopy cover and frequency in 27 soil-treatment combinations from Konza Prairie were reported. Treatments included unburned and April burned at 1-,2-, and 4-year intervals, annual burning during three seasons, and mowing during two seasons. Soils ranged from deep and non-rocky to shallow, rocky, silty clay loams. Late April burning favored tall C4 grasses at the expense of …

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Germplasm Resources Information Network And Ex Situ Conservation Of Germplasm, Mark P. Widrlechner Jan 1989

Germplasm Resources Information Network And Ex Situ Conservation Of Germplasm, Mark P. Widrlechner

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), the master database of the National Plant Germplasm System, was queried to measure the usefulness and limitations of ex situ germplasm collections for prairie research. A list of 862 taxa of grasses and forbs native to the prairies of the midwestern United States was checked in a stepwise fashion against recognized names in the GRIN database. Each species was checked against recognized names in the taxonomy area of the database. For each recognized species, the accessions area was queried to see if any populations were entered in the database. The inventory area was then …

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Fungus Disease In Relation To Managing Prairie Plants With Fire, Judy F. Shearer, Lois H. Tiffany Jan 1989

Fungus Disease In Relation To Managing Prairie Plants With Fire, Judy F. Shearer, Lois H. Tiffany

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Specific fungal foliar diseases were assessed on selected prairie plant species in relation to fire as a management practice on Hayden Prairie Preserve, Iowa. Selected plant species in burned and unburned areas were visually inspected and rated for presence and severity of specific fungal diseases at three sampling times in July and September 1987 and in June 1988. Less disease and lower disease severity ratings were recorded on plants in burned areas except for powdery mildew on Canada tickclover [Desmodium canadense (L.) DC.]. Increasing amounts of disease developed on plants in the areas unburned for one and two years.

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Five Years Of Annual Prairie Burns, Donald A. Becker Jan 1989

Five Years Of Annual Prairie Burns, Donald A. Becker

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

A prairie site at Pipestone National Monument in southwestern Minnesota was burned each spring from 1983-1987. During the past century of use, much of the site had been invaded by various, non-native, cool-season grasses and broadleaf weeds. Also, various woody species have invaded parts of the site. Annual bums generally induced positive changes in native remnants, primarily with big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray) increasing cover from 6.4 to 21.0%. Cover of native forbs also increased, from 6.5 to 12.8%, due to increased vigor of existing plants and establishment of new individuals. …

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Extent Of Woody Vegetation On The Prairie In Eastern Nebraska, 1855-1857, Steven J. Rothenberger Jan 1989

Extent Of Woody Vegetation On The Prairie In Eastern Nebraska, 1855-1857, Steven J. Rothenberger

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Early surveyors' notes from five counties bordering the Platte River in eastern Nebraska were utilized to measure the extent of original woody vegetation in this region. These data were compared to field studies from the same area made from 1979-1983, were used to determine areas of prairie-forest transition, and were used to tabulate the extent of woody vegetation in the lower Platte River Valley at the time of European settlement (1855-1857). Using a modified importance value based on relative density and relative dominance of witness trees, the highest ranking pre-settlement tree species were cottonwood [Populus eltoides Marsh. spp. monilifera …

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Sod Seeded Warm-Season Grass With And Without Sod Suppression, B. L. Bush, Steven S. Waller, Bruce E. Anderson, Lowell E. Moser, R. M. Wozniak Jan 1989

Sod Seeded Warm-Season Grass With And Without Sod Suppression, B. L. Bush, Steven S. Waller, Bruce E. Anderson, Lowell E. Moser, R. M. Wozniak

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Re-vegetation of deteriorated mixed prairie by sod seeding with a lo-till planter minimizes erosion. Critical periods of inter- and intraspecific competition must be identified to design effective methods of sod suppression and seeding rate. Sod seeding studies were conducted in two counties in south central Nebraska over a 3-year period on a silty range site (fine-silty, mixed, mesic, Typic Argiustolls). Sites were dominated by blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud.] and buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.]. Warm-season native grasses were sod seeded with and without chemical sod suppression. Sod seeding required sod suppression for consistent stand …

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Writing Construction Specifications For Prairie Landscapes: The Basics, Jon Bryan Burley Jan 1989

Writing Construction Specifications For Prairie Landscapes: The Basics, Jon Bryan Burley

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

Prairie landscaping is being incorporated into the construction industry. This means that designers of prairie landscapes must be able to communicate landscape specifications to landscape contractors. At present, the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) format has been adopted by the construction industry as the organizing structure to communicate specifications. This paper describes the CSI specification structure and its application in preparing prairie landscaping construction specifications. The paper describes the importance of divisions zero, one, and two plus sections 02200, 02920, 02930, 02950, and 02970. In addition, the paper presents basic key principles in writing each specification section and the content of …

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Vegetation Dynamics Of Three Tallgrass Prairie Sites, Jon K. Piper, Mark C. Gernes Jan 1989

Vegetation Dynamics Of Three Tallgrass Prairie Sites, Jon K. Piper, Mark C. Gernes

Proceedings of the North American Prairie Conferences

As part of research to develop a sustainable agriculture that incorporates many aspects of the North American Prairie, I) the seasonal phytomass levels supportable by native prairie and 2) how plant taxa shift in temporal importance within the community were examined. This report summarizes the first two years of a study documenting community patterns on three tallgrass prairie sites in Saline County, Kansas that differ in soil type and annual productivity. Average August phytomass at the three sites ranged from 284 to 682 g/m2 in 1986 and from 377 to 1077 g/m2 in 1987. Diversity declined with standing …

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