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Articles 121 - 150 of 7210
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
New Approaches To Arms Control, Space And Defense
New Approaches To Arms Control, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
There is a sparse record of accomplishment in arms control related to space. One, the Outer Space Treaty constrained the development of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) activities in space. Two, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty prohibited space-based ballistic missile defense (BMD). Three, arms control treaties reaffirmed the ABM Treaty’s valuable normsetting provisions protective of satellites for intelligence ends. And four, there was one serious effort to negotiate constraints on military space capabilities concerning ASAT weapons between the U.S. and Soviet Union in the mid-1970s.
Military-Civil-Commercial Space Cooperation, Space And Defense
Military-Civil-Commercial Space Cooperation, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
This session addressed space cooperation across military, civil, and commercial space sectors by examining what is working, what are the obstacles, and what would you change. Following this, the discussion assessed the utility of national space strategy – do we need a national space strategy and strategy for what – to advance cooperation among the space sectors.
International Cooperation In Asia And Europe, Space And Defense
International Cooperation In Asia And Europe, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
The Obama Administration put forward a new focus on international cooperation that is more multilateral, where the U.S. listens to friends and allies, but where friends and allies are expected to bear their fair share of the burden. Panelists in this session identified four factors important to foster space cooperation: (1) cooperation must be credible in that there is political will and the proposed cooperation offers something of value to each partner; (2) the collaborative arrangements should demonstrate a cost (burden to be accomplished) and benefit (value) to each partner; (3) cooperation should build national capacity; and (4) cooperation should …
Space Deterrence And National Policy, Space And Defense
Space Deterrence And National Policy, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
The opening remarks for this session began with a review of the Space Deterrence Study recently completed (August 2009) by the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies and published in Space and Defense 3: 1 (2009). This review was followed by brief discussion of peer reviews and commentaries of the Deterrence Study, also published in Space and Defense 3: 1 (2009).
Threat Assessments And The Space Domain, Space And Defense
Threat Assessments And The Space Domain, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
This session focused on risks in relation to the space domain, and the issue of how government resources should be applied to address risks. The point was made that the focus on threat assessments should be on looking for the most probable risks – since 9/11 the focus has been to identify all possible risks, and this is problematic as resources are inadequate for this approach. What is missing is a political context for threat assessments. It is the job of the military to consider all threats – to think of worst-case scenarios and to explore how to counter threats. …
2009 National Space Forum, Space And Defense
Note For Contributors, Space And Defense
Table Of Contents Volume No. 2, Space And Defense
Table Of Contents Volume No. 2, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
Front Matter Volume 3 Issue 2, Space And Defense
Front Matter Volume 3 Issue 2, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
Notes For Contributors, Space And Defense
An Alternative View On Space Deterrence, Dwight D. Rauhala, Jonty L. Kasku-Jackson
An Alternative View On Space Deterrence, Dwight D. Rauhala, Jonty L. Kasku-Jackson
Space and Defense
The authors of the “Space Deterrence” report provide thoughtful, common sense recommendations to strengthen space deterrence, and given the complexity of deterrence, provide a “layered defense” strategy. The first recommendation given was to improve space situational awareness (SSA). As the authors acknowledge, these recommendations are not “cost constrained.” Although this and other recommendations bear consideration, one difficult task will be in addressing potential costs. The next recommendation is to develop internal red lines, a system by which internal alerts provide notifications to the “national command authority.” (National Command Authorities was a term that referred collectively to the President of the …
Air Force Space Command Perspective On Space Deterrence, Mike Manor, Kurt Neuman
Air Force Space Command Perspective On Space Deterrence, Mike Manor, Kurt Neuman
Space and Defense
The Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies embarked on an ambitious project when they tackled the subject of space deterrence. The end result is a comprehensive report that provides an excellent summary of changes in the strategic space environment, as well as a perceptive analytical framework for assessing deterrence options. The layered strategy – International Norms, Entanglement, Retaliation, and Denial – is an original model that nicely captures vital aspects of space deterrence. Closing out the report are recommendations that are practical and cogent, offering clear steps for improving the deterrent posture of the United States in space.
Deter War, Not Attacks Against Space Systems, John B. Sheldon
Deter War, Not Attacks Against Space Systems, John B. Sheldon
Space and Defense
The “Space Deterrence: The Delicate Balance of Risk” study by the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies has much merit to it. First, to undertake the task at all is praiseworthy given the enormity and importance of the topic. Second, the study contains many sensible points, ranging from the uncertain nature of deterrence to measures needed to physically protect space systems that policy makers and students of strategy would do well to note. But as noteworthy as the Space Deterrence study is, there are two wider points to consider that are not found in its pages. The omission of …
Strengthening Deterrence: Assuring Delivery Of Space Capabilities, Peter L. Hays
Strengthening Deterrence: Assuring Delivery Of Space Capabilities, Peter L. Hays
Space and Defense
The Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies’ report on “Space Deterrence: The Delicate Balance of Risk” briefly overviews fundamental deterrence concepts and evaluates how deterrence functioned during the Cold War; it masterfully assesses the most relevant and applicable lessons for today’s space deterrence challenges. The report comprehensively and multi-dimensionally addresses space deterrence by discussing key issues, including the vulnerability gap the United Sates faces with respect to space capabilities, the difficulty of defense, problems with credibility of retaliation in an asymmetric environment, and weaknesses in space situational awareness (SSA) and attribution. It also makes key recommendations to develop internal …
A Good Starting Point For Deterrence, Dean Cheng
A Good Starting Point For Deterrence, Dean Cheng
Space and Defense
A central focus for much of the Cold War was determining what would deter the Soviet Union; this was a topic upon which many of the West’s best and brightest labored to determine. In order to deter the former Soviet Union, a huge intellectual edifice was erected, which helped guide a variety of military programs, including not only the American strategic triad of land-based and sea-based missiles and manned bombers, but tactical nuclear weapons, hardened command and control, and space-based early warning systems. It also incorporated concepts, such as “extended deterrence,” “escalation dominance,” and “mutual assured destruction.”
Space Deterrence: The Delicate Balance Of Risk, Roger G. Harrison, Deron R. Jackson, Collins G. Shackelford
Space Deterrence: The Delicate Balance Of Risk, Roger G. Harrison, Deron R. Jackson, Collins G. Shackelford
Space and Defense
The United States has created a military structure that is heavily satellite-dependent, without making corresponding improvements in the survivability of its space systems. The result is a classic opportunity for asymmetric, preemptive attack. The central question of this study is how to structure a strategy of deterrence to persuade potentially hostile actors that the costs of attack will nevertheless outweigh the benefits.
Preface For Volume 3 No. 1, Space And Defense
Table Of Contents Volume 2 No. 1, Space And Defense
Table Of Contents Volume 2 No. 1, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
Front Matter Volume 3 No. 1, Space And Defense
Front Matter Volume 3 No. 1, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
Notes For Contributors, Space And Defense
A Chinese Perspective On China-United States Cooperation In Space, Dingli Shen
A Chinese Perspective On China-United States Cooperation In Space, Dingli Shen
Space and Defense
This article describes the arrival of new space actors from Asia, with particular focus on China. It analyzes the lack of cooperation in civilian space programs between China and the United States (U.S.), and the possible negative consequence of this. The paper suggests that the principles of non-diversion and reciprocity in accession as the foundation for China-U.S. collaboration in the civilian sector of space collaboration. This paper addresses the ongoing defense program with space application by the two countries, suggesting an overall program for China and the U.S. to have dialogue, as well as collaboration in space areas, promoting mutual …
Strategic Communications With China About Space, Joan Johnson-Freese
Strategic Communications With China About Space, Joan Johnson-Freese
Space and Defense
In 2006, I published an article entitled “Strategic Communication with China: What Message About Space?”1 The article pointed out that difficulties encountered in trying to convey its message regarding the Global War on Terror to a global audience had convinced the United States, or at least the Defense Science Board, that it needed to use strategic communications more effectively. From there I extrapolated, “If one believes that big problems are best tackled in small bites, ‘space’ perhaps offers an area where the United States can begin to understand and tackle some of the strategic communication issues it faces.”2 Communication mishaps …
United States - China Engagement On Space: A Role For Canada, Wade Huntley
United States - China Engagement On Space: A Role For Canada, Wade Huntley
Space and Defense
As advancing technologies expand the scope of human activities in space, the international security implications of these activities have become increasingly contested. For the United Sates, military space capabilities now serve integral roles in a spectrum of terrestrial needs, and sustaining U.S. Security interests in space has become a key concern for many military planners. Meanwhile, the space technologies of many other countries are developing rapidly. Although an outright challenge of the U.S. position is not yet imminent, some countries already possess asymmetric capabilities posing genuine threats to U.S. space operations.
Space And Sino-American Security Relations, Peter L. Hays
Space And Sino-American Security Relations, Peter L. Hays
Space and Defense
China’s emphasis on space exploration and its development and use of space capabilities are prominent and tangible expressions of its emergence as a great power and make space an increasingly important dimension of Sino-American relations. In October 2003 China independently launched and recovered its first taikonaut, becoming just the third member of an elite spacefaring club with Russia and the United States. Then in January 2007 China first successfully tested a kinetic energy anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon and again joined Russia and the United States as one of only three states known to have demonstrated this capability. China’s growing power and …
Reflections On Sino-Us Space Cooperation, Dean Cheng
Reflections On Sino-Us Space Cooperation, Dean Cheng
Space and Defense
Since 2006, the US Air Force Academy’s Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies has sponsored an annual workshop examining the strategic impact and implications of China’s space program. This workshop series has blossomed into a Track-II process, with participants from the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and unofficial US government presence.
A key focus of many of the discussions during these workshops has been the prospects for Sino-US cooperation in space. This issue has gained prominence since the 2007 PRC ASAT test, and the US subsequent 2008 American destruction of a malfunctioning satellite. Sino-US space cooperation is seen as …
Table Of Contents Volume 2 No. 3, Space And Defense
Table Of Contents Volume 2 No. 3, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
Front Matter Volume 2 No. 3, Space And Defense
Front Matter Volume 2 No. 3, Space And Defense
Space and Defense
No abstract provided.
Speech For The 2008 National Space Forum, Jane Harman
Speech For The 2008 National Space Forum, Jane Harman
Space and Defense
As many of you probably know, my Congressional district in Southern California is home to the Space and Missile Command – the arm of the Air Force tasked with developing and procuring the space assets that give America its eyes and ears in space.
Speech For The 2008 National Space Forum, Terry Everett
Speech For The 2008 National Space Forum, Terry Everett
Space and Defense
I would like to thank the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies and the Center for Strategic and International Studies for the invitation to speak today. I would also like to thank Dr. Hamre , Ambassador Harrison, and Peter Teets for their leadership. Peter Teets is a good friend and great space leader and I am honored to be among such individuals who I hold in high regard.
Speech For The 2008 National Space Forum, Wayne Allard
Speech For The 2008 National Space Forum, Wayne Allard
Space and Defense
Good afternoon. It is a pleasure to be here with all of you today at the National Space Forum, and it is an honor to be here with so many industry experts and leaders. I thank our sponsors, the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies at the U.S. Air Force Academy and also the Center for Strategic and International Studies, for hosting this important event and for giving me an opportunity to speak to you today. In the Senate I have long supported the Center for Space and Defense Studies, and I am pleased to see the Center executing …