Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Psychology (1876)
- Sociology (960)
- Communication (660)
- Clinical Psychology (502)
- Education (488)
-
- Arts and Humanities (485)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (437)
- Anthropology (420)
- Political Science (387)
- Economics (326)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (260)
- Social Work (256)
- Geography (247)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (206)
- Social Psychology (190)
- Counseling (187)
- Life Sciences (180)
- Legal Studies (169)
- Counseling Psychology (168)
- International Relations (147)
- International and Area Studies (142)
- Criminology and Criminal Justice (135)
- Archaeological Anthropology (133)
- Educational Sociology (126)
- Counselor Education (121)
- Cognitive Psychology (119)
- Child Psychology (116)
- Other Psychology (115)
- Social and Cultural Anthropology (112)
- Institution
- Keyword
-
- College of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences (424)
- Morgridge College of Education (221)
- Josef Korbel School of International Studies (174)
- Psychology (122)
- Gender (97)
-
- Depression (91)
- Education (91)
- Counseling Psychology (73)
- ETD (73)
- Graduate School of Social Work (72)
- Anthropology (69)
- Communication (66)
- Identity (65)
- Anxiety (62)
- Stress (58)
- Economics (56)
- Communication Studies (54)
- Mental health (54)
- Race (54)
- Stigma (49)
- Resilience (48)
- Trauma (47)
- Women (45)
- Adolescents (44)
- Religion (44)
- College students (43)
- Phenomenology (38)
- Archaeology (37)
- Higher education (37)
- Teaching and Learning Sciences (37)
- Publication Year
- File Type
Articles 961 - 990 of 5784
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Applicant Religion And Work Qualifications Impacting Hiring Decisions, William T. Cagle
Applicant Religion And Work Qualifications Impacting Hiring Decisions, William T. Cagle
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The underlying effect of religious bias towards Muslims has negatively impacted their chances of receiving equal employment opportunities. The current study attempts to observe this effect by having Christian participants pretend to be a boss of a company and asking them to evaluate a fictitious resume and rate the applicant on their suitability for the managerial job at hand. The applicants were either Christian or Muslim. Based on the justification-suppression model, we also attempted to observe the effect having different hiring qualifications had on the applicant ratings. To do this, applicants either had a high or low GPA, and they …
Effective Weather Messaging: Applying The Bad News Response Model To Hurricane Warnings, April S. Carr
Effective Weather Messaging: Applying The Bad News Response Model To Hurricane Warnings, April S. Carr
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Sweeny and Shepperd (2007, 2009) proposed the Bad News Response Model (BNRM), outlining three effective responses (i.e., Watchful Waiting, Active Change, Acceptance) as a function of the perceived controllability, likelihood, and severity of bad news. In the current study, we have adapted the BNRM, previously used in health-related scenarios, to explore the relationship between message content and responses in the context of hurricane warnings. Participants viewed hurricane warnings manipulated by severity (Category 1 vs. Category 5) and the inclusion of call-to-action statements (CTAs). The present study attempted to evaluate the effects of severity and controllability on participants’ engagement in desirable …
Influence Of Increased Options On Performance Generalization Across Two Variations Of The Monty Hall Dilemma, Robert A. Southern
Influence Of Increased Options On Performance Generalization Across Two Variations Of The Monty Hall Dilemma, Robert A. Southern
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Monty Hall dilemma (MHD) is a probability puzzle at which humans consistently fail to adopt the optimal winning strategy. The participant chooses between three identical doors, behind one of which is a valuable prize. After the participant makes their initial decision, the host reveals that there is nothing behind one of the two remaining doors, then asks the participant if they would like to stay with their originally selected door or switch to the remaining unopened door. The optimal choice is to switch to the previously unchosen door, which increases the probability of winning from 33% to 67%. Despite …
Mothering Through Our Pain: Single Black Mothers’ Narratives, Yolanda E. Surrency
Mothering Through Our Pain: Single Black Mothers’ Narratives, Yolanda E. Surrency
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Black women’s voices and historical contributions have been dismissed, and even excluded, making it difficult for their cultural knowledge to be transmitted to future generations. Black women battle with an unsettled consciousness from subscribing to the normalization of what dominant culture defines as good mothering. This study uses Black feminism to examine single Black mothers who navigate the negative images of the welfare queen and the matriarch. This narrative study uses Black feminism to examine the stories of single, Black mothers and their daughters. The purpose is to investigate Black mothers’ lived experiences to understand their struggles and resistance. Purposeful …
College Athletes' Experiences With A Lower Body Re-Injury: A Phenomenological Investigation, Samantha Holder
College Athletes' Experiences With A Lower Body Re-Injury: A Phenomenological Investigation, Samantha Holder
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Lower extremity injuries are the most common musculoskeletal sport injuries and are an inevitable risk to sport participation (Chalmers, 2002; Dane et al., 2004; Kay et al., 2017). When an athlete sustains an injury, fear of re-injury is a salient emotion many athletes experience (e.g., Disanti et al., 2018; Kvist et al., 2005; Lentz et al., 2015). Previous research has identified fear of re-injury as a risk factor to suffering a subsequent injury (e.g., An et al., 2019; Andersen & Williams, 1988; Paterno et al., 2018; Podlog et al., 2011; Tagesson & Kvist, 2016). Epidemiology studies have highlighted that re-injuries …
New Teachers Are Your Friends: A Multiple Case Study Examining School Psychologists’ Experiences Consulting With Beginning Teachers, Sayani Das Chaudhuri
New Teachers Are Your Friends: A Multiple Case Study Examining School Psychologists’ Experiences Consulting With Beginning Teachers, Sayani Das Chaudhuri
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
School psychologists’ training, knowledge, and skillsets in school-based consultation can play a key role in supporting beginning teachers, but the consultation research base provides limited information about how beginning teachers’ concerns and characteristics relate to consultative practice (Babinski & Rogers 1998; DeForest & Hughes, 1992; Robertson & Briedenstein, 2007). This qualitative multiple case study investigated the perceptions and experiences of four expert school psychologists who engaged in consultation and provided support to beginning teachers. Factors related to the school psychologists' and beginning teachers' cognitions, behaviors, and school environment emerged in the data. Participants perceived beginning teachers as being enthusiastic and …
Decolonizing Interfaith Interaction: Common Humanity And Colonial Legacies, Teresa A. Crist
Decolonizing Interfaith Interaction: Common Humanity And Colonial Legacies, Teresa A. Crist
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Among various formations of interfaith interaction in the United States, practitioners strive to build relationships across religious difference through appeals to commonality. Problematically, relying on commonality to unite religiously diverse groups can ignore the colonial history behind what is considered common across humanity, and may serve to make interfaith interaction ineffective. The interfaith project is itself connected to the colonial legacy of Western epistemology, which tacitly normalizes Protestant Christian norms and conceptions of “Religion” and human subjectivity. This dissertation explores whether interfaith interaction, while trying to relieve the religious oppression caused by the normalization of Christianity, may in fact support …
Maternal Hpa Axis Function During Parenting Is Associated With Reduced Brain Activation To Infant Cry And More Intrusive Parenting Behavior, Andrew Erhart
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Previous research indicated that maternal cortisol function and maternal brain response to infant stimuli are separately related to differences in parenting behavior. Evidence from animal models have demonstrated that chronically high cortisol concentration alters brain structure and function, suggesting that studying these two mechanisms together may further improve understanding of parental behavior in human mothers. First time mothers of infants aged 1-7 months old (M age = 3 months) were recruited to participate. Mother’s cortisol concentration was measured during a naturalistic interaction with their infant and their behavior was coded for maternal sensitivity and nonintrusiveness. In a separate session using …
Intellectual Property Rights In The Seed Industry: Barriers To Sustainable Agriculture, Elena A. Filatova
Intellectual Property Rights In The Seed Industry: Barriers To Sustainable Agriculture, Elena A. Filatova
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The dynamics of the dominant industrial agriculture system restrict the seed industry’s innovative landscape, leading to significant negative consequences including an exacerbation of environmental risks which threaten global food security. This thesis explores how exclusionary intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the context of the seed industry constrict innovation, evolutionary pathways, and opportunities for the implementation of sustainable agriculture methods. To overcome these barriers, the application of an open source framework to seed innovation, specifically through the platform of the Open Source Seed Initiative, is evaluated as a tool for enhancing innovative capacities in seed development while broadening the accessibility and …
U.S. International Trade And National Security In The Trump Era: Mercantilism, Liberalism, Or Economic Nationalism?, Brett D. Barkey
U.S. International Trade And National Security In The Trump Era: Mercantilism, Liberalism, Or Economic Nationalism?, Brett D. Barkey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study will explore the Trump administration’s views of national security as expressed through its international trade policy and ask whether the U.S. is now a mercantilist, a liberal, or an economically nationalist nation. This study will define mercantilism, liberalism and economic nationalism turning for assistance to the writings of Alexander Hamilton, Adam Smith, and Friedrich List.
The study will then explore how those concepts may have been revealed in America’s international trade policy as the U.S. navigated the economic and national security events of the 20th century, and on to 2016 as President-elect Trump prepared to take office. Next …
Parental Self-Efficacy, Parenting Stress, And Mental Health Among Latina Mothers Of Young Children, Thania Galvan
Parental Self-Efficacy, Parenting Stress, And Mental Health Among Latina Mothers Of Young Children, Thania Galvan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Parenthood can increase the risk for mental health concerns, especially for Latina mothers. Poor maternal mental health can result in significant negative maternal and child outcomes, particularly if a mother’s mental health needs go unmet. In an attempt to better understand the factors that impact Latina mother’s mental health, this study explored the relations among parental self-efficacy, parenting stress, and mental health. It also explored mother’s self-reported resource availability and sociocultural factors as potential modifiable points of interventions in these relations.
Methods: The study was conducted using data from 132 Latina mothers that participated in a larger project examining stress …
Microfoundations Approach To Risk And Uncertainty In The Uppsala Internationalization Process, John P. Merli
Microfoundations Approach To Risk And Uncertainty In The Uppsala Internationalization Process, John P. Merli
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study answers rising calls in International Business to employ a microfoundations approach for greater insight on differences in managerial cognition for entering business in high-risk locations. Consequently, findings challenge the Uppsala model’s longstanding stance concerning the risk-internationalization association governed by strict firm-level analysis. I examine CEO decision-making through the lens of their values, represented by their political ideology score along the liberal-conservative continuum, to offer greater predictability for rationalizing strategic choices. Accordingly, political ideology proved a significant predictor for explaining the circumstances in which CEOs elect high-risk locations based on their political ideology’s degree of liberalism. Additionally, its interactions …
Fatty Fatty Two-By-Four—Can’T Get Through The Dressing Room Door?: An Examination Of Excess As Queer Failure, Miranda Dottie Olzman
Fatty Fatty Two-By-Four—Can’T Get Through The Dressing Room Door?: An Examination Of Excess As Queer Failure, Miranda Dottie Olzman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Failure and fat are not linear. It is taught, learned, reminded, and internalized. Our bodies have memories that are built through repeated moments. And for me, failure has been a part of my body’s map since I was born. This project is the culmination of many failures. In this dissertation, I am examining queer failure in multiple contexts including body size, as well as religion to create a corpulent critique. I do this by examining the lineage of queer failure as well as queer temporality as it is linked to failure (Edelman; Muñoz; Halberstam; Love) with fat queer bodies serving …
Violence After Victory: Explaining Variation In State Repression Following Contentious Politics, Christopher Wiley Shay
Violence After Victory: Explaining Variation In State Repression Following Contentious Politics, Christopher Wiley Shay
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
If conflict onset leads to increases in human rights abuse, how can these abuses be curbed once conflicts have ended? To answer this question, researchers have traditionally focused on a country’s regime type and leaders’ incentive structures. This is insufficient, I argue, because many regimes with obvious incentives to curb repression (especially democracies) fail to do so. In addition to regime-type, therefore, the answer depends on whether a given regime can count on the cooperation of its military and law enforcement institutions, which I refer to collectively as the security apparatus. This is because security agents’ prior experiences usually create …
Exploring The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences And Paternal Warmth: Does Racial Identity Moderate This Relationship And Does Depression, Anxiety, And Physical Health Mediate This Relationship?, Stephanie Rachel Speer
Exploring The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences And Paternal Warmth: Does Racial Identity Moderate This Relationship And Does Depression, Anxiety, And Physical Health Mediate This Relationship?, Stephanie Rachel Speer
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Background: Childhood trauma has a direct impact on parenting. Parents with a history of adverse childhood experiences are more likely to struggle with mental illness in adulthood and have children at an augmented risk for behavioral health issues. However, most of this work has focused on mothers, and few studies have explored how adverse childhood experiences influence paternal warmth and father involvement. Research on fathering has identified personal (e.g., age, race, income, parental stress, depression, and anxiety) and social (e.g., residential and relationship status, co-parenting) predictors of paternal warmth and father involvement. While poor physical health may influence parenting behaviors, …
“But I’M Not Racist”: How Implicit Racial Bias, Feedback And Racial Affective States Impact Clinical Judgment In Mental Health Treatment, Dhriti Tiwari
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Implicit bias has gathered research interest in healthcare, yet remains less directly examined in the mental health field (Merino et al., 2018). Mental health providers can continue to be influenced by implicit bias despite higher ratings of cultural competence (Boysen, 2010). The purpose of this study was to supplement the limited research examining the impact of implicit bias on the clinical judgment process. The study aimed to examine whether: 1) implicit race bias scores were related to diagnostic impressions, 2) feedback about implicit bias was related to diagnostic impressions, and 3) racial affect mediated the relationship between receiving feedback and …
Remembering Together: Native Boarding School Stories On Display, Lydia Nancy Wood
Remembering Together: Native Boarding School Stories On Display, Lydia Nancy Wood
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recent scholarship on Native American boarding schools has focused on drawing out the complexities of boarding school history and emphasizing the plurality of experiences of students. This thesis examines how Native American boarding school stories have been displayed using two current museum exhibits: “Away from Home: American Indian Boarding School Stories” at the Heard Museum, and the Phoenix Indian School Visitors Center, a small gallery in one of the remaining school buildings. For this analysis I interviewed key players in both current exhibits and did close readings of the exhibits themselves, in conjunction with archival research about two model schoolhouse …
Operationalizing A New Method For Defining And Scaling Social Innovations Using Tiny Home Communities As A Case Study, Jennifer H. Wilson
Operationalizing A New Method For Defining And Scaling Social Innovations Using Tiny Home Communities As A Case Study, Jennifer H. Wilson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Social innovations are new approaches to addressing unmet need. In an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, social innovations propagate rapidly in response to the dynamic conditions of our modern world. An example of an emergent social innovation, tiny home communities are gaining traction as a more economically, socially, and environmentally favorable response to homelessness and inadequacies in the current shelter and housing system. The use of tiny homes communities (that is, intentional clusters of small-scale structures) as an innovative response to homelessness is relatively new. As such, there is limited empirical evidence on the topic. Lack of research and defined …
Coming Together Over Table: The Role Of Food In Georgian Conflict Resolution Practices, Raisa Wells
Coming Together Over Table: The Role Of Food In Georgian Conflict Resolution Practices, Raisa Wells
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Conflict resolution efforts seek to de-escalate conflict dynamics to bring conciliation and/or reconciliation to a conflict. One strategy to de-escalate a conflict is to use food during conflict resolution efforts. So, what specifically does consuming food and beverage do to break down conflict escalation cycles? Food-sharing brings several aspects to conflict that the literature suggests address how and why conflict escalates. This paper focuses on three prevalent aspects: how food-sharing signals vulnerability and trust building, perceived commonality, and a change in the conflict from competition to cooperation by providing new norms, changing the tone, and shifting frames. Because of the …
Competition In Economic Theory And The Skew In U.S. Corporate Wealth Creation, Marc H. Pentacoff
Competition In Economic Theory And The Skew In U.S. Corporate Wealth Creation, Marc H. Pentacoff
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Historical studies of U.S. capital markets show a dramatic skew in the distribution of corporate wealth. This thesis investigates the evolution of economic thought related to realistic models of competition, seeking to find the most suitable theory of competition to explain this skew in U.S. corporate wealth creation. The incorporation of realistic elements into the static theories of competition leads to theoretical difficulties in the early 20th century. Another line of thought developed non-equilibrium dynamic models of competition, culminating in Schumpeter. In Schumpeter, firms seek to manage the uncertainty f rom rapid change induced by innovation and increasing returns by …
Exploring The Impact Of Leadership Values And Practices To Support Equity And Social Justice In An Urban School, Susan-Marie Farmen
Exploring The Impact Of Leadership Values And Practices To Support Equity And Social Justice In An Urban School, Susan-Marie Farmen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative case study explores the leadership values and practices of a principal in a sixth through twelfth-grade school in the Rocky Mountain West to determine how leadership values and practices support the implementation of equitable and socially just practices in the school. Five key themes emerged: (a) equity as a Black/non-Black construct; (b) a lack of knowledge and awareness of the historical contexts of marginalized populations; (c) moral courage for all members of the school; (d) equity as an initiative or program; (e) resistance to deep equity work. From these themes, I devise three recommendations to support substantial and …
We All Want To Change The World: How Behavioral Insights Can Help Reduce Carbon Emissions, Thomas C. Gifford
We All Want To Change The World: How Behavioral Insights Can Help Reduce Carbon Emissions, Thomas C. Gifford
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The world is in the midst of an unprecedented environmental crisis driven primarily by human behavior. As the world has globalized, countries have developed, and standards of living have improved, global pollution has skyrocketed and has resulted in a wide range of environmentally destructive outcomes. All paths to environmentally sustainable development involve a dramatic cut in carbon emissions from current day levels. In this thesis, I explore how the omission of behavioral factors from mainstream neoclassical models has contributed to, and can aid in reducing unsustainably high levels of carbon emissions. Throughout the history of economic thought, classical economists such …
Evaluating Nuclear Energy As A Component Of U.S. Energy Innovation Systems, Bryce Jones
Evaluating Nuclear Energy As A Component Of U.S. Energy Innovation Systems, Bryce Jones
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Nuclear energy is contentious in policy discussions that evaluate its role in the current U.S. clean energy innovation system. OECD nations, on average, have begun to reduce their dependence on nuclear energy. However, the United States has remained invested in its nuclear energy infrastructure and the role that it plays within federal research and development. This thesis examines the Neo-Schumpeterian perspective and the National Innovation System’s approach, the economic history of nuclear energy in the United States, and given insight from these factors, discusses the current role of nuclear energy in the U.S. energy innovation system. The objective is to …
The Relationship Between The Supervisory Alliance And Novice Supervisees’ Risk-Taking Behavior, Aleis Pugia
The Relationship Between The Supervisory Alliance And Novice Supervisees’ Risk-Taking Behavior, Aleis Pugia
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Supervisee risk-taking is the process by which supervisees take the new skills and interventions they learn in supervision and implement them in therapy with clients. Risk-taking overlaps with many of the skills supervision is intended to develop: clinical decision-making, supervisee self-efficacy, supervisee skill development, and clinical reflection (Bambling & King, 2014; Ellis et al., 2014; Rousmaniere et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2016). Risk-taking has not been examined before the in the supervision literature, however, it is an important process to understand as it represents a process bridging supervision and clinical practice. The current study was an exploratory study intended …
Plantation Economy Model As Developed By Lloyd Best And Kari Polanyi Levitt: The Case Of Jamaica, Paula-Leone Samuda
Plantation Economy Model As Developed By Lloyd Best And Kari Polanyi Levitt: The Case Of Jamaica, Paula-Leone Samuda
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Lloyd Best and Kari Polanyi Levitt created the Theory of the Plantation Economy as an analytical tool for understanding the causes of underdevelopment in the Caribbean region. The theory provides a break from the classical understanding of developing economies as simply pre-industrialized societies. Instead, the theory tracks uneven development through analysis of metropole-hinterland relations, which account for the legacy of slavery, colonialism, and mercantilism on the structure of the global economy. In doing so, Plantation Theory is able to draw a clear link between underdevelopment in the hinterland and development in the metropole. Examining the usefulness of the Theory of …
Flourishing After Sexual Assault: An Examination Of Self-Compassion In Women, Jessica E. Rick
Flourishing After Sexual Assault: An Examination Of Self-Compassion In Women, Jessica E. Rick
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Sexual assault is a serious and increasing public health concern, which has spurred recent development of the #metoo movement (Miller, 2017; Sigurdsson, 2018). Much of the current literature and treatment emphasis focuses on how to bring survivors of sexual assault back to baseline functioning. This exclusive focus on stability models often neglects pathways by which survivors thrive and flourish following experiences with sexual violence. It is important to consider how sexual assault experiences relate to flourishing efforts. Self-compassion, or the ability to be open and non-judgmental about one’s own suffering and treat oneself with kindness in the face of pain, …
Rape: A Settler-Colonial And Anti-Black Project, Cristy A. Dougherty
Rape: A Settler-Colonial And Anti-Black Project, Cristy A. Dougherty
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
White feminist theorizations of rape privilege patriarchy as the main source of gender violence, ultimately centering white cisgender women. In doing so, white women are treated as subject in anti-rape discourse while the violence inflicted on women of color is rendered as secondary and insignificant. Conversely, Indigenous and Black feminist analytics center Indigenous and Black women’s experiences with sexual violence, ultimately pointing to the ways in which rape has been used as a tool to perpetuate heteropatriarchy, settler-colonialism, and anti- Black racism. For instance, Deer (2015) explains that Indigenous women experience disproportionately high rates of sexual violence that spans generations. …
The Great Consensus After The Great Recession: The Case Of Jamaica, Anthony N. Iacovelli
The Great Consensus After The Great Recession: The Case Of Jamaica, Anthony N. Iacovelli
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of the International Monetary Fund’s Stabilization Program (IMFSP) as a tool for economic development. The Fund’s program utilizes an approach steeped in the Washington Conesus, which requires austere and demand side economic measures to be taken to achieve success. To determine efficacy, Jamaica was used as a case study, where special attention paid to the supply side economic consideration of human capital development in Health and Education. Additionally, this paper contrasted the IMF approach with a case study of Singapore and the Developmentalist approach to economic development. The research provided …
The Hotelling Valuation Principle: Does User Cost And Reserve Differentials Improve Validity?, Brian K. Hicks
The Hotelling Valuation Principle: Does User Cost And Reserve Differentials Improve Validity?, Brian K. Hicks
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Hotelling Valuation Principal (HVP) implies that the value per unit of an in-ground exhaustible natural resource is equal to the current price less the cost of production. The assumptions required for this principle include a certain and homogenous reserve stock, unconstrained extraction, and constant costs. Extensive research has empirically investigated the HVP. This paper expands the HVP framework and relaxes the theory’s assumptions to account for reserve differentials. The results show that the original net price model is more closely aligned with developed reserve value, than total reserve value. In addition, this paper develops two- and three-factor net price …
From Reform To Resignation: Explaining Why Some Protest Movements Escalate Demands, Sooyeon Kang
From Reform To Resignation: Explaining Why Some Protest Movements Escalate Demands, Sooyeon Kang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
One of the unresolved puzzles in the civil resistance and contentious politics literatures relates to the fact that some movements that begin as reformist (seeking redress in a certain policy space) escalate to maximalist claims (demanding the ouster of a national leader or the entire regime) – a process I call “demand escalation.” For instance, in the summer of 2019, thousands took to the streets of Hong Kong to protest a proposed extradition bill that would allow criminal suspects to be sent to mainland China to face trial in courts controlled by the Communist Party. However, even after Hong Kong’s …