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Articles 2551 - 2580 of 2936
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Bauschinger Effect In Nb And V Alloyed Line-Pipe Steels, Andrii Kostryzhev, Martin Strangwood, Claire L. Davis
Bauschinger Effect In Nb And V Alloyed Line-Pipe Steels, Andrii Kostryzhev, Martin Strangwood, Claire L. Davis
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The UOE process is used for cold forming of large diameter steel line-pipes. Pipe strength has been found to increase (work hardening) or decrease (Bauschinger effect) after the UOE process compared to the plate depending on the steel grade, plate and pipe processing history. The steel chemistry, through the presence of microalloy precipitates, and prior processing, through the size and distribution of microalloy precipitates and presence of retained work hardening, affects the magnitude of the Bauschinger effect. In this paper the microstructures of two (Nb and Nb-V alloyed) steel plates, in terms of (Nb,V)(C,N) particle distributions and dislocation densities, have …
Developments In Coal Mine Methane Drainage And Utilisation In Australia, Dennis John Black, Naj Aziz
Developments In Coal Mine Methane Drainage And Utilisation In Australia, Dennis John Black, Naj Aziz
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In recent years there has been significant development in the field of coalbed and coal mine methane drainage and utilisation in Australia. This development has, in part, been necessitated by the rapid increase in mine production capacity and the need to maintain the safety of the mine and its employees through effective management of coal seam gas emission and outburst risk. The increased awareness of the contribution of coal mine gas emission, estimated to account for 4-5% of Australia's 559 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (MtCO2-e) annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is placing additional pressure on operators to increase coal …
Solution Of Inverse Kinematic Problem For Serial Robot Using Dual Quaterninons And Plucker Coordinates, Emre Sariyildiz, Hakan Temeltas
Solution Of Inverse Kinematic Problem For Serial Robot Using Dual Quaterninons And Plucker Coordinates, Emre Sariyildiz, Hakan Temeltas
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper we present a new formulation method to solve kinematic problem of serial robot manipulators. In this method our major aims are to formulize inverse kinematic problem in a compact closed form and to avoid singularity problem. This formulation is based on screw theory with dual - quaternion. Compared with other methods, screw theory methods just establish two coordinates, and its geometrical meaning is obvious. We used dual-quaternion in plücker coordinates as a screw operator for compactness. 6R-DOF industrial robot manipulators forward and inverse kinematic equations are derived using this new formulation and simulation results are given.
Effects Of Shoe Heel Height On Loading And Muscle Activity For Trans-Tibial Amputees During Standing, Xiaohong Jia, Rencheng Wang, Winson Lee
Effects Of Shoe Heel Height On Loading And Muscle Activity For Trans-Tibial Amputees During Standing, Xiaohong Jia, Rencheng Wang, Winson Lee
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This study accesses the effects of shoe heel heights on loading, muscle activity, and plantar foot pressure of trans-tibial amputees during standing. Five male subjects with unilateral trans-tibial amputation volunteered to participate in this study. Three pairs of shoes with zero, 20 mm, and 40 mm heel heights were used. The loading line of the prosthetic side, the plantar foot pressure, and the surface electromyography (EMG) of 10 muscles were simultaneously recorded. With increasing shoe heel heights during standing, the loading line of the prosthetic side shifted from the anterior to the posterior side of the knee center, the peak …
Pavement Scene Interpretation And Obstacle Detection By Large Margin Image Labeling, Ke Jia, Nianjun Liu, Lei Wang, Li Cheng
Pavement Scene Interpretation And Obstacle Detection By Large Margin Image Labeling, Ke Jia, Nianjun Liu, Lei Wang, Li Cheng
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper presents a novel discriminative approach for pave-ment scene understanding and obstacle detection in real-world images. It overcomes the heavy constraints in previous systems such as a simple background, a specic obstacle, etc. The approach we exploited extends the bundle method to incorporate pairwise correlations among neighboring pixels, and adopts graph-cuts as the inference engine to attain the approximation efficiently. A set of robust features on both local and multi-scale level is also introduced that captures the general statistical properties of pavements and obstacles. The proposed approach is validated on real-world image database, and outperforms the current state-of-the-art visioned-based …
Regularity In Optimal Transportation, Jiakun Liu, Neil Trudinger, Xu-Jia Wang
Regularity In Optimal Transportation, Jiakun Liu, Neil Trudinger, Xu-Jia Wang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this talk, we give some estimates for solutions to the Monge-Amp`ere equation arising in optimal transportation. The Monge-Amp`ere equation under consideration has the following type
Axial Compression Tests On Frp-Jacketed Circular Concrete-Filled Thin Steel Tubes, Y M. Hu, T Yu, J G. Teng
Axial Compression Tests On Frp-Jacketed Circular Concrete-Filled Thin Steel Tubes, Y M. Hu, T Yu, J G. Teng
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets have been widely used to confine concrete columns to enhance their load-carrying capacity and ductility. More recently, the use of FRP jackets to improve the performance of hollow steel tubes and concrete-filled steel tubes has also been explored. This paper presents the results of a recent experimental study in which the behaviour of FRP-confined circular concrete-filled thin steel tubes under axial compression was examined. The experimental study included three series of tests and was focussed on the effects of the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the steel tube and the confinement stiffness of the FRP jacket. The test …
Superposition Coded Modulation And Iterative Linear Mmse Detection, Li Ping, Jun Tong, Xiaojun Yuan, Qinghua Guo
Superposition Coded Modulation And Iterative Linear Mmse Detection, Li Ping, Jun Tong, Xiaojun Yuan, Qinghua Guo
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We study superposition coded modulation (SCM) with iterative linear minimum-mean-square-error (LMMSE) detection. We show that SCM offers an attractive solution for highly complicated transmission environments with severe interference. We analyze the impact of signaling schemes on the performance of iterative LMMSE detection. We prove that among all possible signaling methods, SCM maximizes the output signal-tonoise/interference ratio (SNIR) in the LMMSE estimates during iterative detection. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate that SCM outperforms other signaling methods when iterative LMMSE detection is applied to multi-user/multi-antenna/multipath channels. © 2009 IEEE.
Measuring The Success Of Intervention Programmes Designed To Increase The Participation Rate By Women In Computing, Annemieke Craig, Linda Dawson, Julie Fisher
Measuring The Success Of Intervention Programmes Designed To Increase The Participation Rate By Women In Computing, Annemieke Craig, Linda Dawson, Julie Fisher
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Many intervention programmes to encourage greater female participation in computer education and careers have been conducted in the last twenty years. These intervention programmes take considerable time, effort and money to design and implement. If success were to be measured by an increase in the percentage of female students undertaking computing courses then these programmes would have to be considered a failure. This paper describes a research project which examined fourteen intervention programmes in detail. From the perspective of the programme champions each of the intervention programmes was considered successful, even when this success was restricted to specific areas or …
Understanding It Adoption And Consumption Within The Social Structure Of A Consumer's Economy, Sherman Ting, Linda Dawson, Chris Dubelaar
Understanding It Adoption And Consumption Within The Social Structure Of A Consumer's Economy, Sherman Ting, Linda Dawson, Chris Dubelaar
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Research into adoption, acceptance and consumption of Information Technology (IT) within its diffusion cycle has been extensively studied in Information Systems (IS) and marketing. However, research often focused too narrowly on technology adoption rates and drivers leading to technology adoption and acceptance. This paper discusses how understanding the social structure of a consumer's economy, a consumer's portfolio of capital resources, can reveal the individual's approach and experiences towards technology adoption and consumption present and future. It provides a novel multi-disciplinary and practical approach into understanding the technology consumer by looking at how economic, cultural, social, educational, technological and political capital …
Experimental Study Of Using Renewable Energy In Yemen, Hani S. Alganahi, Kamaruzzaman S, Mohamed A, Ahmed M. Haidar, Ahmed Abdalla
Experimental Study Of Using Renewable Energy In Yemen, Hani S. Alganahi, Kamaruzzaman S, Mohamed A, Ahmed M. Haidar, Ahmed Abdalla
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
During the last decade, there has been an increased interest to develop renewable energy technologies that could contribute to ever-increasing energy needs. This paper proposes a new PV array-wind-diesel generator hybrid system model to determine the optimal configuration of power systems relevant to different regions in Yemen, Sana’a and Aden. Various renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, energy storage and their applicability in terms of cost and performance are discussed. The collected data for the wind, solar radiation and diesel price were obtained from Civil Aviation & Meteorology Authority in Yemen. The Sensitivity analysis was carried out using Homer program. The …
Low Temperature Graphene Growth, Shailesh Kumar, N Mcevoy, T. Lutz, G. Keeley, Nicholas Whiteside, Werner Blau, G. Duesberg
Low Temperature Graphene Growth, Shailesh Kumar, N Mcevoy, T. Lutz, G. Keeley, Nicholas Whiteside, Werner Blau, G. Duesberg
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We demonstrate the growth of graphene films on nickel substrates by chemical vapour deposition using acetylene at temperatures as low as 750 degrees celsius, opening a viable route for its scalable production. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm defect-free mono and multilayer graphene at and above this temperature, and of defective graphene at lower temperatures. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy performed directly on the films give an indication of graphene flake size, morphology and also the topography on substrate. An unexpected dependence of graphene thickness on precursor dwell time is reported. This together with low temperature growth suggests …
Spectral Flow Invariants And Twisted Cyclic Theory For The Haar State On Suq(2), A L. Carey, A Rennie, K Tong
Spectral Flow Invariants And Twisted Cyclic Theory For The Haar State On Suq(2), A L. Carey, A Rennie, K Tong
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In [A.L. Carey, J. Phillips, A. Rennie, Twisted cyclic theory and an index theory for the gauge invariant KMS state on Cuntz algebras. arXiv:0801.4605], we presented a K-theoretic approach to finding invariants of algebras with no non-trivial traces. This paper presents a new example that is more typical of the generic situation. This is the case of an algebra that admits only non-faithful traces, namely SUq.2/ and also KMS states. Our main results are index theorems (which calculate spectral flow), one using ordinary cyclic cohomology and the other using twisted cyclic cohomology, where the twisting comes from the generator of …
Pricing Variance Swaps With Stochastic Volatility, Song-Ping Zhu, Guang-Hua Lian
Pricing Variance Swaps With Stochastic Volatility, Song-Ping Zhu, Guang-Hua Lian
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Following the pricing approach proposed by Zhu & Lian [19], we present an exact solution for pricing variance swaps with the realized variance in the payoff function being a logarithmic return of the underlying asset at some pre-specified discrete sampling points. Our newly-found pricing formula is based on the Heston's [8] two-factor stochastic volatility model. The discovery of this exact and closed-form solution has significantly improved the computational efficiency involved in computing the value of variance swaps with discrete sampling points.
Low-Complexity Ldpc Coded Bicm-Id With Orthogonal Modulations, S Che, S Tong
Low-Complexity Ldpc Coded Bicm-Id With Orthogonal Modulations, S Che, S Tong
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A low-complexity low density parity check (LDPC) coded bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) scheme with orthogonal modulations is proposed. With a novel mapping strategy of coded bits to symbols, the proposed scheme is equivalent to a generalised LDPC code with Hadamard constraints and thus orthogonal demodulation can be merged into the iterative LDPC decoding process, resulting in a simpler implementation and a lower computational complexity.
A Best-First Anytime Algorithm For Computing Optimal Coalition Structures, Chattrakul Sombattheera, Aditya K. Ghose
A Best-First Anytime Algorithm For Computing Optimal Coalition Structures, Chattrakul Sombattheera, Aditya K. Ghose
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This work presents a best-first anytime algorithm for computing optimal coalition structures. The approach is novel in that it generates coalition structures based on coalition values, while existing algorithms base their generation on the structure (members and configurations) of coalitions. With our algorithm, coalition structures are generated by repeatedly choosing the best coalition, as determined using a novel metric called agent's contribution to coalition structure that we define. We have compared the performance of our algorithm against that of Rahwan et al [5] using 20 data distributions. Our results show that our algorithm almost always converges on an optimal coalition …
Fitting Position Latent Cluster Models For Social Networks With Latentnet, Pavel N. Krivitsky, M Handcock
Fitting Position Latent Cluster Models For Social Networks With Latentnet, Pavel N. Krivitsky, M Handcock
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
latentnet is a package to fit and evaluate statistical latent position and cluster models for networks. Hoff, Raftery, and Handcock (2002) suggested an approach to modeling networks based on positing the existence of an latent space of characteristics of the actors. Relationships form as a function of distances between these characteristics as well as functions of observed dyadic level covariates. In latentnet social distances are represented in a Euclidean space. It also includes a variant of the extension of the latent position model to allow for clustering of the positions developed in Handcock, Raftery, and Tantrum (2007). The package implements …
High Spatial Resolution Fibre -Optic Fizeau Interferometric Strain Sensor Based On An In-Fiber Spherical Microcavity, Enbang Li, Gang-Ding Peng, Xin Ding
High Spatial Resolution Fibre -Optic Fizeau Interferometric Strain Sensor Based On An In-Fiber Spherical Microcavity, Enbang Li, Gang-Ding Peng, Xin Ding
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We present a fiber-optic Fizeau interferometric strain sensor consisting of an in-fiber spherical microcavity of 39um in diameter. The spherical microcavity was formed by splicing a normal single-mode fiber with a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. We demonstrate that strain sensing can be realized by using the interference between the light signals reflected by the front and rear surfaces of the sphere. Experiments have shown that the strain sensor has a strain sensitivity of 3.36um/ue and a temperature sensitivity of 1.35um/°C.
Fabrication And Characterisation Of Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguide Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses, Shuanggen Zhang, Jianghong Yao, Qing Shi, Yange Liu, Weiwei Liu, Zhangchao Huang, Fuyun Lu, Enbang Li
Fabrication And Characterisation Of Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguide Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses, Shuanggen Zhang, Jianghong Yao, Qing Shi, Yange Liu, Weiwei Liu, Zhangchao Huang, Fuyun Lu, Enbang Li
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We present in this letter the fabrication and characterization of thermally stable type II waveguides in Z-cut periodically poled lithium niobate crystals. The waveguides were fabricated by using a femtosecond laser and were utilized for second harmonic generation. Our experiments have shown that a quasiphase matching wavelength of 1548.2nm, a tuning bandwidth of 2nm, and a tuning temperature range of 150.4±1.6°C can be achieved.
Hydraulic Fracturing In Underground Coal Mines, Dennis John Black, Naj Aziz
Hydraulic Fracturing In Underground Coal Mines, Dennis John Black, Naj Aziz
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The success of hydraulic fracturing application in stimulating gas drainage from coal seams is influenced by the ground stress conditions and the effective installation of straddled packers. A total of five holes were drilled in the Bulli Seam in a mine (Mine A) and tested for increased gas stimulation by hydraulic fracturing. Parameters examined included casing material integrity for cutability and ability to resist the external collapse during grouting and hydraulic fracturing. Changes made to the injecti on pressure, casing wall thickness, slot orientation (circumferential instead of axial) and controlled pressure release rate post-treatment improved the hydraulic fracturing treatment. However, …
Gas Drainage Improvement In Underground Coal Mines, Dennis John Black, Naj Aziz
Gas Drainage Improvement In Underground Coal Mines, Dennis John Black, Naj Aziz
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Effective gas management is vital to the success of the longwall mining in the Bulli seam, in the Southern Coalfield, Sydney Basin, NSW, Australia. The evolution of gas drainage methods and practices are discussed with respect to gas type, gas drainage lead time and prevailing geological conditions. Both underground to inseam drilling and surface to inseam drilling techniques are described at both pre and post-drainage conditions. Post-drainage of gas from longwall is discussed for its effectiveness, practicability and efficiency. The long term benefit of the method selected is examined with respect to gas capture efficiency. An alternative method of surface …
Improving Uis Gas Drainage In Underground Coal Mines, Dennis John Black, Naj Aziz
Improving Uis Gas Drainage In Underground Coal Mines, Dennis John Black, Naj Aziz
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Gas drainage is considered one of the most effective controls in preventing coal and gas outbursts. The advances in mining equipment technology over the last 20 years have led to a significant increase in coal mine production, resulting in increased coal mine gas emission during the coal extraction process. High gas emissions, if not effectively managed, may exceed the diluting capability of the mine's ventilation system, potentially exceeding the statutory limit, resulting in gas related production delays. The development of underground to inseam (UIS) gas drainage is discussed. The study is focused on a range of factors which impact gas …
Numerical Analysis Of Roll Deflection For Sendzimir Mill, H L. Yu, X H. Liu, G T. Lee, X W. Li, H D. Park
Numerical Analysis Of Roll Deflection For Sendzimir Mill, H L. Yu, X H. Liu, G T. Lee, X W. Li, H D. Park
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The present work introduces a new type of numerical analyzing method: the contact element method with two relative coordinates (CEM). The main characteristic of the procedure is elements meshing on the basis of the contact length between objects and that each element has two relative coordinates. The ordinary expression of this procedure is DX[CXY(i)]=D Y[CYX(i)]. Through this method, the CEM function of the 20-high Sendzimir mill and the deflection function expression of every roll are obtained. A computational software SM4SM for the Sendzimir mill has been developed, by which the deflection condition of rolls S, O, I, and A can …
A Novel Dynamic Absorber Using Enhanced Magnetorheological Elastomers For Powertrain Vibration Control, Nong Zhang, Nga Hoang, Haiping Du
A Novel Dynamic Absorber Using Enhanced Magnetorheological Elastomers For Powertrain Vibration Control, Nong Zhang, Nga Hoang, Haiping Du
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper presents a novel Adaptive Tuned Vibration Absorber (ATVA) using the enhanced magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) for powertrain vibration reduction. The MRE material used in this application includes micro-sized iron particles enhanced by adding nano-sized magnetic powders. With the enhancement, MRE's elastic modulus significantly increases due to the MR effect. In the new ATVA, the MRE plays a role as a torsional spring whose stiffness coefficient can be varied with an external magnetic field. Additionally, this ATVA could operate in shear-squeeze mode rather than shear mode. Thus, the frequency range is much wider than that of general MREs. Such property …
Cost-Based Bdi Plan Selection For Change Propagation, Khanh Hoa Dam, Michael Winikoff
Cost-Based Bdi Plan Selection For Change Propagation, Khanh Hoa Dam, Michael Winikoff
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Software maintenance is responsible for as much as two thirds of the cost of any software, and is consequently an important research area. In this paper we focus on the change propagation problem: given a primary change that is made in order to meet a new or changed requirement, what additional, secondary, changes are needed? We build on previous work that has proposed to use a BDI (belief-desire-intention) agent framework to propagate changes by fixing violations of consistency constraints. One question that needs to be answered as part of this framework is how to select between different applicable (repair) plan …
An Agent-Oriented Approach To Support Change Propagation In Software Evolution, Hoa K. Dam
An Agent-Oriented Approach To Support Change Propagation In Software Evolution, Hoa K. Dam
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Software maintenance and evolution is arguably a lengthy and expensive phase in the life cycle of a software system. A critical issue at this phase is change propagation: given a set of primary changes that have been made to software, what additional secondary changes are needed? Although many approaches have been proposed, automated change propagation is still a significant technical challenge in software maintenance and evolution. This paper presents a Ph.D. research in the final stages of developing and evaluating a novel, agent-based, framework to support semi-automated change propagation in evolving software systems.
Network Structure, Ict Use And Performance Attitudes Of Knowledge Workers, Kon Shing Kenneth Chung, Liaquat Hossain
Network Structure, Ict Use And Performance Attitudes Of Knowledge Workers, Kon Shing Kenneth Chung, Liaquat Hossain
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this study, we examine the effect of social network structure and information and communication technologies (ICT) use on performance attitudes of knowledge-intensive workers in dispersed occupational communities. We first develop a theoretical framework and use it to develop a valid and reliable survey instrument. Secondly, we apply structural hole measures (constraint and efficiency) for exploring the association with ICT use and attitudes to performance. Empirical results suggest that density of knowledge workers' professional network is positively associated with ICT use whereas network efficiency is negatively correlated with ICT use at both task and communication-structure level. The findings show that …
Single- And Multi-Carrier Idma Schemes With Cyclic Prefixing And Zero Padding Techniques, Qinghua Guo, Xiaojun Yuan, Li Ping
Single- And Multi-Carrier Idma Schemes With Cyclic Prefixing And Zero Padding Techniques, Qinghua Guo, Xiaojun Yuan, Li Ping
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper, we investigate single-carrier (SC) and multi-carrier IDMA schemes with cyclic prefixing (CP) and zero padding (ZP) techniques. These schemes are called SC-IDMA-CP, SC-IDMA-ZP, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-IDMA-CP and OFDM-IDMA-ZP, respectively. By exploiting the circulant property of channel matrices, the multi-user detection of these schemes can be efficiently realised with per-user complexity independent of the number of users and the length of inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels. We show the potential advantages of ZP-based schemes in power efficiency and convergence speed. Simulation results are provided to compare the four schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lmmse Turbo Equalization Based On Factor Graphs, Qinghua Guo, Li Ping
Lmmse Turbo Equalization Based On Factor Graphs, Qinghua Guo, Li Ping
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper, a vector-form factor graph representation is derived for intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. The resultant graphs have a tree-structure that avoids the short cycle problem in existing graph approaches. Based on a joint Gaussian approximation, we establish a connection between the LLR (log-likelihood ratio) estimator for a linear system driven by binary inputs and the LMMSE (linear minimum mean-square error) estimator for a linear system driven by Gaussian inputs. This connection facilitates the application of the recently proposed Gaussian message passing technique to the cycle-free graphs for ISI channels. We also show the equivalence between the proposed approach …
Evolution Analysis Of Low-Cost Iterative Equalization In Coded Linear Systems With Cyclic Prefixes, Xiaojun Yuan, Qinghua Guo, Xiaodong Wang, Li Ping
Evolution Analysis Of Low-Cost Iterative Equalization In Coded Linear Systems With Cyclic Prefixes, Xiaojun Yuan, Qinghua Guo, Xiaodong Wang, Li Ping
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper is concerned with the low-cost iterative equalization/detection principles for coded linear systems with cyclic prefixes. Turbo frequency-domain-equalization (FDE) is applied to systems that may contain the joint effect of multiple-access interference (MAI), cross-antenna interference (CAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI). We develop an SNK-variance evolution technique for the performance evaluation of the proposed systems. Numerical results in various channel environments demonstrate excellent agreement between the predicted and simulated system performance. © 2008 IEEE.