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Articles 2611 - 2640 of 2936
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
On Generalization Of Constitutive Models From Two Dimensions To Three Dimensions, N Khalili, M D. Liu
On Generalization Of Constitutive Models From Two Dimensions To Three Dimensions, N Khalili, M D. Liu
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper, a study is made of the generalization of constitutive models for geomaterials from two-dimensional stress and strain states to three-dimensional stress and strain states. Existing methods of model generalization are reviewed and their deficiencies are highlighted. A new method is proposed based on geometries of the model imprints on two normal planes. Using the proposed method, various three dimensional failure criterions suitable for geomaterials are implemented directly into a two dimensional model and the generalized model is identical to its original form for the axially symmetric condition. To demonstrate the application of the proposed method, the Modified …
Performance Analysis Of Ofdm-Idma Systems With Peak-Power Limitation, Jun Tong, Qinghua Guo, Li Ping
Performance Analysis Of Ofdm-Idma Systems With Peak-Power Limitation, Jun Tong, Qinghua Guo, Li Ping
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper is concerned with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing interleave-division multiple-access (OFDM-IDMA) systems over frequency-selective fading channels. Deliberate clipping is applied to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of each user's transmitted signal. An iterative multiuser detection (MUD) technique is developed to recover the performance loss due to clipping. A semi-analytical signal-to- noise ratio (SNR) evolution technique is proposed, which can provide quick and accurate prediction of the iterative MUD performance. Numerical results show that the performance of OFDM-IDMA is not sensitive to the frequency selectivity of channels, and OFDM-IDMA is more power-efficient than other alternative multi-carrier transmission techniques. © 2008 …
Tangential Sphere Bounds On The Ensemble Performance Of Ml Decoded Gallager Codes Via Their Exact Ensemble Distance Spectrum, Sheng Tong
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
An efficient numerical approach to the exact ensemble distance spectrum of Gallager codes has been developed by evaluating powers of polynomials. With the exact ensemble distance spectrum of Gallager codes, tangential sphere upper bounds on their maximum likelihood (ML) decoding performance over binary input AWGN channels are investigated. Numerical results indicate improved bounds have been obtained, better than Sason and Shamai's results (which are based on Gallager's upper bound on the ensemble distance spectrum), especially in the error floor region. Furthermore, some critical properties of Gallager codes, including typical minimum distance and the performance tradeoff in the waterfall and error …
Thermal And Electrical Characterization Of Silicon Photomultiplier, M Petasecca, B Alpat, G Ambrosi, P Azzarello, R Battiston, M Ionica, A Papi, G U. Pignatel, S Haino
Thermal And Electrical Characterization Of Silicon Photomultiplier, M Petasecca, B Alpat, G Ambrosi, P Azzarello, R Battiston, M Ionica, A Papi, G U. Pignatel, S Haino
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Detection of low levels of light is one of the key aspects in medical and space applications. Silicon photomultiplier, a novel type of avalanche photodetector which operates in Geiger mode, shows promising results and offer superior design options. The performance characteristics of the SiPM realized in FBK-irst are studied and presented in this paper. The leakage current, dark rate and internal gain are characterized as a function of temperature. The investigation has been carried out in the framework of the DASiPM Collaboration and the INFN/FBK-irst MEMS project. © 2008 IEEE.
A Nonlinear 1-D Case Backward Heat Problem: Regularization And Error, Dang Duc Trong, Pham Hoang Quan, Tran Vu Khanh, Nguyen Huy Tuan
A Nonlinear 1-D Case Backward Heat Problem: Regularization And Error, Dang Duc Trong, Pham Hoang Quan, Tran Vu Khanh, Nguyen Huy Tuan
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
No abstract provided.
Rqf Publication Quality Measures: Methodological Issues, John W. Lamp, Simon K. Milton, Linda Dawson, Julie Fisher
Rqf Publication Quality Measures: Methodological Issues, John W. Lamp, Simon K. Milton, Linda Dawson, Julie Fisher
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The Research Quality Framework uses Thomson-ISI citation benchmarks as its main set of objective measures of research quality. The Thomson-ISI measures rely on identifying a core set of journals in which the major publications for a discipline are to be found. The core for a discipline is determined by applying a nontransparent process that is partly based on Bradford's Law (1934). Yet Bradford was not seeking measures about quality of publications or journals. How valid then is it to base measures of publication quality on Bradford's Law? We explore this by returning to Bradford's Law and subsequent related research asking …
Assessment Of Drucker-Prager Type Plasticity Models For Predicting The Behaviour Of Frp-Confined Concrete, T Yu, J G. Teng, Y L. Wong, S L. Dong
Assessment Of Drucker-Prager Type Plasticity Models For Predicting The Behaviour Of Frp-Confined Concrete, T Yu, J G. Teng, Y L. Wong, S L. Dong
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper presents a critical assessment of the ability of existing Drucker-Prager (D-P) type plasticity models to predict the behaviour of confined concrete using both experimental observations and a recent analytical model. This assessment shows that for a D-P plasticity model to succeed in predicting the behaviour of FRP-confined and other passively-confined concrete, it needs to possess the following three features: (a) a yield criterion which includes the third deviatoric stress invariant, (b) a hardening/softening rule which is dependent on the confining pressure; and (c) a flow rule which is dependent on both the confining pressure and the rate of …
The Dixmier Trace And Asymptotics Of Zeta Functions, Alan L. Carey, Adam C. Rennie, Aleksandr Sedaev, Fyodor A. Sukochev
The Dixmier Trace And Asymptotics Of Zeta Functions, Alan L. Carey, Adam C. Rennie, Aleksandr Sedaev, Fyodor A. Sukochev
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We obtain general theorems which enable the calculation of the Dixmier trace in terms of the asymptotics of the zeta function and of the trace of the heat semigroup. We prove our results in a general semi-finite von Neumann algebra. We find for p > 1 that the asymptotics of the zeta function determines an ideal strictly larger than Lp,∞ on which the Dixmier trace may be defined. We also establish stronger versions of other results on Dixmier traces and zeta functions.
Discovering Prediction Model For Environmental Distribution Maps, Ke Zhang, Huidong Jin, Nianjun Liu, Rob Lesslie, Lei Wang, Zhouyu Fu, Terry Caelli
Discovering Prediction Model For Environmental Distribution Maps, Ke Zhang, Huidong Jin, Nianjun Liu, Rob Lesslie, Lei Wang, Zhouyu Fu, Terry Caelli
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Currently environmental distribution maps, such as for soil fertility, rainfall and foliage, are widely used in the natural resource management and policy making. One typical example is to predict the grazing capacity in particular geographical regions. This paper uses a discovering approach to choose a prediction model for real-world environmental data. The approach consists of two steps: (1) model selection which determines the type of prediction model, such as linear or non-linear; (2) model optimisation which aims at using less environmental data for prediction but without any loss on accuracy. The latter step is achieved by automatically selecting non-redundant features …
Synchrotron Radiation Computed Tomography Station At The Esrf Biomedical Beamline, C Nemoz, S Bayat, G Berruyer, T Brochard, P Coan, G Le Duc, J Keyrilainen, S Monfraix, M Renier, H Requardt, A Bravin, P Tafforeau, J F. Adam, M C. Biston, C Boudou, A M. Charvet, S Corde, H Elleaume, F Esteve, A Joubert, J Rousseau, I Tropres, M Fernandez, L Porra, P Suortti, S Fiedler, W Thomlinson
Synchrotron Radiation Computed Tomography Station At The Esrf Biomedical Beamline, C Nemoz, S Bayat, G Berruyer, T Brochard, P Coan, G Le Duc, J Keyrilainen, S Monfraix, M Renier, H Requardt, A Bravin, P Tafforeau, J F. Adam, M C. Biston, C Boudou, A M. Charvet, S Corde, H Elleaume, F Esteve, A Joubert, J Rousseau, I Tropres, M Fernandez, L Porra, P Suortti, S Fiedler, W Thomlinson
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The different tomography imaging modalities of the ESRF Medical Beamline are described and research applications are presented
Malicious Kgc Attacks In Certificateless Cryptography, Man Ho Au, Jing Chen, Joseph K. Liu, Yi Mu, Duncan S. Wong, Guomin Yang
Malicious Kgc Attacks In Certificateless Cryptography, Man Ho Au, Jing Chen, Joseph K. Liu, Yi Mu, Duncan S. Wong, Guomin Yang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Identity-based cryptosystems have an inherent key escrow issue, that is, the Key Generation Center (KGC) always knows user secret key. If the KGC is malicious, it can always impersonate the user. Certificateless cryptography, introduced by Al-Riyami and Paterson in 2003, is intended to solve this problem. However, in all the previously proposed certificateless schemes, it is always assumed that the malicious KGC starts launching attacks (so-called Type II attacks) only after it has generated a master public/secret key pair honestly. In this paper, we propose new security models that remove this assumption for both certificateless signature and encryption schemes. Under …
Fast Encodable And Decodable Irregular Repeat Accumulate Codes From Circulant Permutation Matrices, S Tong, S Zhang, B Bai, X Wang
Fast Encodable And Decodable Irregular Repeat Accumulate Codes From Circulant Permutation Matrices, S Tong, S Zhang, B Bai, X Wang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
An approach to construct irregular repeat accumulate (RA) codes from circulant permutation matrices is presented. The constructed irregular RA codes can be encoded with shift registers and decoded in the turbo decoding fashion, which leads to a much faster convergence rate compared to the conventional full parallel decoding fashion.
Recovery Of Time-Dependent Parameters Of A Black-Scholes-Type Equation: An Inverse Stieltjes Moment Approach, Marianito R. Rodrigo, Rogemar S. Mamon
Recovery Of Time-Dependent Parameters Of A Black-Scholes-Type Equation: An Inverse Stieltjes Moment Approach, Marianito R. Rodrigo, Rogemar S. Mamon
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We show that the problem of recovering the time-dependent parameters of an equation of Black-Scholes type can be formulated as an inverse Stieltjes moment problem. An application to the problem of implied volatility calculation in the case when the model parameters are time varying is provided and results of numerical simulations are presented.
Multilevel Modelling Of The Incidence Of Visceral Leishmaniasis In Teresina, Brazil, G Werneck, C Costa, Alexander Walker, John David, M. P. Wand, J Maguire
Multilevel Modelling Of The Incidence Of Visceral Leishmaniasis In Teresina, Brazil, G Werneck, C Costa, Alexander Walker, John David, M. P. Wand, J Maguire
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Epidemics of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in major Brazilian cities are new phenomena since 1980. As determinants of transmission in urban settings probably operate at different geographic scales, and information is not available for each scale, a multilevel approach was used to examine the effect of canine infection and environmental and socio-economic factors on the spatial variability of incidence rates of VL in the city of Teresina. Details on an outbreak of greater than 1200 cases of VL in Teresina during 1993-1996 were available at two hierarchical levels: census tracts (socio-economic characteristics, incidence rates of human VL) and districts, which encompass …
Editorial: Special Issue Contributed From Chemeca 2006-Australasian Process Modelling And Control Selected Papers, Mark Nelson, Brent Young
Editorial: Special Issue Contributed From Chemeca 2006-Australasian Process Modelling And Control Selected Papers, Mark Nelson, Brent Young
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The papers in this issue of Chemical Product and Process Modelling are substantially those that arose from special sessions on ``process simulation and control" (organised by Brent R. Young) and ``mathematical modeling" (organised by Mark I. Nelson) at the 34th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference (held between 17-20th September 2006, in Auckland, New Zealand). The papers in this special issue are available at: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol2/iss2. The papers featured in this issue have been revised and extended from CHEMECA and re-reviewed before publication here.All the papers in this issue use mathematics. However, this special issue only features a small number of the presentations …
An Inside Look At Rfid Technology, Linda Castro, Samuel Fosso Wamba
An Inside Look At Rfid Technology, Linda Castro, Samuel Fosso Wamba
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is considered one of the "hottest" technologies due to its particular capabilities to track and trace in real-time objects across the extended supply chain. This article gives an inside look at the RFID world in order to improve the level of understanding of this technology and the EPC Network. An introduction to RFID's systems, RFID's potential to improve the efficiency of operations, different areas of application, as well as a roadmap approach to undertake an RFID implementation will be discussed in this article.
A Polyhedral Model For Carbon Nanotubes, Barry Cox, James Hill
A Polyhedral Model For Carbon Nanotubes, Barry Cox, James Hill
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A new structural model accounts for the curvature inherent in their cylindrical shape.
Parameter Estimation Method Using An Extended Kalman Filter, Emmanuel D. Blanchard, Adrian Sandu, Corina Sandu
Parameter Estimation Method Using An Extended Kalman Filter, Emmanuel D. Blanchard, Adrian Sandu, Corina Sandu
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Fast parameter estimation is a non-trivial task, and it is critical when the system parameters evolve with time, as demanded in real-time control applications. In this study, a new computational approach for parameter identification is proposed based on the application of polynomial chaos theory. The polynomial chaos approach has been shown to be considerably more efficient than Monte Carlo in the simulation of systems with a small number of uncertain parameters. In the framework of this new approach, a (suboptimal) Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to recalculate the polynomial chaos expansions for the uncertain states and the uncertain parameters. …
Extension Problems And Non-Abelian Duality For C*-Algebras, Astrid An Huef, S Kaliszewski, Iain Raeburn
Extension Problems And Non-Abelian Duality For C*-Algebras, Astrid An Huef, S Kaliszewski, Iain Raeburn
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Suppose that H is a closed subgroup of a locally compact group G. We show that a unitary representation U of H is the restriction of a unitary representation of G if and only if a dual representation Û of a crossed product C*(G) (G/H) is regular in an appropriate sense. We then discuss the problem of deciding whether a given representation is regular; we believe that this problem will prove to be an interesting test question in non-Abelian duality for crossed products of C*-algebras.
Five-Level Active Npc Converter Topology: She-Pwm Control And Operation Principles, Sridhar Reddy Pulikanti, Vassilios G. Agelidis
Five-Level Active Npc Converter Topology: She-Pwm Control And Operation Principles, Sridhar Reddy Pulikanti, Vassilios G. Agelidis
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter topology has been the centre of research and development effort for numerous applications, including medium- and high-voltage electric motor drives, static compensators (STATCOMs) and other utility type of power electronic systems for almost three decades now. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) control methods have been developed for such topology for respective three-level and multilevel versions. The issue of voltage balancing between the DC bus capacitors is a drawback that requires attention and the problem becomes more serious as the number of levels increases. Selective harmonic elimination PWM can be applied to control the topology as a method to …
Thz Emission From Be-Doped Gaas, Stuart R. Hargreaves, R A. Lewis
Thz Emission From Be-Doped Gaas, Stuart R. Hargreaves, R A. Lewis
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Directing ultrashort near-infrared laser pulses between two electrodes on the surface of GaAs:Be may produce THz radiation. We have measured the generated THz signal as a function of the applied bias voltage, the optical excitation energy, and the beam size, for a series of samples of differing doping levels. The variation in THz signal with bias is approximately quadratic, as expected. In contrast, the variation of THz signal with optical excitation power is subquadratic. As determined by apertureless z-scans, the THz emission depends strongly on the excitation beam diameter. As the Be concentration is varied, the THz emission varies slightly …
Impact Of Using Different Models In Practice - A Case Study With The Simplified Methods Of Iso 13790 Standard And Detailed Modelling Programs, Georgios Kokogiannakis, Jo Clarke, Paul Strachan
Impact Of Using Different Models In Practice - A Case Study With The Simplified Methods Of Iso 13790 Standard And Detailed Modelling Programs, Georgios Kokogiannakis, Jo Clarke, Paul Strachan
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The updated ISO 13790 Standard is part of the new set of CEN Standards that supports the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirement for a general framework for calculation of the energy consumption of buildings. The Standard sets out procedures for space heating and cooling energy calculations, allowing the use of three different methods: a simplified monthly quasi-steady state method, a simple-hourly method and detailed simulation. This paper examines the implications of allowing different methods to be used for assessing the energy usage. The research method used was to undertake a comparison of the various methods applied to …
Minimising Voltage Deviation In Distribution Feeders By Otpimising Size And Location Of Distributed Generation, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Minimising Voltage Deviation In Distribution Feeders By Otpimising Size And Location Of Distributed Generation, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A new emerging trend of distribution networks is to use small generating units, known as distributed generation (DG), operating in parallel with the main grid. This kind of distribution networks has enabled DG to support power systems in fulfi lling their requirements to increase power output as well as quality of power supply. In order to maximise benefi ts from the DG system, proper DG planning is necessary. The main purpose of this research is to maximise voltage support through optimal sizing and location of DG. A new methodology is developed to determine an optimal DG size and DG location …
A Study Of Hippocampal Shape Difference Between Genders By Efficient Hypothesis Test And Discriminative Deformation, Luping Zhou, Richard Hartley, Paulette Lieby, Nick Barnes, Kaarin Anstey, Nicolas Cherbuin, Perminder Sachdev
A Study Of Hippocampal Shape Difference Between Genders By Efficient Hypothesis Test And Discriminative Deformation, Luping Zhou, Richard Hartley, Paulette Lieby, Nick Barnes, Kaarin Anstey, Nicolas Cherbuin, Perminder Sachdev
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Hypothesis testing is an important way to detect the statistical difference between two populations. In this paper, we use the Fisher permutation and bootstrap tests to differentiate hippocampal shape between genders. These methods are preferred to traditional hypothesis tests which impose assumptions on the distribution of the samples. An efficient algorithm is adopted to rapidly perform the exact tests. We extend this algorithm to multivariate data by projecting the original data onto an "informative direction" to generate a scalar test statistic. This "informative direction" is found to preserve the original discriminative information. This direction is further used in this paper …
Remarks On Accessible Steady States For Some Coagulation-Fragmentation Systems, Miguel A. Herrero, Marianito R. Rodrigo
Remarks On Accessible Steady States For Some Coagulation-Fragmentation Systems, Miguel A. Herrero, Marianito R. Rodrigo
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper we consider some systems of ordinary differential equations which are related to coagulation-fragmentation processes. In particular, we obtain explicit solutions of such systems which involve certain coefficients obtained by solving a suitable algebraic recurrence relation. The coefficients are derived in two relevant cases: the high-functionality limit and the Flory-Stockmayer model. The solutions thus obtained are polydisperse (that is, is different from zero for all ) and may exhibit monotonically increasing or decreasing total mass. We also solve a monodisperse case (where is different from zero but is equal to zero for all ) in the high-functionality limit. …
Sobre La Infinidad De Los Numeros Primos: Un Enfoque Topologico, Marianito Rocha Rodrigo
Sobre La Infinidad De Los Numeros Primos: Un Enfoque Topologico, Marianito Rocha Rodrigo
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Un resultado bien conocido en la teor´ıa elemental de n´umeros, usualmente atribuido a Euclides, dice que hay un n´umero infinito de primos. Existen varias demostraciones de este resultado [1, 3] pero en esta nota mostraremos en detalle el enfoque ingenioso de Furstenberg [2], que utiliza conocimientos b´asicos de topolog´ıa, por ejemplo, espacios topol´ogicos, conjuntos abiertos y conjuntos cerrados.
Polymer Entanglement Density And Its Influence On Interfacial Friction, Philip G. Whitten, Hugh R. Brown
Polymer Entanglement Density And Its Influence On Interfacial Friction, Philip G. Whitten, Hugh R. Brown
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The entanglement density of amorphous glassy polymers is well known to control their fracture mechanisms under tensile loading. There have been some reports indicating substantial deformation of a glassy polymer’s surface region when exposed to interfacial friction. It is shown conclusively here that there is a direct correlation between the entanglement density of a glassy polymer and the deformation mechanisms that facilitate sliding friction. This correlation was shown experimentally by studying the topography of polymer surfaces following a single sliding pass by an inorganic glass sphere. Four different polymers were studied, including polystyrene cross linked to different degrees. It is …
Kinetics Of Transfemoral Amputees With Osseointegrated Fixation Performing Common Activities Of Daily Living, Winson Lee, Laurent A. Frossard, Kerstin Hagberg, Eva Haggstrom, Rickard Branemark, John H. Evans, Mark J. Pearcy
Kinetics Of Transfemoral Amputees With Osseointegrated Fixation Performing Common Activities Of Daily Living, Winson Lee, Laurent A. Frossard, Kerstin Hagberg, Eva Haggstrom, Rickard Branemark, John H. Evans, Mark J. Pearcy
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Direct anchorage of a lower-limb prosthesis to the bone through an implanted fixation (osseointegration) has been suggested as an excellent alternative for amputees experiencing complications from use of a conventional socket-type prosthesis. However, an attempt needs to be made to optimize the mechanical design of the fixation and refine the rehabilitation program. Understanding the load applied on the fixation is a crucial step towards this goal. METHODS: The load applied on the osseointegrated fixation of nine transfemoral amputees was measured using a load transducer, when the amputees performed activities which included straight-line level walking, ascending and descending stairs and a …
Numerical Simulation Of Temperature Field And Thermal Stress Field Of Work Roll During Hot Strip Rolling, Chang-Sheng Li, Hai-Liang Yu, Guan-Yu Deng, Xiang-Hua Liu, Guo-Dong Wang
Numerical Simulation Of Temperature Field And Thermal Stress Field Of Work Roll During Hot Strip Rolling, Chang-Sheng Li, Hai-Liang Yu, Guan-Yu Deng, Xiang-Hua Liu, Guo-Dong Wang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Based on the thermal conduction equations, the three-dimensional (3D) temperature field of a work roll was investigated using finite element method (FEM). The variations in the surface temperature of the work roll during hot strip rolling were described, and the thermal stress field of the work roll was also analyzed. The results showed that the highest roll surface temperature is 593 °C, and the difference between the minimum and maximum values of thermal stress of the work roll surface is 145. 7 MPa. Furthermore, the results of this analysis indicate that temperature and thermal stress are useful parameters for the …
Influence Of Dog-Bone Apex On Shape During Slab Horizontal Rolling Process, Hai-Liang Yu, Xiang-Hua Liu, Chang-Sheng Li, Guo-Dong Wang
Influence Of Dog-Bone Apex On Shape During Slab Horizontal Rolling Process, Hai-Liang Yu, Xiang-Hua Liu, Chang-Sheng Li, Guo-Dong Wang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The deformation of slab with dog-bone shape during the horizontal rolling process was simulated using FEM, and the influences of apical dislocation of dog-bone on the slab spread as well as the minimum crop end loss and the lost width at slab head and tail were analyzed. The results show that with the increase in the apical dislocation of dog-bone (LA), the slab spread and the minimum crop end loss at slab head and tail decrease, while the lost width at slab head and tail increases. Meanwhile, the relationships of S/LA-LA, LH/LA-LA, WH/LA-LA, LT/LA-LA, and WT/LA-LA were obtained. © 2007 …