Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

The Effects Of Digital Marketing Of Unhealthy Commodities On Young People: A Systematic Review, Li Min Buchanan, Bridget Kelly, Heather Yeatman, Kishan A. Kariippanon

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

The marketing of unhealthy commodities through traditional media is known to impact consumers' product attitudes and behaviors. Less is known about the impacts of digital marketing (online promotional activities), especially among young people who have a strong online presence. This review systematically assesses the relationship between digital marketing and young people's attitudes and behaviors towards unhealthy commodities. Literature was identified in June 2017 by searches in six electronic databases. Primary studies (both qualitative and quantitative) that examined the effect of digital marketing of unhealthy food or beverages, alcohol and tobacco products on young people's (12 to 30 years) attitudes, intended …

Do Natural Experiments Of Changes In Neighborhood Built Environment Impact Physical Activity And Diet? A Systematic Review, Freya Macmillan, Emma S. George, Xiaoqi Feng, Dafna Merom, Andrew Bennie, Amelia Cook, Taren Sanders, Genevieve Dwyer, Bonnie Pang, Justin Guagliano, Gregory S. Kolt, Thomas E. Astell-Burt

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Physical activity and diet are major modifiable risk factors for chronic disease and have been shown to be associated with neighborhood built environment. Systematic review evidence from longitudinal studies on the impact of changing the built environment on physical activity and diet is currently lacking. A systematic review of natural experiments of neighborhood built environment was conducted. The aims of this systematic review were to summarize study characteristics, study quality, and impact of changes in neighborhood built environment on physical activity and diet outcomes among residents. Natural experiments of neighborhood built environment change, exploring longitudinal impacts on physical activity and/or …

Conditional Cash Transfers And The Reduction In Partner Violence For Young Women: An Investigation Of Causal Pathways Using Evidence From A Randomized Experiment In South Africa (Hptn 068), Kelly N. Kilburn, Audrey Pettifor, Jessie Edwards, Amanda Selin, Rhian Twine, Catherine L. Mac Phail, Ryan Wagner, James Hughes, Jing Wang, Kathleen Kahn

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Introduction Evidence has shown that the experience of violence by a partner has important influences on women's risk of HIV acquisition. Using a randomized experiment in northeast South Africa, we found that a conditional cash transfer (CCT) targeted to poor girls in high school reduced the risk of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) in the past 12 months by 34%. The purpose of this analysis is to understand the pathways through which the CCT affects IPV. Methods HPTN 068 was a phase 3, randomized controlled trial in rural Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Eligible young women (aged 13-20) and their parents …

Ahead Of The Game Protocol: A Multi-Component, Community Sport-Based Program Targeting Prevention, Promotion And Early Intervention For Mental Health Among Adolescent Males, Stewart A. Vella, Christian F. Swann, Marijka Batterham, Katherine M. Boydell, Simon Eckermann, Andrea Fogarty, Diarmuid Hurley, Sarah Liddle, Chris Lonsdale, Drew Miller, Michael Noetel, Anthony D. Okely, Taren Sanders, Joanne Telenta, Frank P. Deane

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

2018 The Author(s). Background: There is a recognised need for targeted community-wide mental health strategies and interventions aimed specifically at prevention and early intervention in promoting mental health. Young males are a high need group who hold particularly negative attitudes towards mental health services, and these views are detrimental for early intervention and help-seeking. Organised sports provide a promising context to deliver community-wide mental health strategies and interventions to adolescent males. The aim of the Ahead of the Game program is to test the effectiveness of a multi-component, community-sport based program targeting prevention, promotion and early intervention for mental health …

The Development, Pilot, And Process Evaluation Of A Parent Mental Health Literacy Intervention Through Community Sports Clubs, Diarmuid Hurley, Mark S. Allen, Christian F. Swann, Anthony D. Okely, Stewart A. Vella

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

The mental health literacy of parents may be critical in facilitating positive child and adolescent mental health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to develop, pilot, and evaluate a targeted parent mental health literacy intervention through community sports clubs.

Assessing Children's Cognitive Flexibility With The Shape Trail Test, Amy Yc Chan, Sarah Morgan

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

2018 Chan, Morgan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. In this paper we report an initial validation of the Shape Trail Test-Child Version (STT-CV) with a non-clinical sample of children aged 6 to 9 years. The STT-CV has been developed as an age-appropriate and culturally fair direct downward extension of the Trail Making Test (TMT) for the assessment of cognitive flexibility. Children completed the STT-CV and four established measures of executive functions …

Parenting And Neighbouring In The Consolidating City: The Emotional Geographies Of Sound In Apartments, Sophie-May Kerr, Christopher R. Gibson, Natascha Klocker

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Apartment residents share space vertically and horizontally, and apartment materiality shapes their experiences of sound and space. Across diverse contexts, rapid urban population growth has prompted a shift towards higher-density dwellings - often a pronounced departure from cultural norms of detached, suburban housing. Yet little is known about the everyday emotional experiences of apartment residents. This paper draws on insights gathered from families, with children, living in apartments in Sydney, Australia - a city undergoing profound densification. Developers typically market high-rise apartments as a transitional housing form for singles and couples. However, a sizeable number of families with children now …

From Troublesome Materials To Fluid Technologies: Making And Playing With Plastic-Bag Footballs, Natascha Klocker, Paul Mbenna, Christopher R. Gibson

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

The material recalcitrance of plastic bags - evident in their refusal to decompose and their capacity to evade neat disposal - is a widespread source of environmental concern and frustration. Yet throughout the Majority (developing) World, the incessant materiality of plastic affords boys and young men an opportunity to make footballs (soccer balls) out of waste. Made in situ, plasticbag footballs are uniquely suited to local contexts and landscapes - a resourceful technology assembled from otherwise troublesome materials. Plastic-bag footballs are also fluid: perpetually in-the-making and characterized by diverse states of working order. Insights garnered from discussions with young Tanzanian …

Opportunities And Challenges To Improving Antibiotic Prescribing Practices Through A One Health Approach: Results Of A Comparative Survey Of Doctors, Dentists And Veterinarians In Australia, Annie Zhuo, Maurizio Labbate, Jacqueline M. Norris, Gwendolyn L. Gilbert, Michael P. Ward, Beata Bajorek, Christopher J. Degeling, Samantha J. Rowbotham, Angus Dawson, Ky-Anh Nguyen, Grant A. Hill-Cawthorne, T C. Sorrell, Merran Govendir, Alison M. Kesson, Jon Iredell, Dale Dominey-Howes

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Objectives: To explore and compare the knowledge, attitudes and experiences of doctors, dentists and veterinarians (as prescribers) in relation to antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance (AbR), and to consider the implications of these for policy-making that support a One Health approach. Design: A cross-sectional survey conducted online. Setting: Doctors, dentists and veterinarians practising in primary, secondary or tertiary care in Australia. Participants: 547 doctors, 380 dentists and 403 veterinarians completed the survey. Main outcome measures: Prescribers' knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of AbR, the extent to which a range of factors are perceived as barriers to appropriate prescribing practices, and perceived …

Getting Through The Day And Still Having A Smile On My Face! How Do Students Define Success In The University Learning Environment?, Sarah Elizabeth O'Shea, Janine Delahunty

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

The expression 'student success' has gained traction in the university sector and has been applied to various aspects of the higher education (HE) learning trajectory. Yet, 'success' is an amorphous term that means distinctive things to various stakeholders in any educational undertaking. When the literature on this field is examined, it is surprising that the ways in which students themselves articulate success within the university have rarely been explored in qualitative depth. This article details a study that applies the Capabilities Approach to understand how individual learners reflected upon success and how understandings of this concept might be used to …

Pram Mobilities: Affordances And Atmospheres That Assemble Childhood And Motherhood On-The-Move, Susannah Clement, Gordon R. Waitt

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

The child-friendly city advocates for children's 'right to the city'. Much of this advocacy focuses on the independent child, with little attention paid to the accompanied experiences of younger children, such as those travelling in prams. This paper draws on a material feminist perspective to help address this gap. We offer the concept of mother-child-pram assemblage to bring to the fore the corporeal dimensions of everyday pram journeys. By analysing sensory ethnographic materials collected with mothers and young children living in Wollongong, Australia, this paper highlights how the 'affective affordances' and 'affective atmospheres' of pram mobilities shape urban experience by …

The Long And Winding Road: Experiences Of Students Entering University Through Transition Programs, Theresa Millman, Jacinta M. Mcnamara

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

This article presents outcomes of two studies which focus on the lived experience of transition by students entering higher education in NSW (New South Wales), Australia, from two divergent pathways: Technical and Further Education (TAFE) and a university based enabling program. The studies intersect in two fundamental ways. First, the theoretical foundations (Mezirow's Transformational Learning Theory and Bourdieu's Social Capital Theory) which emphasise the role of habits of mind and the habitus respectively in an individual's life. Second, both studies have identified the primacy of the contribution of education to changing notions of self. The studies have found that successful …

Body Mass Index Categories And Attained Height In Portuguese Adults, Rafaela Rosario, Renata Barros, Patricia Padrao, Rute Santos, Vitor Teixeira, Oscar Lopes, Nelson Andrade, Andre Moreira, Pedro Moreira

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Objective: To analyze the associations between height and BMI categories in a Portuguese representative sample. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 32,644 Portuguese adults (52.4% females). Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were obtained along with self-reported height and weight. We performed generalized linear models to assess the differences in attained height across BMI categories; analyses were adjusted for age, gender, education, family income per month, proxy reporting information, dietary patterns, and smoking. Results: BMI categories included underweight and normal weight (46.4%), overweight (37.6%), obese class I and II (15.2%), and obese class III (0.8%). Adults with …

Biophysically Based Method To Deconvolve Spatiotemporal Neurovascular Signals From Fmri Data, J Pang, K M. Aquino, Peter Robinson, T C. Lacy, Mark M. Schira

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

2018 Elsevier B.V. Background: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is commonly used to infer hemodynamic changes in the brain after increased neural activity, measuring the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal. An important challenge in the analyses of fMRI data is to develop methods that can accurately deconvolve the BOLD signal to extract the driving neural activity and the underlying cerebrovascular effects. New method: A biophysically based method is developed, which combines an extensively verified physiological hemodynamic model with a Wiener filter, to deconvolve the BOLD signal. Results: The method is able to simultaneously obtain spatiotemporal images of underlying neurovascular signals, …

Automating The Black Art: Creative Places For Artificial Intelligence In Audio Mastering, Thomas Birtchnell, Anthony Elliott

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

In this paper, we consider the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in the creative economy of music production. One sector in particular, audio post-production, is experiencing rapid change due to AI and various other forms of automation. This spells major changes, now and in the future, for skills, employment and work. Many accounts on the role of machine automation in occupational instability-specifically, reductions in human employment-have focused on the manufacturing (assembly lines) and service (financial, legal and administration) sectors: so-called blue- and white-collar jobs. However, there are as yet only limited forays into the possible consequences of AI in the …

Undesirable Difficulty Effects In The Learning Of High-Element Interactivity Materials, Ouhao Chen, Juan Cristobal Castro-Alonso, Fred Paas, John Sweller

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

According to the concept of desirable difficulties, introducing difficulties in learning may sacrifice short-term performance in order to benefit long-term retention of learning. We describe three types of desirable difficulty effects: testing, generation, and varied conditions of practice. The empirical literature indicates that desirable difficulty effects are not always obtained and we suggest that cognitive load theory may be used to explain many of these contradictory results. Many failures to obtain desirable difficulty effects may occur under conditions where working memory is already stressed due to the use of high element interactivity information. Under such conditions, the introduction of additional …

Shores: Sharks, Nets And More-Than-Human Territory In Eastern Australia, Leah Maree Gibbs

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

In Australia, for eight months of each year Sydney's most popular beaches are laced with fishing nets. Stretching 150 metres (492 feet) across, and set within 500 metres (1,640 feet) of the shore, the nets are anchored off fifty-one beaches between Newcastle in the north and Wollongong in the south. The aim of the Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program NSW is to reduce the risk of dangerous encounters between sharks and people, and specifically to deter sharks from establishing territories (Department of Primary Industries NSW 2009, 2015). Program managers achieve such ends by devising and deploying tools and employing people …

Inclination Towards Research And The Pursuit Of A Research Career Among Medical Students: An International Cohort Study, Tam C. Ha, Sheryl Ng, Cynthia Chen, Sook Kwin Yong, Gerald Choon Huat Koh, Say Beng Tan, Rahul Malhotra, Fernando Altermatt, Arnfinn Seim, Aya Biderman, Torres Woolley, Truls Ostbye

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Background: Involvement of clinicians in biomedical research is imperative for the future of healthcare. Several factors influence clinicians' inclination towards research: the medical school experience, exposure to research article reading and writing, and knowledge of research. This cohort study follows up medical students at time of graduation to explore changes in their inclination towards research and pursuing a research career compared to their inclination at time of entry into medical school. Methods: Students from medical schools in six different countries were enrolled in their first year of school and followed-up upon graduation in their final year. Students answered the same …

The Predominant Learning Approaches Of Medical Students, Sonali P. Chonkar, Tam C. Ha, Sarah Chu, Ada X. Ng, Melissa Lim, Tat X. Ee, Mor J. Ng, Kok H. Tan

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Background By identifying medical students’ learning approaches and the factors that influence students’ learning approaches, medical schools and health care institutions are better equipped to intervene and optimize their learning experience. The aims of our study is to determine the predominant learning approach amongst medical students on a clinical posting in a hospital in Singapore and to examine the demographic factors that affect their learning approach. Methods The Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) questionnaire was administered to 250 medical students from various medical schools on clinical attachment to the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) department of KK Women’s …

‘It’S Because I Like Things… It’S A Status And He Buys Me Airtime’: Exploring The Role Of Transactional Sex In Young Women’S Consumption Patterns In Rural South Africa (Secondary Findings From Hptn 068), Meghna Ranganathan, Lori Heise, Catherine L. Mac Phail, Heidi Stockl, Richard J. Silverwood, Kathleen Kahn, Amanda Selin, F Gomez-Olive, Charlotte Watts, Audrey Pettifor

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Background ‘Transactional sex’, defined as a non-marital, non-commercial sexual relationship in which money or material goods are exchanged for sex, is associated with young women’s increased vulnerability to HIV infection. Existing research illustrates that the motivations for transactional sex are complex. The fulfilment of psycho-social needs such as the need to belong to a peer group are important factors underlying young women’s desires to obtain certain consumption items and thus engage in transactional sex. Methods We use a mixed-methods approach to explore the relationship between transactional sex and consumption patterns among young women in rural Mpumalanga province, South Africa. In …

People With Disability In Libya Are A Medicalised Minority: Findings Of A Scoping Review, Anne Cusick, Rania M. Hamed El Sahly

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

This study used a scoping review methodology to identify, collate and summarise published literature relating to people with disability in Libya. Most sources came from peak international agencies, some from humanitarian agency media releases, a few were Libyan government reports and very little from scholarly journals. Four themes summarize findings and provide a means to examine assumptions regarding people with disability in Libya: (1) scant data and information gaps are the norm; (2) disability is a medical problem to be managed; (3) acquisition context matters: conflict versus non-conflict disability; and (4) disability human rights - social model on paper but …

Community Mobilization To Modify Harmful Gender Norms And Reduce Hiv Risk: Results From A Community Cluster Randomized Trial In South Africa, Audrey Pettifor, Sheri Lippman, Ann Gottert, Chirayath Suchindran, Amanda Selin, Dean Peacock, Suzanne Maman, Dumisani Rebombo, Rhian Twine, Francesc Xavier Gomez-Olive, Stephen Tollman, Kathleen Kahn, Catherine L. Mac Phail

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Introduction: Community mobilization (CM) is increasingly recognized as critical to generating changes in social norms and behaviours needed to achieve reductions in HIV. We conducted a CM intervention to modify negative gender norms, particularly among men, in order to reduce associated HIV risk.

Methods: Twenty two villages in the Agincourt Health and Socio‐Demographic Surveillance Site in rural Mpumalanga, South Africa were randomized to either a theory‐based, gender transformative, CM intervention or no intervention. Two cross‐sectional, population‐based surveys were conducted in 2012 (pre‐intervention, n = 600 women; n = 581 men) and 2014 (post‐intervention, n = 600 women; n …

Early Childhood Media Exposure And Self-Regulation: Bidirectional Longitudinal Associations, Dylan P. Cliff, Steven J. Howard, Jenny Radesky, Jade Mcneill, Stewart A. Vella

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Objective: To investigate: 1) prospective associations between media exposure (television viewing, computers, and electronic games) at 2 years and self-regulation at 4 and 6 years, and 2) bidirectional associations between media exposure and self-regulation at 4 and 6 years. We hypothesized that media exposure and self-regulation would show a negative prospective association and subsequent bidirectional inverse associations. Methods: Data from the nationally-representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children when children were aged 2 years (n = 2786) and 4/6 years (n = 3527) were used. Primary caregivers reported children's weekly electronic media exposure. A composite measure of self-regulation was computed from …

"Fitting Into The Teaching Profession": Supervising Teachers' Judgements During The Practicum, Lynn D. Sheridan, Sharon K. Tindall-Ford

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

This study explores supervising teachers' judgements about pre-service teachers during a practicum experience. Making judgements is a complex, subjective process with judgements being conscious and intuitive, influenced by individual beliefs, contextual expectations and personal learning biographies. This research draws on Social Judgement Theory to guide the analysis of data collected from interviews with experienced supervising teachers. Analysis indicated that the supervisors placed most emphasis on 'personal qualities' of pre-service teachers. This has implications for the selection of candidates for teaching, the importance of non-academic capabilities in teaching and the development of pre-service teachers' personal qualities within initial teacher education programs.

Does Partner Selection Mediate The Relationship Between School Attendance And Hiv/Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Among Adolescent Girls And Young Women In South Africa: An Analysis Of Hiv Prevention Trials Network 068 Data, Marie Stoner, Jessie Edwards, William Miller, Allison Aiello, Carolyn Halpern, Aimee Julien, Katherine B. Rucinski, Amanda Selin, Rhian Twine, James Hughes, Jing Wang, Yaw Agyei, Francesc Xavier Gomez-Olive, Ryan Wagner, Oliver Laeyendecker, Catherine L. Mac Phail, Kathleen Kahn, Audrey Pettifor

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

Objective: School attendance prevents HIV and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) in adolescent girls and young women, but the mechanisms to explain this relationship remain unclear. Our study assesses the extent to which characteristics of sex partners, partner age, and number mediate the relationship between attendance and risk of infection in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa.

Design: We use longitudinal data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 068 randomized controlled trial in rural South Africa, where girls were enrolled in early adolescence and followed in the main trial for more than 3 years. We examined older …

Acute Eeg Patterns Associated With Transient Ischemic Attack, Jeffrey M. Rogers, Jacob Bechara, Sandy Middleton, Stuart J. Johnstone

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ECNS) 2018. Background. Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is characterized by stroke-like neurologic signs and symptoms in the absence of demonstrable structural neuropathology. There is no test for TIA, with classification often reliant on subjective, retrospective report. Functional brain measures such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) may be helpful in objectively detecting and describing the pathophysiology of TIA, but this has not been adequately examined. Methods. EEG was obtained from a single electrode over the left frontal lobe during 3-minute resting-state and auditory oddball conditions administered to consecutive patients within 72 hours of admission to the acute …

Gender Differences In The Relationship Of Weight-Based Stigmatisation With Motivation To Exercise And Physical Activity In Overweight Individuals, Krystal Sattler, Frank P. Deane, Linda C. Tapsell, Peter James Kelly

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

The Author(s) 2018. Weight stigma is related to lower levels of motivation to exercise in overweight and obesity. This study explored the nature of the relationship between stigma, motivation to exercise and physical activity while accounting for gender differences. Participants were 439 adults with overweight and obesity (mean body mass index = 32.18 kg/m2, standard deviation = 4.09 kg/m2). Females reported significantly more frequent stigma experiences than males. Mediation models found a conditional direct effect of weight stigma for males, with higher frequency of stigma experiences related to higher levels of walking and vigorous physical activity. A conditional indirect effect …

What Do Your Earliest Childhood Memories Say About You?, Penny Van Bergen, Amy L. Bird, Rebecca Andrews

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

No abstract provided.

Support To Enhance Level Of Implementation In Physical Activity Interventions: An Observational Study, Karel Strooband, Rebecca M. Stanley, Anthony D. Okely, Rachel A. Jones

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

2018, Early Childhood Australia Inc. All Rights reserved. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO DESCRIBE the level of implementation (LOI) of the Jump Start study, and examine the relationship between LOI changes and the support types provided to early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres. Direct observations were conducted in 21 ECEC centres at six months and 12 months after the start of the intervention. Each centre's LOI percentage was calculated and classified into high, medium or low implementers using objective criteria. Support strategies were determined by LOI at first observation. Pearson correlations between the support types and LOI were calculated using …

International Field Placements: The Models Australian Social Work Programmes Are Currently Using, Mim Fox, Richard Hugman

Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers (Archive)

IInternational field placements have become increasingly common in Australian social work programmes. This article looks at the models of organising international placements, in sending or receiving social work students. Four such models are identified: informal linkages for individual students, linkages between Australian social work programmes, formalised university to university agreements and formalised university to agency agreements. Although there appears to be a preference for formalised ongoing relationships between institutions in different countries, drawing on all four models as appropriate and feasible will enable everyone involved in international placements to achieve the most positive practice possible.